... de España de 1990 ha propiciado la posterior aparición de modelos computacionales que utiliza... more ... de España de 1990 ha propiciado la posterior aparición de modelos computacionales que utilizan esta ... que el peor escenario posible se desenca-dena cuando la educación se financia ... abierta con once sectores productivos, once bienes de consumo, doce agentes privados y ...
Water scarcity is a long-standing problem in Catalonia, as there are significant differences in t... more Water scarcity is a long-standing problem in Catalonia, as there are significant differences in the spatial and temporal distribution of water through the territory. There has consequently been a debate for many years about whether the solution to water scarcity must be considered in terms of efficiency or equity, the role that the public sector must play and the role that market-based instruments should play in water management. The aim of this paper is to use a Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) model to analyze the advantages and disadvantages associated with different policy 1 instruments, from both a supply and a demand viewpoint, which can be applied to water management in Catalonia. We also introduce an ecological sector in our CGE model, allowing us to analyze the environmental impact of the alternative policies simulated. The calibration of the exogenous variables of the CGE model is performed by using a Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) for the Catalan economy with 2001 data. The results suggest that taking into account the principle of sustainability of the resource, the policy debate between supply and demand in water policies is obsolete, and a new combination of policies is required to respect the different values associated with water.
Water scarcity is a long-standing problem in Catalonia, as there are significant differences in t... more Water scarcity is a long-standing problem in Catalonia, as there are significant differences in the spatial and temporal distribution of water through the territory. There has consequently been a debate for many years about whether the solution to water scarcity must be considered in terms of efficiency or equity, the role that the public sector must play and the role that market-based instruments should play in water management. The aim of this paper is to use a Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) model to analyze the advantages and disadvantages associated with different policy 1 instruments, from both a supply and a demand viewpoint, which can be applied to water management in Catalonia. We also introduce an ecological sector in our CGE model, allowing us to analyze the environmental impact of the alternative policies simulated. The calibration of the exogenous variables of the CGE model is performed by using a Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) for the Catalan economy with 2001 data. The results suggest that taking into account the principle of sustainability of the resource, the policy debate between supply and demand in water policies is obsolete, and a new combination of policies is required to respect the different values associated with water.
Structural decomposition analysis, which is usually used within the inputoutput framework, makes ... more Structural decomposition analysis, which is usually used within the inputoutput framework, makes it possible to break down changes in economic variables into their determinants. Structural decomposition techniques can also be applied in social accounting matrix (SAM) models, which provide a complete representation of circular flow by adding factorial income generation and household income distribution to the intersectorial transactions. In this paper, I use structural decomposition to reveal the factors that contribute to the changes in SAM multipliers over time. In particular, I analyse how modifying the patterns of intermediate demand, private consumption and factorial income distribution modifies the income generation process. I then use two social accounting matrices, one for 1990 and one for 1994, to make an empirical application for the Catalan economy. The results show fewer regional multipliers in 1994 than in 1990, and this is mainly because of a reduction in the structural coefficients of the model.
The objective of this paper is to analyse the economic impacts of alternative water policies impl... more The objective of this paper is to analyse the economic impacts of alternative water policies implemented in the Spanish production system. The methodology uses two versions of the input-output price model: a competitive formulation and a mark-up formulation. The input-output framework evaluates the impact of water policy measures on production prices, consumption prices, intermediate water demand and private welfare. Our results show that a tax on the water used by sectors considerably reduces the intermediate water demand, and increases the production and consumption prices. On the other hand, according to Jevons' paradox, an improvement in technical efficiency, which leads to a reduction in the water requirements of all sectors and an increase in water production, increases the amount of water consumed. The combination of a tax on water and improved technical efficiency takes the pressure off prices and significantly reduces intermediate water demand. JEL Classification: C67 ; D57 ; Q25. Keywords: Production prices; Consumption prices; Water uses; Water policy; Water taxation.Preus, Consum (Economia), Aigua-Utilització, Aigua-Polítiques de gestió, Aigua-Impostos,
The literature on second-best environmental taxation provides us with a broad understanding of th... more The literature on second-best environmental taxation provides us with a broad understanding of the welfare impacts of pollution regulation. However, most of the research undertaken to date has focused on environmental pollution, while other topics in environmental economics, such as the preservation of natural resources, have not warranted much attention in the optimal taxation literature. This paper uses a simple general-equilibrium model to analyze the welfare effects of taxes on final goods, taxes on natural resources, and extraction permits with a second-best approach based on the existence of initial distortionary taxes. This analysis not only takes into account the non-use utility of the mere existence of natural resources, but also captures the consequences of enjoying environmental goods on labor supply decisions, through the use-value attributed to natural resources. The comparison of the welfare impacts of a tax on final consumption and a tax on the use of natural resources is not conclusive. A consumption tax leads to a higher primary welfare effect than a resources tax, while taxing natural goods generates more revenue-recycling income than taxing consumption goods. In addition, as extraction permits do not generate new public revenues to reduce pre-existing distortionary taxes, this intervention entails the highest welfare costs.
Social Accounting Matrices (SAM) are normally used to analyse the income generation process. They... more Social Accounting Matrices (SAM) are normally used to analyse the income generation process. They are also useful, however, for analysing the cost transmission and price formation mechanisms. For price contributions, Roland-Holst and Sancho (1995) used the SAM structure to analyse the price and cost linkages through a representation of the interdependence between activities, households and factors. This paper is a
This paper analyses the effects that technological changes in agriculture would have on environme... more This paper analyses the effects that technological changes in agriculture would have on environmental, social and economic indicators. Specifically, our study is focused on two alternative technological improvements: the modernization of water transportation systems versus the increase in the total factor productivity of agriculture. Using a computable general equilibrium model for the Catalan economy, our results suggest that a water policy that leads to greater economic efficiency is not necessarily optimal if we consider social or environmental criteria. Moreover, improving environmental sustainability depends less on the type of technological change than on the institutional framework in which technological change occurs. Keywords: agricultural technological changes, computable general equilibrium model, economic impact, water policy
Structural decomposition analysis, which is usually used within the inputoutput framework, makes ... more Structural decomposition analysis, which is usually used within the inputoutput framework, makes it possible to break down changes in economic variables into their determinants. Structural decomposition techniques can also be applied in social accounting matrix (SAM) models, which provide a complete representation of circular flow by adding factorial income generation and household income distribution to the intersectorial transactions. In this paper, I use structural decomposition to reveal the factors that contribute to the changes in SAM multipliers over time. In particular, I analyse how modifying the patterns of intermediate demand, private consumption and factorial income distribution modifies the income generation process. I then use two social accounting matrices, one for 1990 and one for 1994, to make an empirical application for the Catalan economy. The results show fewer regional multipliers in 1994 than in 1990, and this is mainly because of a reduction in the structural coefficients of the model.
... de España de 1990 ha propiciado la posterior aparición de modelos computacionales que utiliza... more ... de España de 1990 ha propiciado la posterior aparición de modelos computacionales que utilizan esta ... que el peor escenario posible se desenca-dena cuando la educación se financia ... abierta con once sectores productivos, once bienes de consumo, doce agentes privados y ...
Water scarcity is a long-standing problem in Catalonia, as there are significant differences in t... more Water scarcity is a long-standing problem in Catalonia, as there are significant differences in the spatial and temporal distribution of water through the territory. There has consequently been a debate for many years about whether the solution to water scarcity must be considered in terms of efficiency or equity, the role that the public sector must play and the role that market-based instruments should play in water management. The aim of this paper is to use a Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) model to analyze the advantages and disadvantages associated with different policy 1 instruments, from both a supply and a demand viewpoint, which can be applied to water management in Catalonia. We also introduce an ecological sector in our CGE model, allowing us to analyze the environmental impact of the alternative policies simulated. The calibration of the exogenous variables of the CGE model is performed by using a Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) for the Catalan economy with 2001 data. The results suggest that taking into account the principle of sustainability of the resource, the policy debate between supply and demand in water policies is obsolete, and a new combination of policies is required to respect the different values associated with water.
Water scarcity is a long-standing problem in Catalonia, as there are significant differences in t... more Water scarcity is a long-standing problem in Catalonia, as there are significant differences in the spatial and temporal distribution of water through the territory. There has consequently been a debate for many years about whether the solution to water scarcity must be considered in terms of efficiency or equity, the role that the public sector must play and the role that market-based instruments should play in water management. The aim of this paper is to use a Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) model to analyze the advantages and disadvantages associated with different policy 1 instruments, from both a supply and a demand viewpoint, which can be applied to water management in Catalonia. We also introduce an ecological sector in our CGE model, allowing us to analyze the environmental impact of the alternative policies simulated. The calibration of the exogenous variables of the CGE model is performed by using a Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) for the Catalan economy with 2001 data. The results suggest that taking into account the principle of sustainability of the resource, the policy debate between supply and demand in water policies is obsolete, and a new combination of policies is required to respect the different values associated with water.
Structural decomposition analysis, which is usually used within the inputoutput framework, makes ... more Structural decomposition analysis, which is usually used within the inputoutput framework, makes it possible to break down changes in economic variables into their determinants. Structural decomposition techniques can also be applied in social accounting matrix (SAM) models, which provide a complete representation of circular flow by adding factorial income generation and household income distribution to the intersectorial transactions. In this paper, I use structural decomposition to reveal the factors that contribute to the changes in SAM multipliers over time. In particular, I analyse how modifying the patterns of intermediate demand, private consumption and factorial income distribution modifies the income generation process. I then use two social accounting matrices, one for 1990 and one for 1994, to make an empirical application for the Catalan economy. The results show fewer regional multipliers in 1994 than in 1990, and this is mainly because of a reduction in the structural coefficients of the model.
The objective of this paper is to analyse the economic impacts of alternative water policies impl... more The objective of this paper is to analyse the economic impacts of alternative water policies implemented in the Spanish production system. The methodology uses two versions of the input-output price model: a competitive formulation and a mark-up formulation. The input-output framework evaluates the impact of water policy measures on production prices, consumption prices, intermediate water demand and private welfare. Our results show that a tax on the water used by sectors considerably reduces the intermediate water demand, and increases the production and consumption prices. On the other hand, according to Jevons' paradox, an improvement in technical efficiency, which leads to a reduction in the water requirements of all sectors and an increase in water production, increases the amount of water consumed. The combination of a tax on water and improved technical efficiency takes the pressure off prices and significantly reduces intermediate water demand. JEL Classification: C67 ; D57 ; Q25. Keywords: Production prices; Consumption prices; Water uses; Water policy; Water taxation.Preus, Consum (Economia), Aigua-Utilització, Aigua-Polítiques de gestió, Aigua-Impostos,
The literature on second-best environmental taxation provides us with a broad understanding of th... more The literature on second-best environmental taxation provides us with a broad understanding of the welfare impacts of pollution regulation. However, most of the research undertaken to date has focused on environmental pollution, while other topics in environmental economics, such as the preservation of natural resources, have not warranted much attention in the optimal taxation literature. This paper uses a simple general-equilibrium model to analyze the welfare effects of taxes on final goods, taxes on natural resources, and extraction permits with a second-best approach based on the existence of initial distortionary taxes. This analysis not only takes into account the non-use utility of the mere existence of natural resources, but also captures the consequences of enjoying environmental goods on labor supply decisions, through the use-value attributed to natural resources. The comparison of the welfare impacts of a tax on final consumption and a tax on the use of natural resources is not conclusive. A consumption tax leads to a higher primary welfare effect than a resources tax, while taxing natural goods generates more revenue-recycling income than taxing consumption goods. In addition, as extraction permits do not generate new public revenues to reduce pre-existing distortionary taxes, this intervention entails the highest welfare costs.
Social Accounting Matrices (SAM) are normally used to analyse the income generation process. They... more Social Accounting Matrices (SAM) are normally used to analyse the income generation process. They are also useful, however, for analysing the cost transmission and price formation mechanisms. For price contributions, Roland-Holst and Sancho (1995) used the SAM structure to analyse the price and cost linkages through a representation of the interdependence between activities, households and factors. This paper is a
This paper analyses the effects that technological changes in agriculture would have on environme... more This paper analyses the effects that technological changes in agriculture would have on environmental, social and economic indicators. Specifically, our study is focused on two alternative technological improvements: the modernization of water transportation systems versus the increase in the total factor productivity of agriculture. Using a computable general equilibrium model for the Catalan economy, our results suggest that a water policy that leads to greater economic efficiency is not necessarily optimal if we consider social or environmental criteria. Moreover, improving environmental sustainability depends less on the type of technological change than on the institutional framework in which technological change occurs. Keywords: agricultural technological changes, computable general equilibrium model, economic impact, water policy
Structural decomposition analysis, which is usually used within the inputoutput framework, makes ... more Structural decomposition analysis, which is usually used within the inputoutput framework, makes it possible to break down changes in economic variables into their determinants. Structural decomposition techniques can also be applied in social accounting matrix (SAM) models, which provide a complete representation of circular flow by adding factorial income generation and household income distribution to the intersectorial transactions. In this paper, I use structural decomposition to reveal the factors that contribute to the changes in SAM multipliers over time. In particular, I analyse how modifying the patterns of intermediate demand, private consumption and factorial income distribution modifies the income generation process. I then use two social accounting matrices, one for 1990 and one for 1994, to make an empirical application for the Catalan economy. The results show fewer regional multipliers in 1994 than in 1990, and this is mainly because of a reduction in the structural coefficients of the model.
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