Abstract-A physical definition for the phase and frequency noise of a semiconductor laser is give... more Abstract-A physical definition for the phase and frequency noise of a semiconductor laser is given, which can be applied in determining the performance of coherent optical communication systems. The def-inition allows a filtered Poisson model to be developed for the prob- ...
Abstract-The power spectral densities of the phase, intensity, and electron density noise, derive... more Abstract-The power spectral densities of the phase, intensity, and electron density noise, derived in a previous paper [7], are used to cal-culate the linewidth broadening of an optical carrier as it propagates through a traveling wave semiconductor laser amplifier. It is found that the ...
Summary form only given. This talk will concentrate on the analysis of single and concatenated gr... more Summary form only given. This talk will concentrate on the analysis of single and concatenated gratings and their performance in systems trials. The figure of merit for grating based compensators will be discussed and possible comparisons with dispersion compensating fiber techniques will be discussed.
This paper describes a new IM/DD optical transmission system simulation which incorporates the im... more This paper describes a new IM/DD optical transmission system simulation which incorporates the impact of laser diode stochastic turn-on effects on system performance. Using this simulation, experimentally observed error rate floors, due to inappropriate laser diode biasing, can be theoretically modelled and predicted, for the first time
IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, 1993
Computer simulation of a 2.5 Gb/s intensity modulatedldirect detected (IM/DD) optical system with... more Computer simulation of a 2.5 Gb/s intensity modulatedldirect detected (IM/DD) optical system with high path dispersion is described. This simulation, based on single-mode laser diode rate equations, includes transmit and receiver circuit Ritering, receiver circuit noise, APD noise, fiber dispersion, and laser chirp. The rate equations are sufficiently general to model mode-offset DFB laser diodes. The system power penalty, due to laser chirp and fiber dispersion, is calculated using Gavssian quadrature numerical integration. By simulating a population of some 12800 laser diodes and correlating the performance of each laser in a transmission system with its spectral characteristics, it is possible to deduce laser specifications that will assure satisfactory operation in long-span links. These results we used to study a laser diode specification under consideration by CCITT and, by studying the simulated laser line shapes, some modifications to the CCITT specification are considered.
We review technologies and architectures for WDM optical IP networks from the viewpoint of capita... more We review technologies and architectures for WDM optical IP networks from the viewpoint of capital expenditure and network energy consumption. We show how requirements of low cost and low energy consumption can influence the choice of switching technologies as well as the overall network architecture.
Generalized multiprotocol label switching (GMPLS), 5 optical packet, and burst-switched networks ... more Generalized multiprotocol label switching (GMPLS), 5 optical packet, and burst-switched networks in which the syn-6 chronous digital hierarchy/synchronous optical network (SDH/ 7 SONET) layer is removed may be rendered nonfunctional because 8 the current standard for triggering automatic power reduction 9 (APR) cannot distinguish between a fiber that has been de-10
A sleep mode protocol for ONUs is proposed and its impact on re-activation procedures for GPON is... more A sleep mode protocol for ONUs is proposed and its impact on re-activation procedures for GPON is examined. The new protocol does not disrupt in-service ONUs.
The energy consumption of high-speed optical signal processing circuits using optical and electro... more The energy consumption of high-speed optical signal processing circuits using optical and electronic components is compared. Integrated nonlinear optical circuits consume more energy than CMOS ICs with O=E and E=O converters in all but the very simplest of circuits. It is concluded that future generations of high-performance electronics will be the technology of choice for optical signal processing.
We derive a new, simple and exact DOP model that separates contributions from PMD and the optical... more We derive a new, simple and exact DOP model that separates contributions from PMD and the optical spectrum. We use the model to derive two quantitative measures of spectral tolerance to PMD.
As concerns about global energy consumption increase, the power consumption of the Internet is a ... more As concerns about global energy consumption increase, the power consumption of the Internet is a matter of increasing importance. We present a network-based model that estimates Internet power consumption including the core, metro, and access networks.
We present a model of energy consumption in IP networks. Using this model, we identify energy ldq... more We present a model of energy consumption in IP networks. Using this model, we identify energy ldquohotspotsrdquo and estimate how energy consumption will grow with increasing network capacity. Todaypsilas Internet uses less than 1% of the available electricity supply. However, network energy consumption could grow substantially as access rates increase.
We present a comparison of energy consumption of access networks. We consider passive optical net... more We present a comparison of energy consumption of access networks. We consider passive optical networks, fiber to the node, point-to-point optical systems and WiMAX. Optical access technologies provide the most energy-efficient solutions.
For processing large amounts of data, management and switching of communications may contribute s... more For processing large amounts of data, management and switching of communications may contribute significantly to energy consumption and cloud computing seems to be an alternative to office-based computing.
A network-based model of the carbon footprint of the Internet is presented and used to determine ... more A network-based model of the carbon footprint of the Internet is presented and used to determine the carbon abatement provided by Internet-based telecommuting and teleconferencing services to replace car and air travel. The model includes DSL, FTTN and PON access technologies, edge and core network architectures and is based upon currently commercially available equipment. We show that carbon emissions of the Internet need to be taken into consideration in order to obtain an accurate estimate of carbon abatement provided by the Internet.
Energy consumption is becoming a key environmental, social and political issue [1]. Much attentio... more Energy consumption is becoming a key environmental, social and political issue [1]. Much attention is currently being paid to the energy consumption of transportation, buildings, and other infrastructure. In this context, it is desirable to obtain a quantitative measure of energy ...
Increasing demand → operators provide faster access and increased core capacity New applications ... more Increasing demand → operators provide faster access and increased core capacity New applications enabled by faster access Where are We Heading ? Where are We Heading ?
By analyzing the basic physics of all-optical processes, we show that all-optical networks will s... more By analyzing the basic physics of all-optical processes, we show that all-optical networks will suffer a "photonic bottleneck" due to the fundamental properties of photons.
ABSTRACT We analyze network node architectures for packet-based Next Generation Networks (NGNs), ... more ABSTRACT We analyze network node architectures for packet-based Next Generation Networks (NGNs), and show that the currently held vision of an IP/WDM network may not be the most desirable from an energy consumption point of view. We show that including a circuit-based ...
Abstract-A physical definition for the phase and frequency noise of a semiconductor laser is give... more Abstract-A physical definition for the phase and frequency noise of a semiconductor laser is given, which can be applied in determining the performance of coherent optical communication systems. The def-inition allows a filtered Poisson model to be developed for the prob- ...
Abstract-The power spectral densities of the phase, intensity, and electron density noise, derive... more Abstract-The power spectral densities of the phase, intensity, and electron density noise, derived in a previous paper [7], are used to cal-culate the linewidth broadening of an optical carrier as it propagates through a traveling wave semiconductor laser amplifier. It is found that the ...
Summary form only given. This talk will concentrate on the analysis of single and concatenated gr... more Summary form only given. This talk will concentrate on the analysis of single and concatenated gratings and their performance in systems trials. The figure of merit for grating based compensators will be discussed and possible comparisons with dispersion compensating fiber techniques will be discussed.
This paper describes a new IM/DD optical transmission system simulation which incorporates the im... more This paper describes a new IM/DD optical transmission system simulation which incorporates the impact of laser diode stochastic turn-on effects on system performance. Using this simulation, experimentally observed error rate floors, due to inappropriate laser diode biasing, can be theoretically modelled and predicted, for the first time
IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, 1993
Computer simulation of a 2.5 Gb/s intensity modulatedldirect detected (IM/DD) optical system with... more Computer simulation of a 2.5 Gb/s intensity modulatedldirect detected (IM/DD) optical system with high path dispersion is described. This simulation, based on single-mode laser diode rate equations, includes transmit and receiver circuit Ritering, receiver circuit noise, APD noise, fiber dispersion, and laser chirp. The rate equations are sufficiently general to model mode-offset DFB laser diodes. The system power penalty, due to laser chirp and fiber dispersion, is calculated using Gavssian quadrature numerical integration. By simulating a population of some 12800 laser diodes and correlating the performance of each laser in a transmission system with its spectral characteristics, it is possible to deduce laser specifications that will assure satisfactory operation in long-span links. These results we used to study a laser diode specification under consideration by CCITT and, by studying the simulated laser line shapes, some modifications to the CCITT specification are considered.
We review technologies and architectures for WDM optical IP networks from the viewpoint of capita... more We review technologies and architectures for WDM optical IP networks from the viewpoint of capital expenditure and network energy consumption. We show how requirements of low cost and low energy consumption can influence the choice of switching technologies as well as the overall network architecture.
Generalized multiprotocol label switching (GMPLS), 5 optical packet, and burst-switched networks ... more Generalized multiprotocol label switching (GMPLS), 5 optical packet, and burst-switched networks in which the syn-6 chronous digital hierarchy/synchronous optical network (SDH/ 7 SONET) layer is removed may be rendered nonfunctional because 8 the current standard for triggering automatic power reduction 9 (APR) cannot distinguish between a fiber that has been de-10
A sleep mode protocol for ONUs is proposed and its impact on re-activation procedures for GPON is... more A sleep mode protocol for ONUs is proposed and its impact on re-activation procedures for GPON is examined. The new protocol does not disrupt in-service ONUs.
The energy consumption of high-speed optical signal processing circuits using optical and electro... more The energy consumption of high-speed optical signal processing circuits using optical and electronic components is compared. Integrated nonlinear optical circuits consume more energy than CMOS ICs with O=E and E=O converters in all but the very simplest of circuits. It is concluded that future generations of high-performance electronics will be the technology of choice for optical signal processing.
We derive a new, simple and exact DOP model that separates contributions from PMD and the optical... more We derive a new, simple and exact DOP model that separates contributions from PMD and the optical spectrum. We use the model to derive two quantitative measures of spectral tolerance to PMD.
As concerns about global energy consumption increase, the power consumption of the Internet is a ... more As concerns about global energy consumption increase, the power consumption of the Internet is a matter of increasing importance. We present a network-based model that estimates Internet power consumption including the core, metro, and access networks.
We present a model of energy consumption in IP networks. Using this model, we identify energy ldq... more We present a model of energy consumption in IP networks. Using this model, we identify energy ldquohotspotsrdquo and estimate how energy consumption will grow with increasing network capacity. Todaypsilas Internet uses less than 1% of the available electricity supply. However, network energy consumption could grow substantially as access rates increase.
We present a comparison of energy consumption of access networks. We consider passive optical net... more We present a comparison of energy consumption of access networks. We consider passive optical networks, fiber to the node, point-to-point optical systems and WiMAX. Optical access technologies provide the most energy-efficient solutions.
For processing large amounts of data, management and switching of communications may contribute s... more For processing large amounts of data, management and switching of communications may contribute significantly to energy consumption and cloud computing seems to be an alternative to office-based computing.
A network-based model of the carbon footprint of the Internet is presented and used to determine ... more A network-based model of the carbon footprint of the Internet is presented and used to determine the carbon abatement provided by Internet-based telecommuting and teleconferencing services to replace car and air travel. The model includes DSL, FTTN and PON access technologies, edge and core network architectures and is based upon currently commercially available equipment. We show that carbon emissions of the Internet need to be taken into consideration in order to obtain an accurate estimate of carbon abatement provided by the Internet.
Energy consumption is becoming a key environmental, social and political issue [1]. Much attentio... more Energy consumption is becoming a key environmental, social and political issue [1]. Much attention is currently being paid to the energy consumption of transportation, buildings, and other infrastructure. In this context, it is desirable to obtain a quantitative measure of energy ...
Increasing demand → operators provide faster access and increased core capacity New applications ... more Increasing demand → operators provide faster access and increased core capacity New applications enabled by faster access Where are We Heading ? Where are We Heading ?
By analyzing the basic physics of all-optical processes, we show that all-optical networks will s... more By analyzing the basic physics of all-optical processes, we show that all-optical networks will suffer a "photonic bottleneck" due to the fundamental properties of photons.
ABSTRACT We analyze network node architectures for packet-based Next Generation Networks (NGNs), ... more ABSTRACT We analyze network node architectures for packet-based Next Generation Networks (NGNs), and show that the currently held vision of an IP/WDM network may not be the most desirable from an energy consumption point of view. We show that including a circuit-based ...
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Papers by Kerry Hinton