Malaysian Journal of Science, Health & Technology, Apr 5, 2024
Vanillin is one of the most commonly utilized aromatic flavoring chemicals in the food and cosmet... more Vanillin is one of the most commonly utilized aromatic flavoring chemicals in the food and cosmetics industries. It is derived from natural sources, making it more expensive than synthetic vanillin, and it constitutes less than one percent of the annual market demand. Pineapple peel stands out as a valuable source for extracting ferulic acid, which in turn is utilized in the synthesis of vanillin. As a result, researchers are exploring alternative methods for producing vanillin, such as biotechnological production from ferulic acid. In this study, the capability of pineapple peels as a substrate for the microbial fermentation of ferulic acid by Aspergillus niger to produce vanillin in a single step was investigated. The biotransformation of ferulic acid from pineapple peel by alkaline hydrolysis was optimized using different concentrations of NaOH. Further, the detection and quantification of vanillin and ferulic acid were carried out using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography and thiobarbituric acid (TBA) method. Through HPLC analysis, the amount of vanillin concentration produced from the supernatant culture was 1.47±0.24 µg/ml from 1.0 M NaOH concentration and 2.83±0.44 µg/ml from 2.0 M NaOH concentration. From this study, 57.09±1.84 µg/ml and 83.84±4.01 µg/ml of ferulic acid were produced from the 1.0 M NaOH and 2.0M NaOH, respectively. In addition, using the TBA technique, vanillin concentrations were calculated, resulting in 12.92 ± 0.54 µg/ml and 15.38 ± 0.77 µg/ml from 1.0 M and 2.0 M NaOH concentrations, respectively. Briefly, the pineapple peel has been discovered as a good source for vanillin production using Aspergillus niger in the fermentation method.
Malaysian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, Dec 3, 2023
Vanilla is the main natural flavouring agent used in industries such as pharmaceuticals, food, fl... more Vanilla is the main natural flavouring agent used in industries such as pharmaceuticals, food, flavouring, and fragrance, in which vanillin is the major component. Vanillin (4-hydroxy-3methoxybenzaldehyde) is a secondary metabolite of plants and the major organoleptic aroma component of natural vanilla. The vanillin compound can be produced using the following routes: direct vanilla bean extraction, chemical synthesis, and biotechnological processes (bio-vanilla production). Nowadays, the chemical synthesis method used for vanillin production has been rejected by the United States and European legislation, while plant-derived vanillin is expensive. The current study demonstrates vanillin production from pumpkin peels (Cucurbita moschata) by Aspergillus niger via one-step fermentation approach. This study implements different concentrations of sodium hydroxide (1.0 M and 2.0 M) during alkaline hydrolysis pretreatment and different feeding volumes of hydrolysates during the biotransformation processes of ferulic acid into vanillin, classified as small feeding volumes (SFV) and large feeding volumes (LFV). Detection and quantification analysis were carried out using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), resulting in vanillin yield of 0.49 mg/L (1.0 M SFV), 0.5 mg/L (1.0 M LFV), 0.33 mg/L (2.0 M SFV), 0.59 mg/L (2.0 M LFV). Analysis with ultraviolet-visible (UV-VIS) spectrophotometry using thiobarbituric acid as reagent was carried out as well, resulting in vanillin yield of 2.76 µg/ml (1.0 M SFV), 3.78 µg/ml (1.0 M LFV), 2.68 µg/ml (2.0 M SFV), 3.05 µg/ml (2.0 M LFV). In conclusion, pumpkin peels can be considered a great source of ferulic acid and Aspergillus niger was reported as an efficient fungus in converting ferulic acid to vanillic acid, which will then be transformed into vanillin.
Malaysian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, Jun 25, 2019
Lignocellulosic biomass has been used as an alternative source to food crops that serve as feedst... more Lignocellulosic biomass has been used as an alternative source to food crops that serve as feedstock for bioenergy production. The conversion of biomass to bioenergy required pretreatment process. Ionic liquids (ILs) have been recognized as promising solvents that are capable of solubilizing and separating components of lignocellulosic biomass. This research focuses on understanding how ILs affects the activity of cellulases in the enzymatic saccharification process. Sigmacell cellulose was used in the enzymatic saccharification process. Two different ILs were added in the enzymatic saccharification mixtures and the activity of a mixture of commercially available cellulases was measured using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to measure glucose release. Sulphate based ILs were more harmful for cellulase action than [EMIM][OAc]. [HBIM][HSO4] inactivated commercial cellulases (Celluclast®) and cellobiase (Novozyme188) in the enzymatic saccharification process. In this research, it was observed that the main factor that affects the activity of cellulase is pH.
Malaysian Journal of Science Health & Technology, Mar 22, 2022
Conversion of agricultural residues into valuable products has become an important study in the i... more Conversion of agricultural residues into valuable products has become an important study in the industry. Generally, they are made up of lignocellulose biomass which requires a particular method such as pretreatment to enhance the desired yield to produce the end product. However, pumpkin is commercialized in very little way in Malaysia, and their processing generates tons of seeds and peels as byproducts. Not to mention the fact that pumpkin wastes have many beneficial nutrients and dry matter that can be utilized in many ways. Pumpkin peel is particularly rich in glucose content and can be converted through several main steps in bioethanol production; pretreatment, enzymatic saccharification, and fermentation which usually uses fungi to obtain fermentable sugar and followed by distillation. Furthermore, bioactive compounds such as carbohydrate, protein, minerals, fatty acid and a significant value on antioxidant compounds like tocopherol, phenols and carotenes are also found in pumpkin seed. On top of that, pumpkin seeds and peels contain quite an amount of pectin that can be extracted through acid hydrolysis and have great potential as gelling agents and thickeners in the food industry as an alternative source from the commercial pectin. These have proven that the usage of pumpkin residuals not only it can provide good benefits to human, in fact, various valuable products can be produced in a cheaper and sustainable way.
Malaysian Journal of Science Health & Technology, 2022
Conversion of agricultural residues into valuable products has become an important study in the i... more Conversion of agricultural residues into valuable products has become an important study in the industry. Generally, they are made up of lignocellulose biomass which requires a particular method such as pretreatment to enhance the desired yield to produce the end product. However, pumpkin is commercialized in very little way in Malaysia, and their processing generates tons of seeds and peels as byproducts. Not to mention the fact that pumpkin wastes have many beneficial nutrients and dry matter that can be utilized in many ways. Pumpkin peel is particularly rich in glucose content and can be converted through several main steps in bioethanol production; pretreatment, enzymatic saccharification, and fermentation which usually uses fungi to obtain fermentable sugar and followed by distillation. Furthermore, bioactive compounds such as carbohydrate, protein, minerals, fatty acid and a significant value on antioxidant compounds like tocopherol, phenols and carotenes are also found in pu...
Malaysian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, 2019
Lignocellulosic biomass has been used as an alternative source to food crops that serve as feedst... more Lignocellulosic biomass has been used as an alternative source to food crops that serve as feedstock for bioenergy production. The conversion of biomass to bioenergy required pretreatment process. Ionic liquids (ILs) have been recognized as promising solvents that are capable of solubilizing and separating components of lignocellulosic biomass. This research focuses on understanding how ILs affects the activity of cellulases in the enzymatic saccharification process. Sigmacell cellulose was used in the enzymatic saccharification process inste. Two different ILs were added in the enzymatic saccharification mixtures and the activity of a mixture of commercially available cellulases was measured using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to measure glucose release. Sulphate based ILs were more harmful for cellulase action than [EMIM][OAc]. [HBIM][HSO4] inactivated commercial cellulases (Celluclast®) and cellobiase (Novozyme188) in the enzymatic saccharification process. In thi...
Malaysian Journal of Science Health & Technology
Cassava peel has been a notable agricultural waste material to researchers because of its potenti... more Cassava peel has been a notable agricultural waste material to researchers because of its potential to produce sugar, a valuable product in the food, agricultural, and cosmetic industries. The peels constitute lignin, hemicellulose, and cellulose, also known as lignocellulosic biomass. Cassava peels must undergo a pre-treatment method to separate the lignocellulosic material effectively. This study aims to investigate the optimal chemical pre-treatment methods and optimal pre-treatment concentration to produce sugar from cassava peel. Cassava peels were pre-treated with sodium hydroxide, sulphuric acid, and methanol with a catalyst (organosolv). Then, enzymatic hydrolysis was performed using cellulase to hydrolyze cellulose to glucose. The glucose yield is quantified using Dinitrosalicylic Acid Assay and a portable blood glucometer. The results showed that pre-treatment using sodium hydroxide at a concentration of 0.05 M at 121°C for 15 minutes gave the highest glucose yield of 4.53...
Malaysian Journal of Science Health & Technology
Sustainability of energy has always become an issue globally as current energy supplies are deple... more Sustainability of energy has always become an issue globally as current energy supplies are depleting gradually. Humans were too dependent on natural gasses as a source of energy before, which brought us to this crisis as they are non-renewable energy and take up to a million years to recover. Not only that, prolonged utilization of this type of energy brought deterioration to our environment. Biofuels are one of the renewable energy sources that are favoured in the industry nowadays. They have the potential to replace non-renewable energy while simultaneously decrease the environmental damage. Sourced from various agricultural residues and other plant substances, lignocellulosic materials are capable of being converted to non-renewable energy due to their lavish availability through three basic steps, pre-treatments, enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation. This review seeks to observe the prospect of cassava peels as a source for biofuels production and other value-added products su...
Malaysian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Sciences
Lactase is a very important enzyme to cure lactose intolerance problem. However, it is naturally ... more Lactase is a very important enzyme to cure lactose intolerance problem. However, it is naturally existing in soluble form and cannot be reused. The current study was performed to compare the productivity and stability of lactase immobilized on calcium alginate and magnetic chitosan. The reusability of immobilized enzyme was measured for 28 days. Thermal stability was measured at 27, 37, 50 and 70 ºC. Lactase immobilized on calcium alginate showed a better stability after 21 days where it retained up to 62% of enzyme activity. However, lactase on magnetic chitosan expresses a better thermal stability as it produced 6% more sugar than lactase on calcium alginate at the optimum temperature 50 ºC. Lactase immobilized on calcium alginate and magnetic chitosan showed significantly different enzymatic activity, stability, and reusability.
Malaysian Journal of Science, Health & Technology, Apr 5, 2024
Vanillin is one of the most commonly utilized aromatic flavoring chemicals in the food and cosmet... more Vanillin is one of the most commonly utilized aromatic flavoring chemicals in the food and cosmetics industries. It is derived from natural sources, making it more expensive than synthetic vanillin, and it constitutes less than one percent of the annual market demand. Pineapple peel stands out as a valuable source for extracting ferulic acid, which in turn is utilized in the synthesis of vanillin. As a result, researchers are exploring alternative methods for producing vanillin, such as biotechnological production from ferulic acid. In this study, the capability of pineapple peels as a substrate for the microbial fermentation of ferulic acid by Aspergillus niger to produce vanillin in a single step was investigated. The biotransformation of ferulic acid from pineapple peel by alkaline hydrolysis was optimized using different concentrations of NaOH. Further, the detection and quantification of vanillin and ferulic acid were carried out using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography and thiobarbituric acid (TBA) method. Through HPLC analysis, the amount of vanillin concentration produced from the supernatant culture was 1.47±0.24 µg/ml from 1.0 M NaOH concentration and 2.83±0.44 µg/ml from 2.0 M NaOH concentration. From this study, 57.09±1.84 µg/ml and 83.84±4.01 µg/ml of ferulic acid were produced from the 1.0 M NaOH and 2.0M NaOH, respectively. In addition, using the TBA technique, vanillin concentrations were calculated, resulting in 12.92 ± 0.54 µg/ml and 15.38 ± 0.77 µg/ml from 1.0 M and 2.0 M NaOH concentrations, respectively. Briefly, the pineapple peel has been discovered as a good source for vanillin production using Aspergillus niger in the fermentation method.
Malaysian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, Dec 3, 2023
Vanilla is the main natural flavouring agent used in industries such as pharmaceuticals, food, fl... more Vanilla is the main natural flavouring agent used in industries such as pharmaceuticals, food, flavouring, and fragrance, in which vanillin is the major component. Vanillin (4-hydroxy-3methoxybenzaldehyde) is a secondary metabolite of plants and the major organoleptic aroma component of natural vanilla. The vanillin compound can be produced using the following routes: direct vanilla bean extraction, chemical synthesis, and biotechnological processes (bio-vanilla production). Nowadays, the chemical synthesis method used for vanillin production has been rejected by the United States and European legislation, while plant-derived vanillin is expensive. The current study demonstrates vanillin production from pumpkin peels (Cucurbita moschata) by Aspergillus niger via one-step fermentation approach. This study implements different concentrations of sodium hydroxide (1.0 M and 2.0 M) during alkaline hydrolysis pretreatment and different feeding volumes of hydrolysates during the biotransformation processes of ferulic acid into vanillin, classified as small feeding volumes (SFV) and large feeding volumes (LFV). Detection and quantification analysis were carried out using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), resulting in vanillin yield of 0.49 mg/L (1.0 M SFV), 0.5 mg/L (1.0 M LFV), 0.33 mg/L (2.0 M SFV), 0.59 mg/L (2.0 M LFV). Analysis with ultraviolet-visible (UV-VIS) spectrophotometry using thiobarbituric acid as reagent was carried out as well, resulting in vanillin yield of 2.76 µg/ml (1.0 M SFV), 3.78 µg/ml (1.0 M LFV), 2.68 µg/ml (2.0 M SFV), 3.05 µg/ml (2.0 M LFV). In conclusion, pumpkin peels can be considered a great source of ferulic acid and Aspergillus niger was reported as an efficient fungus in converting ferulic acid to vanillic acid, which will then be transformed into vanillin.
Malaysian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, Jun 25, 2019
Lignocellulosic biomass has been used as an alternative source to food crops that serve as feedst... more Lignocellulosic biomass has been used as an alternative source to food crops that serve as feedstock for bioenergy production. The conversion of biomass to bioenergy required pretreatment process. Ionic liquids (ILs) have been recognized as promising solvents that are capable of solubilizing and separating components of lignocellulosic biomass. This research focuses on understanding how ILs affects the activity of cellulases in the enzymatic saccharification process. Sigmacell cellulose was used in the enzymatic saccharification process. Two different ILs were added in the enzymatic saccharification mixtures and the activity of a mixture of commercially available cellulases was measured using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to measure glucose release. Sulphate based ILs were more harmful for cellulase action than [EMIM][OAc]. [HBIM][HSO4] inactivated commercial cellulases (Celluclast®) and cellobiase (Novozyme188) in the enzymatic saccharification process. In this research, it was observed that the main factor that affects the activity of cellulase is pH.
Malaysian Journal of Science Health & Technology, Mar 22, 2022
Conversion of agricultural residues into valuable products has become an important study in the i... more Conversion of agricultural residues into valuable products has become an important study in the industry. Generally, they are made up of lignocellulose biomass which requires a particular method such as pretreatment to enhance the desired yield to produce the end product. However, pumpkin is commercialized in very little way in Malaysia, and their processing generates tons of seeds and peels as byproducts. Not to mention the fact that pumpkin wastes have many beneficial nutrients and dry matter that can be utilized in many ways. Pumpkin peel is particularly rich in glucose content and can be converted through several main steps in bioethanol production; pretreatment, enzymatic saccharification, and fermentation which usually uses fungi to obtain fermentable sugar and followed by distillation. Furthermore, bioactive compounds such as carbohydrate, protein, minerals, fatty acid and a significant value on antioxidant compounds like tocopherol, phenols and carotenes are also found in pumpkin seed. On top of that, pumpkin seeds and peels contain quite an amount of pectin that can be extracted through acid hydrolysis and have great potential as gelling agents and thickeners in the food industry as an alternative source from the commercial pectin. These have proven that the usage of pumpkin residuals not only it can provide good benefits to human, in fact, various valuable products can be produced in a cheaper and sustainable way.
Malaysian Journal of Science Health & Technology, 2022
Conversion of agricultural residues into valuable products has become an important study in the i... more Conversion of agricultural residues into valuable products has become an important study in the industry. Generally, they are made up of lignocellulose biomass which requires a particular method such as pretreatment to enhance the desired yield to produce the end product. However, pumpkin is commercialized in very little way in Malaysia, and their processing generates tons of seeds and peels as byproducts. Not to mention the fact that pumpkin wastes have many beneficial nutrients and dry matter that can be utilized in many ways. Pumpkin peel is particularly rich in glucose content and can be converted through several main steps in bioethanol production; pretreatment, enzymatic saccharification, and fermentation which usually uses fungi to obtain fermentable sugar and followed by distillation. Furthermore, bioactive compounds such as carbohydrate, protein, minerals, fatty acid and a significant value on antioxidant compounds like tocopherol, phenols and carotenes are also found in pu...
Malaysian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, 2019
Lignocellulosic biomass has been used as an alternative source to food crops that serve as feedst... more Lignocellulosic biomass has been used as an alternative source to food crops that serve as feedstock for bioenergy production. The conversion of biomass to bioenergy required pretreatment process. Ionic liquids (ILs) have been recognized as promising solvents that are capable of solubilizing and separating components of lignocellulosic biomass. This research focuses on understanding how ILs affects the activity of cellulases in the enzymatic saccharification process. Sigmacell cellulose was used in the enzymatic saccharification process inste. Two different ILs were added in the enzymatic saccharification mixtures and the activity of a mixture of commercially available cellulases was measured using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to measure glucose release. Sulphate based ILs were more harmful for cellulase action than [EMIM][OAc]. [HBIM][HSO4] inactivated commercial cellulases (Celluclast®) and cellobiase (Novozyme188) in the enzymatic saccharification process. In thi...
Malaysian Journal of Science Health & Technology
Cassava peel has been a notable agricultural waste material to researchers because of its potenti... more Cassava peel has been a notable agricultural waste material to researchers because of its potential to produce sugar, a valuable product in the food, agricultural, and cosmetic industries. The peels constitute lignin, hemicellulose, and cellulose, also known as lignocellulosic biomass. Cassava peels must undergo a pre-treatment method to separate the lignocellulosic material effectively. This study aims to investigate the optimal chemical pre-treatment methods and optimal pre-treatment concentration to produce sugar from cassava peel. Cassava peels were pre-treated with sodium hydroxide, sulphuric acid, and methanol with a catalyst (organosolv). Then, enzymatic hydrolysis was performed using cellulase to hydrolyze cellulose to glucose. The glucose yield is quantified using Dinitrosalicylic Acid Assay and a portable blood glucometer. The results showed that pre-treatment using sodium hydroxide at a concentration of 0.05 M at 121°C for 15 minutes gave the highest glucose yield of 4.53...
Malaysian Journal of Science Health & Technology
Sustainability of energy has always become an issue globally as current energy supplies are deple... more Sustainability of energy has always become an issue globally as current energy supplies are depleting gradually. Humans were too dependent on natural gasses as a source of energy before, which brought us to this crisis as they are non-renewable energy and take up to a million years to recover. Not only that, prolonged utilization of this type of energy brought deterioration to our environment. Biofuels are one of the renewable energy sources that are favoured in the industry nowadays. They have the potential to replace non-renewable energy while simultaneously decrease the environmental damage. Sourced from various agricultural residues and other plant substances, lignocellulosic materials are capable of being converted to non-renewable energy due to their lavish availability through three basic steps, pre-treatments, enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation. This review seeks to observe the prospect of cassava peels as a source for biofuels production and other value-added products su...
Malaysian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Sciences
Lactase is a very important enzyme to cure lactose intolerance problem. However, it is naturally ... more Lactase is a very important enzyme to cure lactose intolerance problem. However, it is naturally existing in soluble form and cannot be reused. The current study was performed to compare the productivity and stability of lactase immobilized on calcium alginate and magnetic chitosan. The reusability of immobilized enzyme was measured for 28 days. Thermal stability was measured at 27, 37, 50 and 70 ºC. Lactase immobilized on calcium alginate showed a better stability after 21 days where it retained up to 62% of enzyme activity. However, lactase on magnetic chitosan expresses a better thermal stability as it produced 6% more sugar than lactase on calcium alginate at the optimum temperature 50 ºC. Lactase immobilized on calcium alginate and magnetic chitosan showed significantly different enzymatic activity, stability, and reusability.
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