Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 2000
VicRoads, the road authority for the state of Victoria, Australia, has been undertaking extensive... more VicRoads, the road authority for the state of Victoria, Australia, has been undertaking extensive research into the load capacity and performance of cast-in-place reinforced concrete flat slab bridges. One of the key objectives of this research is the development of analytical tools that can be used to better determine the performance of these bridges under loadings to the elastic limit and subsequently to failure. The 59-year-old Barr Creek Bridge, a flat slab bridge of four short continuous spans over column piers, was made available to VicRoads in aid of this research. The static testing program executed on this bridge was therefore aimed at providing a comprehensive set of measurements of its response to serviceability level loadings and beyond. This test program was preceded by the performance of a dynamic test (a simplified experimental modal analysis using vehicular excitation) to establish basic structural properties of the bridge (effective flexural rigidity, EI) and the in...
Prefabricated Modular Structures are increasingly becoming popular as a strategy that can be used... more Prefabricated Modular Structures are increasingly becoming popular as a strategy that can be used to achieve cost effective and speedy construction. However, there is an absence of detailed engineering research or case studies dealing with the structural performance or building optimisation and integration strategies for this technology. This paper presents a conceptual holistic model that can be used to identify the most optimum structural system in a given scenario. A multi-disciplinary approach will be taken to optimise the building by assessing structural systems, materials, sustainability features, constructability and speed and cost of construction. This paper will discuss types of different optimisation strategies adopted in building designs and how they can be modified to assess a prefabricated modular building and what different variables will dominate as key performance indicators in the search for an optimum solution for a prefabricated modular building.
Floo d Damage Assessment (FDA) is a key component in modern risk management frameworks providing ... more Floo d Damage Assessment (FDA) is a key component in modern risk management frameworks providing an effective basis for decision making and the treatment of the risks. Current FDA methods do not consider the distinctiveness of buildings in analysis and therefore, cannot analyse them on a case-by-case basis, which is necessary for a variety of applications like engineering and design evaluation. This is mainly due to the limited input data used in these methods. The information required for such micro-level FDA analysis includes on one hand, complete building information (well-represented in BIM) and on the other hand, flood information that is commonly managed by GIS. While the independent use of BIM and GIS cannot satisfy all the information requirements for detailed FDA, their integration can potentially be used for this purpose. However, existing integration methods are application-specific and their adoption for FDA is challenging. This paper presents a method for BIM-GIS integr...
Elastomeric polymers (such as polyurea and polyurethane) are finding relevance in retrofitting ap... more Elastomeric polymers (such as polyurea and polyurethane) are finding relevance in retrofitting applications for structures being subjected to blast and impact loadings. This approach, an alternative to various existing retrofitting techniques, capitalises on the elastomeric properties, high strain capacity, high ductility and strength of the polymers, as well as on the ability of the coating layer to act as a shield in containing debris and fragments from the blast. This paper presents the findings from an experimental study undertaken to evaluate the effectiveness of using polyurea coatings to enhance the blast resistance of reinforced concrete (RC) panels. The performed experimental blast trials, designated as Vietnam Trial 2, were conducted in Vietnam with the collaboration from the Vietnam Institute for Building Science and Technology (IBST). Four RC panels with dimensions of 1700 (L) 1000 (W) 60 (T) mm, were tested during the trials. Of these, one panel was an unretrofitted pan...
Prefabricated forms of construction have led to the rapid onsite assembly of buildings however th... more Prefabricated forms of construction have led to the rapid onsite assembly of buildings however there are still on-site tasks and processes which can be reevaluated and redone specifically in keeping with the principles of prefabrication instead being adapted to fit its purpose. One such process is that of waterproofing between prefabricated panels and modules which come from the factory fully complete façade and all. Conventional means of waterproofing can be used however it results in more work done on site, potential delays and generally requires access from the external face of the building. This paper presents the Modelling, Implementation and Evaluation of purpose developed weatherproof seals specific for Prefabricated Construction. An overview is provided of the entire development process and specific focus is given to the modeling using finite element analysis (FEA) computer simulations, manufacturing and testing which then resulted in the implementation in a prefabricated pa...
The key nanostructural changes occurring in a series of alkali-activated materials (AAM) based on... more The key nanostructural changes occurring in a series of alkali-activated materials (AAM) based on blends of slag and fly ash precursors during exposure to temperatures up to 1000°C are investigated. The main reaction product in each AAM is a crosslinked sodium-and aluminium-substituted calcium silicate hydrate (C-(N)-AS -H)-type gel. Increased alkali content promotes the formation of an additional sodium aluminosilicate hydrate (N-AS -(H)) gel reaction product due to the structural limitations on Al substitution within the C-(N)-AS -H gel. Heating each AAM to 1000°C results in the crystallisation of the disordered gels and formation of sodalite, nepheline and wollastonite. Increased formation of N-AS -(H) reduces binder structural water content after thermal treatment and correlates closely with previous observations of improved strength retention and reduced microcracking in these AAM after heating to 1000°C. This provides new insight into thermally induced changes to gel atomic structure and thermal durability of C-(N)-AS -H/N-AS -H gel blends which are fundamental for the development of new fire-resistant construction materials.
Cellular core structures with a negative Poisson’s ratio, also known as auxetic core structures, ... more Cellular core structures with a negative Poisson’s ratio, also known as auxetic core structures, are gaining attention due to their unique performance in sandwich panel systems for protecting critical infrastructures and military vehicles that are at high risk of blast and impact loads due to accidental and deliberate events. To help develop a high-performance protective system, this article outlines the performance evaluation of five different auxetic cell configurations based on a quantitative/qualitative review of an experimental load–deformation relationship of three-dimensional-printed auxetic panels from nylon plastics and the overall performance evaluation of metallic re-entrant honeycomb core sandwich panels as one type of lightweight protective system under static and dynamic loads via experimental testing and numerical simulations. The re-entrant honeycomb design displayed the most consistent auxetic behaviour. Quasi-static compression and drop hammer impact tests were per...
Rapid urbanisation and the associated infrastructure development are creating a deficit of conven... more Rapid urbanisation and the associated infrastructure development are creating a deficit of conventional construction materials and straining the natural resources. On the other hand, municipal solid waste (MSW) disposal poses a serious environmental problem. Landfilling of MSW is both costly and polluting. Incineration of MSW to generate energy is a commonly adopted approach. However, there are concerns associated with micro pollutants emitted from the combustion process. The carbon footprint of the process and the environmental cost–benefit balancing are disputable. There is clearly a need to adopt cost-effective alternatives to treat MSW. This paper proposes the potential application of “treated” MSW as an ingredient for construction materials. The treatment process involves placing MSW in an autoclave at 150 °C with 5 bars (0.5 MPa), followed by the separation of metals, plastics and glass for recycling purposes. The end-product, which is a semi-organic mixture (referred to as ‘b...
Abstract A hollow concrete column (HCC) is a structurally efficient construction system and uses ... more Abstract A hollow concrete column (HCC) is a structurally efficient construction system and uses less material. Conventionally, HCCs are reinforced with steel bars, which are prone to corrosion. This study explored the use of glass-fiber-reinforced-polymer (GFRP) composite bars as reinforcement for HCCs and evaluated the effect of the reinforcement ratio on HCC structural behavior. A total of six HCCs reinforced longitudinally with GFRP bars with different reinforcement ratios (1.78%, 1.86%, 2.67%, 2.79%, 3.72, and 4.00%) were prepared and their behavior was investigated. The different reinforcement ratios were achieved by changing the bar diameter (12.7 mm, 15.9 mm, and 19.1 mm) and number of bars (4, 6, 8, and 9 bars). The results show that increasing the diameter and number of bars enhanced the strength, ductility and confinement efficiency of HCC. For columns with equal reinforcement ratios, using more and smaller-diameter GFRP bars yielded 12% higher confinement efficiency than in the columns with fewer and larger-diameter bars. The crushing strain of the GFRP bars embedded the HCC was 52.1% of the ultimate tensile strain. Lastly, the axial-load capacity of the GFRP-reinforced HCC can be reliably predicted by considering the contribution of the concrete and up to 3000 μ e in the longitudinal reinforcement.
Satisfactory weatherproofing of buildings is vital to maximise their design life and performance ... more Satisfactory weatherproofing of buildings is vital to maximise their design life and performance which requires the careful design of external sealing technologies. Systems commonly available have served well in conventional construction however with many prefabricated systems emerging in the building industry new and novel means of weatherproofing between panels and modules need to be developed purpose specific to this application. This paper presents a holistic and fundamental methodological approach to Design and Development of waterproof seals and has been applied specific for prefabricated panelised and modular systems. Two purpose specific weatherproof seals are finally presented. Flow charts of the overview of the suggested methodological approach and the processes within which include DfMA that have been incorporated into understanding and developing seals for this practical application. These strategies have enabled a resourceful and holistic set of processes that can be ad...
Flood is a frequent natural hazard that has significant financial consequences for Australia. In ... more Flood is a frequent natural hazard that has significant financial consequences for Australia. In Australia, physical losses caused by floods are commonly estimated by stage-damage functions. These methods usually consider only the depth of the water and the type of buildings at risk. However, flood damage is a complicated process, and it is dependent on a variety of factors which are rarely taken into account. This study explores the interaction, importance, and influence of water depth, flow velocity, water contamination, precautionary measures, emergency measures, flood experience, floor area, building value, building quality, and socioeconomic status. The study uses tree-based models (regression trees and bagging decision trees) and a dataset collected from 2012 to 2013 flood events in Queensland, which includes information on structural damages, impact parameters, and resistance variables. The tree-based approaches show water depth, floor area, precautionary measures, building value, and building quality to be important damage-influencing parameters. Furthermore, the performance of the tree-based models is validated and contrasted with the outcomes of a multi-parameter loss function (FLFA rs) from Australia. The tree-based models are shown to be more accurate than the stage-damage function. Consequently, considering more parameters and taking advantage of tree-based models is recommended. The outcome is important for improving established Australian flood loss models and assisting decision-makers and insurance companies dealing with flood risk assessment.
This paper reports on the planning and execution of the full scale destructive load testing of th... more This paper reports on the planning and execution of the full scale destructive load testing of the Barr Creek Bridge, a 60 year old decommissioned structure near Kerang, in Victoria. The load testing formed the first stage of an extensive program of research and development on the load capacity and performance of cast-in-place reinforced concrete flat slab bridges. Subsequent investigations have included advanced theoretical analyses and the testing of three 40 percent scale models. These are reported in the companion papers at this conference. Previous assessments carried out by VicRoads using conventional methods showed that many of these flat slab bridges are deficient in load capacity. The key objective of this research project was therefore the development of improved analytical methods that can be used to determine the performance of these bridges under loadings up to failure. The results of the static testing program compared well with theoretical predictions. The observed collapse failure modes and their corresponding collapse load levels were, in addition, found to be reasonably well predicted using yield line theory. (a) For the covering entry of this conference, please see ITRD E204289.
Predicting non-ideal airblast loads is presently a complex computational art requiring many hours... more Predicting non-ideal airblast loads is presently a complex computational art requiring many hours of high-performance computing to evaluate a single blast scenario. The goal of this research is to develop a method for predicting blast loads in a non-ideal environment in real time. The proposed method is incorporated in a fast-running model for rapid assessment of blast loads in complex configurations such as a dense urban environment or a blast environment behind a blast barrier. This paper is concerned with an accurate prediction of the blast loads from a bomb detonation using a neural network-based model. The approach is demonstrated in application to the problem of predicting the blast loads in city streets. To train and validate the neural networks, a database of blast effects was developed using the Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) blast simulations. The blast threat scenarios and the principal parameters describing the street configurations and the blast wall geometry were used as the training input data. The peak pressures and impulses were used as the outputs in the neural network configuration.
International Journal of Protective Structures, 2013
High and ultra-high strength concrete are becoming popular for many applications, including criti... more High and ultra-high strength concrete are becoming popular for many applications, including critical infrastructure subjected to high strain rate loading such as blast and impact. A strain rate dependent material model that is applicable to a range of strengths, varying from normal strength to ultra-high strength concrete, is presented in this paper. The results from a comprehensive experimental study conducted to investigate the strength and deformation capacity of concrete cylinders under high-velocity impact loading using a Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar (SHPB) test setup is reported. Unconfined 50 mm diameter concrete cylinders with compressive strengths varying from 32 MPa (4640 psi) to 160 MPa (23 200 psi) were tested to derive the dynamic properties of concrete at strain rates up to 300 s−1. The SHPB test data were analysed to obtain the stress-strain relationships and strength dynamic increase factors (DIFs) for these concrete specimens under dynamic axial compression.
Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 2000
VicRoads, the road authority for the state of Victoria, Australia, has been undertaking extensive... more VicRoads, the road authority for the state of Victoria, Australia, has been undertaking extensive research into the load capacity and performance of cast-in-place reinforced concrete flat slab bridges. One of the key objectives of this research is the development of analytical tools that can be used to better determine the performance of these bridges under loadings to the elastic limit and subsequently to failure. The 59-year-old Barr Creek Bridge, a flat slab bridge of four short continuous spans over column piers, was made available to VicRoads in aid of this research. The static testing program executed on this bridge was therefore aimed at providing a comprehensive set of measurements of its response to serviceability level loadings and beyond. This test program was preceded by the performance of a dynamic test (a simplified experimental modal analysis using vehicular excitation) to establish basic structural properties of the bridge (effective flexural rigidity, EI) and the in...
Prefabricated Modular Structures are increasingly becoming popular as a strategy that can be used... more Prefabricated Modular Structures are increasingly becoming popular as a strategy that can be used to achieve cost effective and speedy construction. However, there is an absence of detailed engineering research or case studies dealing with the structural performance or building optimisation and integration strategies for this technology. This paper presents a conceptual holistic model that can be used to identify the most optimum structural system in a given scenario. A multi-disciplinary approach will be taken to optimise the building by assessing structural systems, materials, sustainability features, constructability and speed and cost of construction. This paper will discuss types of different optimisation strategies adopted in building designs and how they can be modified to assess a prefabricated modular building and what different variables will dominate as key performance indicators in the search for an optimum solution for a prefabricated modular building.
Floo d Damage Assessment (FDA) is a key component in modern risk management frameworks providing ... more Floo d Damage Assessment (FDA) is a key component in modern risk management frameworks providing an effective basis for decision making and the treatment of the risks. Current FDA methods do not consider the distinctiveness of buildings in analysis and therefore, cannot analyse them on a case-by-case basis, which is necessary for a variety of applications like engineering and design evaluation. This is mainly due to the limited input data used in these methods. The information required for such micro-level FDA analysis includes on one hand, complete building information (well-represented in BIM) and on the other hand, flood information that is commonly managed by GIS. While the independent use of BIM and GIS cannot satisfy all the information requirements for detailed FDA, their integration can potentially be used for this purpose. However, existing integration methods are application-specific and their adoption for FDA is challenging. This paper presents a method for BIM-GIS integr...
Elastomeric polymers (such as polyurea and polyurethane) are finding relevance in retrofitting ap... more Elastomeric polymers (such as polyurea and polyurethane) are finding relevance in retrofitting applications for structures being subjected to blast and impact loadings. This approach, an alternative to various existing retrofitting techniques, capitalises on the elastomeric properties, high strain capacity, high ductility and strength of the polymers, as well as on the ability of the coating layer to act as a shield in containing debris and fragments from the blast. This paper presents the findings from an experimental study undertaken to evaluate the effectiveness of using polyurea coatings to enhance the blast resistance of reinforced concrete (RC) panels. The performed experimental blast trials, designated as Vietnam Trial 2, were conducted in Vietnam with the collaboration from the Vietnam Institute for Building Science and Technology (IBST). Four RC panels with dimensions of 1700 (L) 1000 (W) 60 (T) mm, were tested during the trials. Of these, one panel was an unretrofitted pan...
Prefabricated forms of construction have led to the rapid onsite assembly of buildings however th... more Prefabricated forms of construction have led to the rapid onsite assembly of buildings however there are still on-site tasks and processes which can be reevaluated and redone specifically in keeping with the principles of prefabrication instead being adapted to fit its purpose. One such process is that of waterproofing between prefabricated panels and modules which come from the factory fully complete façade and all. Conventional means of waterproofing can be used however it results in more work done on site, potential delays and generally requires access from the external face of the building. This paper presents the Modelling, Implementation and Evaluation of purpose developed weatherproof seals specific for Prefabricated Construction. An overview is provided of the entire development process and specific focus is given to the modeling using finite element analysis (FEA) computer simulations, manufacturing and testing which then resulted in the implementation in a prefabricated pa...
The key nanostructural changes occurring in a series of alkali-activated materials (AAM) based on... more The key nanostructural changes occurring in a series of alkali-activated materials (AAM) based on blends of slag and fly ash precursors during exposure to temperatures up to 1000°C are investigated. The main reaction product in each AAM is a crosslinked sodium-and aluminium-substituted calcium silicate hydrate (C-(N)-AS -H)-type gel. Increased alkali content promotes the formation of an additional sodium aluminosilicate hydrate (N-AS -(H)) gel reaction product due to the structural limitations on Al substitution within the C-(N)-AS -H gel. Heating each AAM to 1000°C results in the crystallisation of the disordered gels and formation of sodalite, nepheline and wollastonite. Increased formation of N-AS -(H) reduces binder structural water content after thermal treatment and correlates closely with previous observations of improved strength retention and reduced microcracking in these AAM after heating to 1000°C. This provides new insight into thermally induced changes to gel atomic structure and thermal durability of C-(N)-AS -H/N-AS -H gel blends which are fundamental for the development of new fire-resistant construction materials.
Cellular core structures with a negative Poisson’s ratio, also known as auxetic core structures, ... more Cellular core structures with a negative Poisson’s ratio, also known as auxetic core structures, are gaining attention due to their unique performance in sandwich panel systems for protecting critical infrastructures and military vehicles that are at high risk of blast and impact loads due to accidental and deliberate events. To help develop a high-performance protective system, this article outlines the performance evaluation of five different auxetic cell configurations based on a quantitative/qualitative review of an experimental load–deformation relationship of three-dimensional-printed auxetic panels from nylon plastics and the overall performance evaluation of metallic re-entrant honeycomb core sandwich panels as one type of lightweight protective system under static and dynamic loads via experimental testing and numerical simulations. The re-entrant honeycomb design displayed the most consistent auxetic behaviour. Quasi-static compression and drop hammer impact tests were per...
Rapid urbanisation and the associated infrastructure development are creating a deficit of conven... more Rapid urbanisation and the associated infrastructure development are creating a deficit of conventional construction materials and straining the natural resources. On the other hand, municipal solid waste (MSW) disposal poses a serious environmental problem. Landfilling of MSW is both costly and polluting. Incineration of MSW to generate energy is a commonly adopted approach. However, there are concerns associated with micro pollutants emitted from the combustion process. The carbon footprint of the process and the environmental cost–benefit balancing are disputable. There is clearly a need to adopt cost-effective alternatives to treat MSW. This paper proposes the potential application of “treated” MSW as an ingredient for construction materials. The treatment process involves placing MSW in an autoclave at 150 °C with 5 bars (0.5 MPa), followed by the separation of metals, plastics and glass for recycling purposes. The end-product, which is a semi-organic mixture (referred to as ‘b...
Abstract A hollow concrete column (HCC) is a structurally efficient construction system and uses ... more Abstract A hollow concrete column (HCC) is a structurally efficient construction system and uses less material. Conventionally, HCCs are reinforced with steel bars, which are prone to corrosion. This study explored the use of glass-fiber-reinforced-polymer (GFRP) composite bars as reinforcement for HCCs and evaluated the effect of the reinforcement ratio on HCC structural behavior. A total of six HCCs reinforced longitudinally with GFRP bars with different reinforcement ratios (1.78%, 1.86%, 2.67%, 2.79%, 3.72, and 4.00%) were prepared and their behavior was investigated. The different reinforcement ratios were achieved by changing the bar diameter (12.7 mm, 15.9 mm, and 19.1 mm) and number of bars (4, 6, 8, and 9 bars). The results show that increasing the diameter and number of bars enhanced the strength, ductility and confinement efficiency of HCC. For columns with equal reinforcement ratios, using more and smaller-diameter GFRP bars yielded 12% higher confinement efficiency than in the columns with fewer and larger-diameter bars. The crushing strain of the GFRP bars embedded the HCC was 52.1% of the ultimate tensile strain. Lastly, the axial-load capacity of the GFRP-reinforced HCC can be reliably predicted by considering the contribution of the concrete and up to 3000 μ e in the longitudinal reinforcement.
Satisfactory weatherproofing of buildings is vital to maximise their design life and performance ... more Satisfactory weatherproofing of buildings is vital to maximise their design life and performance which requires the careful design of external sealing technologies. Systems commonly available have served well in conventional construction however with many prefabricated systems emerging in the building industry new and novel means of weatherproofing between panels and modules need to be developed purpose specific to this application. This paper presents a holistic and fundamental methodological approach to Design and Development of waterproof seals and has been applied specific for prefabricated panelised and modular systems. Two purpose specific weatherproof seals are finally presented. Flow charts of the overview of the suggested methodological approach and the processes within which include DfMA that have been incorporated into understanding and developing seals for this practical application. These strategies have enabled a resourceful and holistic set of processes that can be ad...
Flood is a frequent natural hazard that has significant financial consequences for Australia. In ... more Flood is a frequent natural hazard that has significant financial consequences for Australia. In Australia, physical losses caused by floods are commonly estimated by stage-damage functions. These methods usually consider only the depth of the water and the type of buildings at risk. However, flood damage is a complicated process, and it is dependent on a variety of factors which are rarely taken into account. This study explores the interaction, importance, and influence of water depth, flow velocity, water contamination, precautionary measures, emergency measures, flood experience, floor area, building value, building quality, and socioeconomic status. The study uses tree-based models (regression trees and bagging decision trees) and a dataset collected from 2012 to 2013 flood events in Queensland, which includes information on structural damages, impact parameters, and resistance variables. The tree-based approaches show water depth, floor area, precautionary measures, building value, and building quality to be important damage-influencing parameters. Furthermore, the performance of the tree-based models is validated and contrasted with the outcomes of a multi-parameter loss function (FLFA rs) from Australia. The tree-based models are shown to be more accurate than the stage-damage function. Consequently, considering more parameters and taking advantage of tree-based models is recommended. The outcome is important for improving established Australian flood loss models and assisting decision-makers and insurance companies dealing with flood risk assessment.
This paper reports on the planning and execution of the full scale destructive load testing of th... more This paper reports on the planning and execution of the full scale destructive load testing of the Barr Creek Bridge, a 60 year old decommissioned structure near Kerang, in Victoria. The load testing formed the first stage of an extensive program of research and development on the load capacity and performance of cast-in-place reinforced concrete flat slab bridges. Subsequent investigations have included advanced theoretical analyses and the testing of three 40 percent scale models. These are reported in the companion papers at this conference. Previous assessments carried out by VicRoads using conventional methods showed that many of these flat slab bridges are deficient in load capacity. The key objective of this research project was therefore the development of improved analytical methods that can be used to determine the performance of these bridges under loadings up to failure. The results of the static testing program compared well with theoretical predictions. The observed collapse failure modes and their corresponding collapse load levels were, in addition, found to be reasonably well predicted using yield line theory. (a) For the covering entry of this conference, please see ITRD E204289.
Predicting non-ideal airblast loads is presently a complex computational art requiring many hours... more Predicting non-ideal airblast loads is presently a complex computational art requiring many hours of high-performance computing to evaluate a single blast scenario. The goal of this research is to develop a method for predicting blast loads in a non-ideal environment in real time. The proposed method is incorporated in a fast-running model for rapid assessment of blast loads in complex configurations such as a dense urban environment or a blast environment behind a blast barrier. This paper is concerned with an accurate prediction of the blast loads from a bomb detonation using a neural network-based model. The approach is demonstrated in application to the problem of predicting the blast loads in city streets. To train and validate the neural networks, a database of blast effects was developed using the Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) blast simulations. The blast threat scenarios and the principal parameters describing the street configurations and the blast wall geometry were used as the training input data. The peak pressures and impulses were used as the outputs in the neural network configuration.
International Journal of Protective Structures, 2013
High and ultra-high strength concrete are becoming popular for many applications, including criti... more High and ultra-high strength concrete are becoming popular for many applications, including critical infrastructure subjected to high strain rate loading such as blast and impact. A strain rate dependent material model that is applicable to a range of strengths, varying from normal strength to ultra-high strength concrete, is presented in this paper. The results from a comprehensive experimental study conducted to investigate the strength and deformation capacity of concrete cylinders under high-velocity impact loading using a Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar (SHPB) test setup is reported. Unconfined 50 mm diameter concrete cylinders with compressive strengths varying from 32 MPa (4640 psi) to 160 MPa (23 200 psi) were tested to derive the dynamic properties of concrete at strain rates up to 300 s−1. The SHPB test data were analysed to obtain the stress-strain relationships and strength dynamic increase factors (DIFs) for these concrete specimens under dynamic axial compression.
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Papers by Priyan Mendis