Recent trends in vehicle engineering prove the great effort that scientists and industries have m... more Recent trends in vehicle engineering prove the great effort that scientists and industries have made in seeking solutions to enhance both the performance and the safety of vehicular systems [...]
The implementation of a tire model in a simulation environment is fundamental to characterize the... more The implementation of a tire model in a simulation environment is fundamental to characterize the vehicles and to predict the dynamic behaviour during the design phase, e.g. to test automotive control systems like ADAS [1] or different parameters or working conditions like tire compound, pressure, and speed. Moreover, the output of a tire model can be employed also to predict its temperature distribution [2].
This paper presents some results on the development and testing of new solutions in the field of ... more This paper presents some results on the development and testing of new solutions in the field of driving automation. The introduction of increasing levels of vehicle automation aimed at enhancing road safety requires a renewed approach to the research and development process and needs a multi-actor environment where the innovation can be tested. Indeed, vehicle automation spans several scientific disciplines and it is becoming exceedingly difficult and too costly for a single research innovation team to go in depth into all technologies and solutions. This is shifting the innovation process toward a multidisciplinary approach in which the only way to ensure an easy, rapid, efficient and scalable introduction of the required innovation is to adopt integrated and complex testing platforms for the simulation of automation solutions, based on a modular architecture, where independent components can be developed and then integrated and tested in a multi-actor environment. A platform for ...
In the last years, the tire technological development has played a fundamental role in motorsport... more In the last years, the tire technological development has played a fundamental role in motorsport and in automotive industry. The tire contact patch forces have a great influence on the vehicle behavior, so their correct estimation is a crucial task to understand how to improve the car performance. In order to identify the tire interaction characteristic, it is also necessary to use a procedure that allows the correct evaluation of the slip angles in the different operating conditions. This paper presents an evolution of the T.R.I.C.K. tool developed by the UniNa vehicle dynamics research group. In the first version of this tool an 8 degree of freedom vehicle model has been implemented and, starting from the experimental data acquired, the T.R.I.C.K. calculates the interaction forces and the tire slips using the equilibrium equations. Using more car parameters and further data obtained from track sessions and dedicated tests, in the presented release of the tool, new formulations have been developed for a more accurate calculation of the tire-road forces. The effectiveness of the treatments is assessed using experimental data and the simulator outputs. The new formulations introduced in this paper allows, depending on the availability of additional vehicle data and acquisition sensors, to estimate the interaction forces with different and more accurate methodologies than the equilibrium equations, while retaining very reduced simulation times. In this way it is possible to carry out a more precise study of vehicle dynamics with the possibility of investigating and significantly improving performance.
Rubber friction plays a fundamental role in the study of the tire-road interaction and still repr... more Rubber friction plays a fundamental role in the study of the tire-road interaction and still represents a topic of discussion for both academics and manufacturing companies, especially with the introduction of the concept of multiscale roughness [1, 2]. Taking into account that the road surface is a hard substrate, the two contributions to rubber friction can be considered to be (i) hysteretic phenomena deriving from time dependent viscoelastic deformations of the rubber due to the substrate asperities and (ii) adhesive effects. From the modelling point of view, the estimation of each contribution represents a great challenge, and both formulations are inevitably affected by the presence of empirical constants. For example, hysteretic friction could be in principle computed by a full multiscale Persson's theory [1, 3], but the latter one ultimately embraces an arbitrary choice of the cutoff frequency value, and, furthermore, the full multiscale theory can be in most cases simplified [4]. The adhesive contribution, instead, remains fundamentally empirically described by fitting functions and parameters, and, despite considerable progress and huge effort in this research field, it continues to represent the greatest challenge as well as to recognize the relative importance of the two contributions [5]. In this work, an analysis of the results obtained with the different formulations available in literature is proposed with particular reference to the empirical constants variability.
Since the beginning of their production, pneumatic tires have experienced tremendous improvements... more Since the beginning of their production, pneumatic tires have experienced tremendous improvements in structure and materials, becoming the dominant design in the world tires market. Nevertheless, relying upon pressurized air, they are affected by maintenance and security issues that can lead to fatal accidents. Therefore, tire-makers are investigating new tire designs, called Airless or Non-Pneumatic, with the aim of removing air-related problems. The research about such tires is still at an early stage, especially if compared to the one conducted on the pneumatic ones. In this paper, the development of a methodology capable of studying the mechanical behavior of a Non-Pneumatic Tire (NPT) by means of experimental data and numerical approach is illustrated. The experimental activities consisted of a scanner acquisition of the NPT and a footprint analysis for the calculation of the radial stiffness and contact patch pressure distribution. Moreover, the Digital Image Correlation (DIC)...
The present paper aims to propose performance indices able to characterize the driving abilities ... more The present paper aims to propose performance indices able to characterize the driving abilities of a car driver in the motorsport ambit. These indices could be used both to improve drivers performances and to conduct comparative analyses between professional and non-professional drivers. The data used for the analysis come from a Formula 4 vehicle and have been acquired by means of a specific data logger. Some indices, suggested by the specific literature in the motorsport vehicles, have been analyzed and employed on the data acquired on track during races. The results were not so satisfactory especially to evaluate the performance of a non-professional driver. The proposed indicators defined as the product of the accelerations along one determined direction (longitudinal or lateral) for the corresponding velocities seem to be suitable to be used as performance indices for the pilot in all the three main phases of a curve. The analysis of the data shows that these indices are quite reliable even if, in some particular cases, they show little discrepancies. This happens because the indices must be interpreted differently in dependence of the various types of curve, which are diversely approached (e.g. a chicane or a hairpin). Further development will improve the indicators according to the type of curve, trying to give an overall performance indicator for each curve.
Appropriate modelling of the real behavior of viscoelastic materials is of fundamental importance... more Appropriate modelling of the real behavior of viscoelastic materials is of fundamental importance for correct studies and analyses of structures and components where such materials are employed. In this paper, the potential to employ a generalized Maxwell model and the relative fraction derivative model is studied with the aim to reproduce the experimental behavior of viscoelastic materials. For both models, the advantage of using the pole-zero formulation is demonstrated and a specifically constrained identification procedure to obtain the optimum parameters set is illustrated. Particular emphasis is given on the ability of the models to adequately fit the experimental data with a minimum number of parameters, addressing the possible computational issues. The question arises about the minimum number of experimental data necessary to estimate the material behavior in a wide frequency range, demonstrating that accurate results can be obtained by knowing only the data of the upper and...
This paper deals with the experimental investigation about the sliding contact between tire tread... more This paper deals with the experimental investigation about the sliding contact between tire tread and rough surfaces. To build and to validate reliable tire dynamical behaviour models it is fundamental the knowledge of the local grip in each point of the contact patch since in the contact patch points different conditions arise because of contact pressure, sliding speed, temperature, etc. In the paper after a brief description of the different methods usually adopted to experimentally test the tires with this aim, a new test machine, developed starting from a British pendulum at the Technical Centre Europe Bridgestone, as machine for tribological tests on rubber specimens in sliding contact with rough surface is presented. The scheme of the testing machine and the adopted measurement instruments are illustrated, together with the results of a typical test and the possible interpretations of the obtained results.
Fully electric vehicles with individually controlled powertrains can achieve significantly enhanc... more Fully electric vehicles with individually controlled powertrains can achieve significantly enhanced vehicle response, in particular by means of Torque Vectoring Control (TVC). This paper presents a TVC strategy for a Formula SAE (FSAE) fully electric vehicle, the “T-ONE” car designed by “UninaCorse E-team” of the University of Naples Federico II, featuring four in-wheel motors. A Matlab-Simulink double-track vehicle model is implemented, featuring non-linear (Pacejka) tyres. The TVC strategy consists of: (i) a reference generator that calculates the target yaw rate in real time based on the current values of steering wheel angle and vehicle velocity, in order to follow a desired optimal understeer characteristic; (ii) a high-level controller which generates the overall traction/braking force and yaw moment demands based on the accelerator/brake pedal and on the error between the target yaw rate and the actual yaw rate; (iii) a control allocator which outputs the reference torques fo...
The vehicle dynamic behaviour analysis is a crucial step for the evaluation of performance in ter... more The vehicle dynamic behaviour analysis is a crucial step for the evaluation of performance in terms of stability and safety. Tires play an important role by generating the interaction forces at each road-tire contact patch. The longitudinal and lateral dynamics are analysed by using instrumented vehicles with expensive high precision sensors to get a measurement of estimates of physical parameters of interest. This paper deals with the evaluation of vehicle under/oversteering behaviour and of braking performance using a Real-time (RT) simulator. The simulations were performed by using an efficient 15 Degrees of Freedoms (DOFs) Lumped-Parameter Full Vehicle Model (LPFVM), comprising a tire model with temperature-dependent properties. A virtual Driver-in-the-Loop (vDiL) scheme was used to perform test manouvers. The virtual driver is based on two PID regulators for speed and steering control. Finally, this paper reports the results of constant radius tests as defined by standard ISO41...
Fully electric vehicles with individually controlled powertrains can achieve significantly enhanc... more Fully electric vehicles with individually controlled powertrains can achieve significantly enhanced vehicle response, in particular by means of Torque Vectoring Control (TVC). This paper presents a TVC strategy for a Formula SAE (FSAE) fully electric vehicle, the “T-ONE” car designed by “UninaCorse E-team” of the University of Naples Federico II, featuring four in-wheel motors. A Matlab-Simulink double-track vehicle model is implemented, featuring non-linear (Pacejka) tyres. The TVC strategy consists of: i) a reference generator that calculates the target yaw rate in real time based on the current values of steering wheel angle and vehicle velocity, in order to follow a desired optimal understeer characteristic; ii) a high-level controller which generates the overall traction/braking force and yaw moment demands based on the accelerator/brake pedal and on the error between the target yaw rate and the actual yaw rate; iii) a control allocator which outputs the reference torques for t...
The evaluation of the tire tread viscoelastic characteristics, especially by means of non-destruc... more The evaluation of the tire tread viscoelastic characteristics, especially by means of non-destructive procedures, is a particularly interesting topic for motorsport teams and companies, used to work with unknown and confidential compounds. The availability of such information would define new scenarios in vehicle analysis field, as the possibility to provide physical inputs to tire grip models or the study of the suspensions setup able to make tires work inside their optimal thermal working range. The employment of commercial devices allows to select by means of specific indices the optimal combination of tires to be installed on a vehicle, but it does not provide any information physically correlated with the tread polymers characteristics. The aim of the presented activity is the modelling of one of the cited devices, a dynamic dial indicator, interacting with a viscoelastic half-space. The obtained results allow, analyzing the signals acquired by the device, to identify the tread...
This paper deals with tyre enveloping behaviour on uneven road surface. To build realistic and re... more This paper deals with tyre enveloping behaviour on uneven road surface. To build realistic and reliable vehicle dynamics models it is of fundamental importance to study the influence of road obstacles and irregularities on forces and displacements involving a rolling tyre. After a brief review about early studies concerning this phenomenon, the tandem model with elliptical cams is introduced and described, highlighting its hypothesis and the parameters on which it is based, the most important of which are the cams profiles and the distance between them. The main aim of this paper is the executive project of a test rig aimed to carry out an experimental campaign for the identification of the parameters of the tandem cam model and for its validation. The idea is to experimentally acquire the path of the patch centre of a tyre rolling over an obstacle, to define the parameters of the curves employed for the cam profiles and the distance between them in the tandem model. It is important to highlight that these parameters are strictly connected to tyre properties and need tests to be investigated and identified. The design started from a test bench for motorcycles already available at DII's Tyre Lab, introducing proper changes without compromising original test bench destination.
A correct reproduction of a motorcycle rider’s movements during driving is a crucial and the most... more A correct reproduction of a motorcycle rider’s movements during driving is a crucial and the most influential aspect of the entire motorcycle–rider system. The rider performs significant variations in terms of body configuration on the vehicle in order to optimize the management of the motorcycle in all the possible dynamic conditions, comprising cornering and braking phases. The aim of the work is to focus on the development of a technique to estimate the body configurations of a high-performance driver in completely different situations, starting from the publicly available videos, collecting them by means of image acquisition methods, and employing machine learning and deep learning techniques. The technique allows us to determine the calculation of the center of gravity (CoG) of the driver’s body in the video acquired and therefore the CoG of the entire driver–vehicle system, correlating it to commonly available vehicle dynamics data, so that the force distribution can be proper...
The TRT model, developed to accurately reproduce the tire thermal dynamics in all the vehicle wor... more The TRT model, developed to accurately reproduce the tire thermal dynamics in all the vehicle working conditions, has to be physically characterized [1][2]. An appropriate non-destructive procedure, that allows to obtain the thermal diffusivity of completely different tire layers, is described. The heat is directly supplied on the tire tread surface trough a specifically powered laser, while two thermal cameras acquire temperatures reached on both the outer and the inner layers. Using the above instrumentation layout to acquire the tire radial and circumferential temperature gradients and a specifically developed mathematical TRTLab model based on the use of Fourier's equation of diffusion applied to a three dimensional domain, allows to estimate the tire thermal diffusivity.
Recent trends in vehicle engineering prove the great effort that scientists and industries have m... more Recent trends in vehicle engineering prove the great effort that scientists and industries have made in seeking solutions to enhance both the performance and the safety of vehicular systems [...]
The implementation of a tire model in a simulation environment is fundamental to characterize the... more The implementation of a tire model in a simulation environment is fundamental to characterize the vehicles and to predict the dynamic behaviour during the design phase, e.g. to test automotive control systems like ADAS [1] or different parameters or working conditions like tire compound, pressure, and speed. Moreover, the output of a tire model can be employed also to predict its temperature distribution [2].
This paper presents some results on the development and testing of new solutions in the field of ... more This paper presents some results on the development and testing of new solutions in the field of driving automation. The introduction of increasing levels of vehicle automation aimed at enhancing road safety requires a renewed approach to the research and development process and needs a multi-actor environment where the innovation can be tested. Indeed, vehicle automation spans several scientific disciplines and it is becoming exceedingly difficult and too costly for a single research innovation team to go in depth into all technologies and solutions. This is shifting the innovation process toward a multidisciplinary approach in which the only way to ensure an easy, rapid, efficient and scalable introduction of the required innovation is to adopt integrated and complex testing platforms for the simulation of automation solutions, based on a modular architecture, where independent components can be developed and then integrated and tested in a multi-actor environment. A platform for ...
In the last years, the tire technological development has played a fundamental role in motorsport... more In the last years, the tire technological development has played a fundamental role in motorsport and in automotive industry. The tire contact patch forces have a great influence on the vehicle behavior, so their correct estimation is a crucial task to understand how to improve the car performance. In order to identify the tire interaction characteristic, it is also necessary to use a procedure that allows the correct evaluation of the slip angles in the different operating conditions. This paper presents an evolution of the T.R.I.C.K. tool developed by the UniNa vehicle dynamics research group. In the first version of this tool an 8 degree of freedom vehicle model has been implemented and, starting from the experimental data acquired, the T.R.I.C.K. calculates the interaction forces and the tire slips using the equilibrium equations. Using more car parameters and further data obtained from track sessions and dedicated tests, in the presented release of the tool, new formulations have been developed for a more accurate calculation of the tire-road forces. The effectiveness of the treatments is assessed using experimental data and the simulator outputs. The new formulations introduced in this paper allows, depending on the availability of additional vehicle data and acquisition sensors, to estimate the interaction forces with different and more accurate methodologies than the equilibrium equations, while retaining very reduced simulation times. In this way it is possible to carry out a more precise study of vehicle dynamics with the possibility of investigating and significantly improving performance.
Rubber friction plays a fundamental role in the study of the tire-road interaction and still repr... more Rubber friction plays a fundamental role in the study of the tire-road interaction and still represents a topic of discussion for both academics and manufacturing companies, especially with the introduction of the concept of multiscale roughness [1, 2]. Taking into account that the road surface is a hard substrate, the two contributions to rubber friction can be considered to be (i) hysteretic phenomena deriving from time dependent viscoelastic deformations of the rubber due to the substrate asperities and (ii) adhesive effects. From the modelling point of view, the estimation of each contribution represents a great challenge, and both formulations are inevitably affected by the presence of empirical constants. For example, hysteretic friction could be in principle computed by a full multiscale Persson's theory [1, 3], but the latter one ultimately embraces an arbitrary choice of the cutoff frequency value, and, furthermore, the full multiscale theory can be in most cases simplified [4]. The adhesive contribution, instead, remains fundamentally empirically described by fitting functions and parameters, and, despite considerable progress and huge effort in this research field, it continues to represent the greatest challenge as well as to recognize the relative importance of the two contributions [5]. In this work, an analysis of the results obtained with the different formulations available in literature is proposed with particular reference to the empirical constants variability.
Since the beginning of their production, pneumatic tires have experienced tremendous improvements... more Since the beginning of their production, pneumatic tires have experienced tremendous improvements in structure and materials, becoming the dominant design in the world tires market. Nevertheless, relying upon pressurized air, they are affected by maintenance and security issues that can lead to fatal accidents. Therefore, tire-makers are investigating new tire designs, called Airless or Non-Pneumatic, with the aim of removing air-related problems. The research about such tires is still at an early stage, especially if compared to the one conducted on the pneumatic ones. In this paper, the development of a methodology capable of studying the mechanical behavior of a Non-Pneumatic Tire (NPT) by means of experimental data and numerical approach is illustrated. The experimental activities consisted of a scanner acquisition of the NPT and a footprint analysis for the calculation of the radial stiffness and contact patch pressure distribution. Moreover, the Digital Image Correlation (DIC)...
The present paper aims to propose performance indices able to characterize the driving abilities ... more The present paper aims to propose performance indices able to characterize the driving abilities of a car driver in the motorsport ambit. These indices could be used both to improve drivers performances and to conduct comparative analyses between professional and non-professional drivers. The data used for the analysis come from a Formula 4 vehicle and have been acquired by means of a specific data logger. Some indices, suggested by the specific literature in the motorsport vehicles, have been analyzed and employed on the data acquired on track during races. The results were not so satisfactory especially to evaluate the performance of a non-professional driver. The proposed indicators defined as the product of the accelerations along one determined direction (longitudinal or lateral) for the corresponding velocities seem to be suitable to be used as performance indices for the pilot in all the three main phases of a curve. The analysis of the data shows that these indices are quite reliable even if, in some particular cases, they show little discrepancies. This happens because the indices must be interpreted differently in dependence of the various types of curve, which are diversely approached (e.g. a chicane or a hairpin). Further development will improve the indicators according to the type of curve, trying to give an overall performance indicator for each curve.
Appropriate modelling of the real behavior of viscoelastic materials is of fundamental importance... more Appropriate modelling of the real behavior of viscoelastic materials is of fundamental importance for correct studies and analyses of structures and components where such materials are employed. In this paper, the potential to employ a generalized Maxwell model and the relative fraction derivative model is studied with the aim to reproduce the experimental behavior of viscoelastic materials. For both models, the advantage of using the pole-zero formulation is demonstrated and a specifically constrained identification procedure to obtain the optimum parameters set is illustrated. Particular emphasis is given on the ability of the models to adequately fit the experimental data with a minimum number of parameters, addressing the possible computational issues. The question arises about the minimum number of experimental data necessary to estimate the material behavior in a wide frequency range, demonstrating that accurate results can be obtained by knowing only the data of the upper and...
This paper deals with the experimental investigation about the sliding contact between tire tread... more This paper deals with the experimental investigation about the sliding contact between tire tread and rough surfaces. To build and to validate reliable tire dynamical behaviour models it is fundamental the knowledge of the local grip in each point of the contact patch since in the contact patch points different conditions arise because of contact pressure, sliding speed, temperature, etc. In the paper after a brief description of the different methods usually adopted to experimentally test the tires with this aim, a new test machine, developed starting from a British pendulum at the Technical Centre Europe Bridgestone, as machine for tribological tests on rubber specimens in sliding contact with rough surface is presented. The scheme of the testing machine and the adopted measurement instruments are illustrated, together with the results of a typical test and the possible interpretations of the obtained results.
Fully electric vehicles with individually controlled powertrains can achieve significantly enhanc... more Fully electric vehicles with individually controlled powertrains can achieve significantly enhanced vehicle response, in particular by means of Torque Vectoring Control (TVC). This paper presents a TVC strategy for a Formula SAE (FSAE) fully electric vehicle, the “T-ONE” car designed by “UninaCorse E-team” of the University of Naples Federico II, featuring four in-wheel motors. A Matlab-Simulink double-track vehicle model is implemented, featuring non-linear (Pacejka) tyres. The TVC strategy consists of: (i) a reference generator that calculates the target yaw rate in real time based on the current values of steering wheel angle and vehicle velocity, in order to follow a desired optimal understeer characteristic; (ii) a high-level controller which generates the overall traction/braking force and yaw moment demands based on the accelerator/brake pedal and on the error between the target yaw rate and the actual yaw rate; (iii) a control allocator which outputs the reference torques fo...
The vehicle dynamic behaviour analysis is a crucial step for the evaluation of performance in ter... more The vehicle dynamic behaviour analysis is a crucial step for the evaluation of performance in terms of stability and safety. Tires play an important role by generating the interaction forces at each road-tire contact patch. The longitudinal and lateral dynamics are analysed by using instrumented vehicles with expensive high precision sensors to get a measurement of estimates of physical parameters of interest. This paper deals with the evaluation of vehicle under/oversteering behaviour and of braking performance using a Real-time (RT) simulator. The simulations were performed by using an efficient 15 Degrees of Freedoms (DOFs) Lumped-Parameter Full Vehicle Model (LPFVM), comprising a tire model with temperature-dependent properties. A virtual Driver-in-the-Loop (vDiL) scheme was used to perform test manouvers. The virtual driver is based on two PID regulators for speed and steering control. Finally, this paper reports the results of constant radius tests as defined by standard ISO41...
Fully electric vehicles with individually controlled powertrains can achieve significantly enhanc... more Fully electric vehicles with individually controlled powertrains can achieve significantly enhanced vehicle response, in particular by means of Torque Vectoring Control (TVC). This paper presents a TVC strategy for a Formula SAE (FSAE) fully electric vehicle, the “T-ONE” car designed by “UninaCorse E-team” of the University of Naples Federico II, featuring four in-wheel motors. A Matlab-Simulink double-track vehicle model is implemented, featuring non-linear (Pacejka) tyres. The TVC strategy consists of: i) a reference generator that calculates the target yaw rate in real time based on the current values of steering wheel angle and vehicle velocity, in order to follow a desired optimal understeer characteristic; ii) a high-level controller which generates the overall traction/braking force and yaw moment demands based on the accelerator/brake pedal and on the error between the target yaw rate and the actual yaw rate; iii) a control allocator which outputs the reference torques for t...
The evaluation of the tire tread viscoelastic characteristics, especially by means of non-destruc... more The evaluation of the tire tread viscoelastic characteristics, especially by means of non-destructive procedures, is a particularly interesting topic for motorsport teams and companies, used to work with unknown and confidential compounds. The availability of such information would define new scenarios in vehicle analysis field, as the possibility to provide physical inputs to tire grip models or the study of the suspensions setup able to make tires work inside their optimal thermal working range. The employment of commercial devices allows to select by means of specific indices the optimal combination of tires to be installed on a vehicle, but it does not provide any information physically correlated with the tread polymers characteristics. The aim of the presented activity is the modelling of one of the cited devices, a dynamic dial indicator, interacting with a viscoelastic half-space. The obtained results allow, analyzing the signals acquired by the device, to identify the tread...
This paper deals with tyre enveloping behaviour on uneven road surface. To build realistic and re... more This paper deals with tyre enveloping behaviour on uneven road surface. To build realistic and reliable vehicle dynamics models it is of fundamental importance to study the influence of road obstacles and irregularities on forces and displacements involving a rolling tyre. After a brief review about early studies concerning this phenomenon, the tandem model with elliptical cams is introduced and described, highlighting its hypothesis and the parameters on which it is based, the most important of which are the cams profiles and the distance between them. The main aim of this paper is the executive project of a test rig aimed to carry out an experimental campaign for the identification of the parameters of the tandem cam model and for its validation. The idea is to experimentally acquire the path of the patch centre of a tyre rolling over an obstacle, to define the parameters of the curves employed for the cam profiles and the distance between them in the tandem model. It is important to highlight that these parameters are strictly connected to tyre properties and need tests to be investigated and identified. The design started from a test bench for motorcycles already available at DII's Tyre Lab, introducing proper changes without compromising original test bench destination.
A correct reproduction of a motorcycle rider’s movements during driving is a crucial and the most... more A correct reproduction of a motorcycle rider’s movements during driving is a crucial and the most influential aspect of the entire motorcycle–rider system. The rider performs significant variations in terms of body configuration on the vehicle in order to optimize the management of the motorcycle in all the possible dynamic conditions, comprising cornering and braking phases. The aim of the work is to focus on the development of a technique to estimate the body configurations of a high-performance driver in completely different situations, starting from the publicly available videos, collecting them by means of image acquisition methods, and employing machine learning and deep learning techniques. The technique allows us to determine the calculation of the center of gravity (CoG) of the driver’s body in the video acquired and therefore the CoG of the entire driver–vehicle system, correlating it to commonly available vehicle dynamics data, so that the force distribution can be proper...
The TRT model, developed to accurately reproduce the tire thermal dynamics in all the vehicle wor... more The TRT model, developed to accurately reproduce the tire thermal dynamics in all the vehicle working conditions, has to be physically characterized [1][2]. An appropriate non-destructive procedure, that allows to obtain the thermal diffusivity of completely different tire layers, is described. The heat is directly supplied on the tire tread surface trough a specifically powered laser, while two thermal cameras acquire temperatures reached on both the outer and the inner layers. Using the above instrumentation layout to acquire the tire radial and circumferential temperature gradients and a specifically developed mathematical TRTLab model based on the use of Fourier's equation of diffusion applied to a three dimensional domain, allows to estimate the tire thermal diffusivity.
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Papers by Flavio Farroni