Papers by Rachmat Hidayat
Sriwijaya Journal of Otorhinolaryngology
Introduction: Allergic rhinitis (AR) is a disorder of the nasal mucosa caused by inflammation and... more Introduction: Allergic rhinitis (AR) is a disorder of the nasal mucosa caused by inflammation and initiated by a hypersensitivity reaction due to exposure to allergens. This study aimed to determine the risk factors associated with allergic rhinitis in SMA Negeri 1 Palembang Indonesia students. Methods: This study was an observational study with a cross-sectional approach. A total of 500 research subjects participated in this study, and the research subjects met the inclusion criteria. The inclusion criteria were SMA Negeri 1 Palembang, Indonesia students aged 15-17 years and willing to participate in the research as evidenced by the consent of their parents or guardians to participate in this study. Data analysis was carried out using SPSS software version 25. Univariate analysis was performed to present the frequency distribution of each variable test. Bivariate analysis was performed to determine the relationship between risk factors and incidence of rhinitis allergies, p < 0....
Open Access Indonesian Journal of Medical Reviews
The inflammatory response is the rapid initiation and interplay of humoral (dissolved in the bloo... more The inflammatory response is the rapid initiation and interplay of humoral (dissolved in the blood) and cellular systems designed to limit the degree of tissue damage, destroy infectious microorganisms, initiate an adaptive immune response, and initiate the healing process. This review aimed to comprehensively describe the role of the inflammatory response in innate immunity. Three key plasma protein systems are essential for an effective inflammatory response. These are the complement system, clotting system, and kinin system. Although each system has a unique role in inflammation, they also share many similarities. Each system consists of several proteins in the blood. To prevent activation in unnecessary situations, each protein is normally in an inactive form. Some proteins are enzymes that circulate in an inactive form as proenzymes. Each system contains several proteins that can be activated at the start of inflammation. Cells of the innate and acquired immune systems are recr...
Open Access Indonesian Journal of Medical Reviews
Each cell has receptors on the cell surface that specifically bind to solutes (ligands) produced ... more Each cell has receptors on the cell surface that specifically bind to solutes (ligands) produced during tissue damage or infection. This review aimed to describe the role of PRR in the human body's defense system. The binding of the ligand to its receptor results in the activation of intracellular signaling pathways and cell activation. The B and T lymphocytes of the adaptive immune system have developed surface receptors (that is, the T-cell receptor, or TCR, and the B-cell receptor, or BCR) that bind a broad spectrum of antigens. The cells involved in innate resistance have developed a distinct set of receptors that recognize a much more limited array of specific molecules. These are called pattern recognition receptor (PRR), and they recognize the molecular patterns in infectious agents or their products (pathogen-associated molecular patterns, or PAMP) or products of cellular damage (necrosis or apoptosis; molecular pattern-associated damage, or DAMPs). In conclusion, the pa...
Open Access Indonesian Journal of Medical Reviews
Injury to cells and the surrounding environment, called the extracellular matrix, triggers injury... more Injury to cells and the surrounding environment, called the extracellular matrix, triggers injury to tissues and organs. Although a normal cell is limited by narrow boundaries of structure and function, it is capable of adapting to biological demands or stress to maintain a steady state called homeostasis. Adaptation is a reversible, structural, or functional response to normal or physiological conditions and adverse or pathological conditions. This review aimed to describe the mechanism of cellular adaptation in the human body. Cells adapt to the environment to escape and protect against injury. Adaptation of the cell, be it normal or injured, this condition lies somewhere between these two conditions. The most significant adaptive changes in cells include atrophy (decreased cell size), hypertrophy (increased cell size), hyperplasia (increased cell number), and metaplasia (reversible replacement of one mature cell for another less mature cell or change in phenotype). Dysplasia (a d...
Indonesian Community Empowerment Journal
Growth factors are not only capable of triggering cell and tissue repair but also act as anti-inf... more Growth factors are not only capable of triggering cell and tissue repair but also act as anti-inflammatory molecules, capable of inhibiting inflammatory processes triggered by trauma. However, currently, patients with ankle sprains are still reluctant to get this therapeutic modality, even though the potential for this new therapeutic modality is superior enough to accelerate trauma repair. This is because the patient is still not familiar with this therapeutic modality. This community service aims to increase the knowledge aspect of ankle sprain patients about the potential benefits and possible risks of using platelet growth factors through the counseling and education process for ankle sprain patients at YK Madira Hospital, Palembang, Indonesia. The implementation of community service is carried out through 3 stages of the implementation process, namely preparation, implementation, and evaluation. The target audience for this community service activity is outpatients at the ortho...
Indonesian Community Empowerment Journal
Growth factor is a cytokine that plays a role in triggering a series of inhibition of inflammator... more Growth factor is a cytokine that plays a role in triggering a series of inhibition of inflammatory processes and triggers repair of joint cartilage which acts as a shock absorber. However, the current phenomenon shows that patients are still very hesitant to take advantage of the potential of platelet growth factor as a modality for the treatment of OA. The aspect of patient ignorance related to the potential of this modality is believed to be the reason for the lack of interest in OA patients utilizing this therapeutic modality. This community service aims to increase aspects of knowledge of OA patients about the potential, benefits and possible risks of using platelet growth factor through the process of counseling and education for OA patients at Ar-Rasyid Hospital Palembang Indonesia. Â This counseling activity was carried out on outpatients at the polyclinic of Ar-Rasyid Hospital Palembang Indonesia. Â There was an increase in the response knowledge score after counseling on the ...
Sriwijaya Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology
Introduction: Cervical cancer is a malignancy of the cervix caused by the human papillomavirus (H... more Introduction: Cervical cancer is a malignancy of the cervix caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV). Cervical cancer often has no symptoms. Most patients are known to be positive for cervical cancer at an advanced stage. This study aimed to determine the relationship between the use of oral contraceptives and sexual activity with the incidence of cervical cancer at Dr. Mohammad Hoesin General Hospital, Palembang, Indonesia. Methods: This study was an analytic observational case-control study. A total of 37 subjects were researched as a case group and a total of 111 subjects as a control group. This study made observations of variable age, Education, work, use of oral contraceptives, and sexual activity for the first time. Data analysis was carried out using SPSS software univariate and bivariate. Results: Use of oral contraceptives ≥ 5 years was not significantly associated with the incidence of cervical cancer, p> 0.05. Age at first sexual intercourse <18 years was significa...
Sriwijaya Journal of Neurology
Introduction: Head injury causes microglial activation and release of proinflammatory cytokines. ... more Introduction: Head injury causes microglial activation and release of proinflammatory cytokines. One of the inflammatory markers that can be used is the neutrophils to lymphocytes ratio (NLR). Within 24 hours after brain injury, the number of circulating neutrophils was markedly increased compared to the uninjured control group. This study aimed to determine the relationship between ratios of neutrophil-lymphocyte head injury patients with patient outcomes at Dr. Mohammad Hoesin General Hospital, Palembang, Indonesia. Methods: This study was a cross-sectional analytic observational study. A total of 36 research subjects participated in this study. Observations on sociodemographic, clinical, and laboratory data were carried out in this study. Data analysis was carried out using SPSS using univariate and bivariate. Results: The majority of study subjects with a good Glasgow outcome scale had a neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio <7.35. Meanwhile, research subjects with Glasgow the poor out...
Open Access Indonesian Journal of Medical Reviews
The specialized epithelial outer layer, including the skin and mucosal surfaces, is relatively re... more The specialized epithelial outer layer, including the skin and mucosal surfaces, is relatively resistant to most environmental hazards and resistant to infection by disease-causing microorganisms. This literature review aimed to describe the role of natural physical, mechanical, and biochemical barriers in innate immunity. The physical barrier that protects against damage and infection consists of closely related epithelial cells, including the skin and the sheet membranes that line the digestive tract, genitourinary, and breathing. The epithelial surface also provides a biochemical barrier by synthesizing and secreting substances intended to trap or destroy microorganisms (chemicals derived from the epithelium). Mucus, sweat, saliva, tears, and earwax are examples of biochemical secretions that can trap and kill potential disease-causing microorganisms. Microorganisms in the microbiome do not usually cause disease, although some are opportunistic in that they can cause disease if t...
Scientia Psychiatrica, Apr 13, 2020
Psychotic symptoms related ovarian teratoma are uncommon but has been well known in previous medi... more Psychotic symptoms related ovarian teratoma are uncommon but has been well known in previous medical literature. Psychotic problems experienced by patients are often mistaken for psychological causes without organic causes, because commonly patients do not show symptoms associated with teratomas. Diagnosis of teratoma-related psychotic illnesses is often delayed due to the nature of the symptoms, that is leading to delayed treatment and worsen long-term neurological outcomes. Neuropsychiatric symptoms in teratoma can occur if it contains brain tissue inside and antibody anti-NMDA (N-methyl-D-Aspartate) receptor. The occurrence of psychotic symptoms in ovarian teratomas is based on cellular mechanisms. Antibodies bind to the NMDA receptor, which leads to the internalization of the cell surface and the relative state of the NMDA receptor hypofunction. While the impact of specific regions and circuit circuits of anti-NMDA receptor antibodies remains to be explored, the mechanism of anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis strengthens the hypothesis that NMDA receptor hypofunction may have a role in schizophrenia and psychosis.
Open Access Indonesia Journal of Social Sciences
The structural equation modelling (SEM) method has stronger predicting power than path analysis a... more The structural equation modelling (SEM) method has stronger predicting power than path analysis and multiple regression because SEM is able to analyze at the deepest level the variables or constructs studied. This literature review aimed to describe the use of structural equation modelling in research. In general, SEM can be used to analyze research models that have several independent (exogenous) and dependent (endogenous) variables, as well as moderating or intervening variables. SEM provides several benefits and advantages for researchers, including building research models with many variables, examining variables or constructs that cannot be observed or cannot be measured directly (unobserved), testing measurement errors (measurement errors) for observed variables or constructs ( observed) and confirmatory factor analysis. Broadly speaking, SEM methods can be classified into two types, namely covariance-based structural equation modelling (CB-SEM) and variance or component-based...
Open Access Indonesian Journal of Medical Reviews
COVID-19 (Coronavirus disease 2019) is a new type of disease caused by a virus from the coronavir... more COVID-19 (Coronavirus disease 2019) is a new type of disease caused by a virus from the coronavirus group, namely the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 or SARS-CoV-2. COVID-19 can cause respiratory system disorders, ranging from mild symptoms such as flu to lung infections, such as pneumonia. Coronaviruses are single-stranded and positive-chain RNA viruses with a particle size of 120-160 nm. This virus in humans attacks the respiratory tract, especially in the cells lining the alveoli. This virus mainly infects animals, including bats and camels.
Journal of Anesthesiology and Clinical Research
SARS-CoV-2 not only activates an antiviral immune response but can also cause an uncontrolled inf... more SARS-CoV-2 not only activates an antiviral immune response but can also cause an uncontrolled inflammatory response characterized by the marked release of proinflammatory cytokines in patients with severe COVID-19, leading to lymphopenia lymphocyte dysfunction, and granulocyte and monocyte abnormalities. The immune pattern of COVID-19 includes lymphopenia, lymphocyte activation and dysfunction, granulocyte and monocyte abnormalities, increased cytokine production, and increased antibodies.
Community Medicine and Education Journal
The difference in immunological profiles between mild-moderate and severe cases of COVID-19 can b... more The difference in immunological profiles between mild-moderate and severe cases of COVID-19 can be seen in lower lymphocyte counts, leukocytes, and higher neutrophil-lymphocyte ratios. And lower percentages of monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils in severe COVID-19 cases. Proinflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-1, and IL-6, as well as IL-8 and infection markers such as procalcitonin, ferritin, and C-reactive protein, were also found to be higher in severe clinical cases. T Helper, T suppressor, and T  regulatory were found to be decreased in COVID-19 patients with lower numbers of T helper and T regulatory in severe cases.
Archives of The Medicine and Case Reports
The SARS-CoV-2 virus mainly acts on lymphocytes, especially CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, Analysis of a ... more The SARS-CoV-2 virus mainly acts on lymphocytes, especially CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, Analysis of a subset of lymphocytes may help in screening awal critical course of the disease. Â Pincrease of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines, and decreased regulatory/regulatory T cells contribute to an excessive inflammatory response (increased cytokine production, cytokine release syndrome) with loss of control over the damaging immune response and increased tissue damage (e.g. in the lungs). Sometimes the body's response to infection becomes very exaggerated. for example, when SARS-CoV-2 enters the lungs, it will trigger an immune response, attracting immune cells to the area to attack the virus, resulting in local inflammation, in some patients, excessive/uncontrolled levels of cytokines will activate more immune cells, causing hyperinflammatory called cytokine storms, is a condition that can harm or kill patients.
Scientia Psychiatrica
Our infant experiences involve our emotions, behavior, perceptions, and our mental models of the ... more Our infant experiences involve our emotions, behavior, perceptions, and our mental models of the world of others and ourselves. Implicit memories encode the early forms of our learning about the world. Implicit memories directly shape our experiences here and now with no clue as to their origins from past events. Attachment research, combined with independent findings from our modern studies of genetics and developmental neurobiology, suggests that certain types of communication in emotionally connected relationships offer an essential experience that a child's mind can develop. This literature review describes how our experience in childhood affects brain development.
Biomedical Journal of Indonesia, 2020
The cell cycle is a vital process in the life of every organism. Normally, the cell cycleresults ... more The cell cycle is a vital process in the life of every organism. Normally, the cell cycleresults in cell division. Cell division consists of 2 main processes, namely DNAreplication and chromosome division that has been duplicated into 2 daughter cells.Cyclin is expressed periodically so that the cyclin concentration varies at each phase ofthe cell cycle. Cdks are threonine or serine protein kinases which must bind to cyclinfor its activation. The concentration of Cdks is relatively constant during the cell cycle.Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor (CKI) is a protein that can inhibit Cdk activity bybinding to Cdk or the cyclin-Cdk complex
Open Access Indonesian Journal of Medical Reviews, 2022
Head injury is a change in brain function or brain pathology, caused by external forces on the he... more Head injury is a change in brain function or brain pathology, caused by external forces on the head. Changes in brain function consist of any period of loss or loss of consciousness, anterograde or retrograde amnesia, neurological deficits, or mental changes following a head injury. A study reported that the highest incidence of head injury was in the Americas, which was 1299 cases per 100,000 population, followed by Europe, which was 1012 cases per 100,000 population. The lowest incidence of head injury occurred on the African continent, which was 801 cases per 100,000 population. Based on these data, the overall incidence of head injuries in the world is 939 cases per 100,000 population with most of them being mild head injuries (55.9 million cases per year) and 5.28 million people experiencing severe head injuries.
Archives of The Medicine and Case Reports, 2022
Chronic suppurative Otitis Media (CSOM) is inflammation of the middle ear mucosa and mastoid spac... more Chronic suppurative Otitis Media (CSOM) is inflammation of the middle ear mucosa and mastoid space that lasts more than 2 months characterized by perforation of the tympanic membrane and continuous or intermittent discharge from the ear canal. Secretion in the form of watery or thick clear or pus. CSOM with cholesteatoma is characterized by a perforation that is located marginally or can be tampered with the bone and often causes dangerous complications. CSOM is still a major health problem, especially in developing countries. The incidence of CSOM cases is estimated at more than 20 million people worldwide. Of these, approximately 5 million patients suffer from chronic otitis media with cholesteatoma, although the overall number of cases of chronic otitis media with cholesteatoma appears to be decreasing. The prevalence of CSOM worldwide is around 65-330 million people with complaints of watery ears, 60% of them (39-200 million) suffer from significant hearing loss. The incidence o...
Open Access Indonesia Journal of Social Sciences, 2020
Health-seeking behavior (HSB) is a concept that requires contributions from multidisciplinary sci... more Health-seeking behavior (HSB) is a concept that requires contributions from multidisciplinary sciences, namely health, psychology, and social sciences. Understanding the HSB concept helps academics and practitioners to understand the individual's reasons for seeking medical help. Health service facility factors are generally often blamed for the low quality of health in a place; for example, the low quality of health in the village is often associated with the limitations of health facilities in the village compared to in the city. It turns out that not all of them and not the majority of the low quality of health in an area is only due to the limitations of health facilities, sometimes it can be caused by the values held by the local community.
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Papers by Rachmat Hidayat