A growing body of literature surrounds Open Innovation (OI) initiatives and Industry 4.0 (I4.0) t... more A growing body of literature surrounds Open Innovation (OI) initiatives and Industry 4.0 (I4.0) technologies. However, despite the growing interest by academics, practitioners, and policymakers in both domains, the link between the two remains underinvestigated from an empirical point of view. This article addresses this gap in knowledge by leveraging 16 semistructured interviews with practitioners involved in both the I4.0 context and OI initiatives. This article provides two main contributions. First, it identifies a series of I4.0 technologies (e.g., Big Data, advanced manufacturing) enabling OI initiatives (e.g., crowdfunding, cocreation). Second, it identifies and examines the benefits and challenges of adopting such I4.0 technologies. The benefits include improved data management, reduced time to market, improved production phase, and increased client satisfaction. The challenges include the lack of capabilities, resistance to change, and security issues. The exploratory nature of this study triggers exciting future research opportunities about OI initiatives and I4.0 technologies.
Due to the growing concern towards natural resource depletion and the increasing levels of waste ... more Due to the growing concern towards natural resource depletion and the increasing levels of waste generation caused by economic growth, sustainable consumption has gained the attention of both governments and society. Despite this, the market share of sustainable products remains low, and studies analysing the factors influencing consumers’ perception of sustainable products provide inconclusive results. This work aims to help bridge this gap by summarising the main literature results and focusing on practical implications. We perform a systematic literature review to identify the factors influencing consumers’ perception of sustainable products. Next, we classify these factors according to the triple bottom line framework, to provide a holistic perspective on the subject and present useful suggestions for companies. The findings suggest that most studies adopt a partial perspective on sustainability, focusing on only one of the sustainability dimensions or considering a single produ...
Investments in innovation activities involve uncertainty. Abandonments of innovative projects are... more Investments in innovation activities involve uncertainty. Abandonments of innovative projects are frequent and can entail great losses. Interorganizational collaboration can help a firm to leverage and complement its own competencies and technologies, contrasting the factors that may cause the abandonment of innovation activities. This article shows that firms collaborating with a wider network of external partners to conduct their innovation activities are less likely to abandon them. The article also analyses how different categories of partners among customers & suppliers, competitors, consultants & private R&D institutions, universities & public R&D institutions are associated with the risk of innovation abandonment. Finally, the results show that international collaborations are more likely associated with innovation abandonment than domestic ones. Strategic and theoretical implications are drawn.
PurposeIn recent years, crowdsourcing – an open and innovative model for outsourcing tasks to a c... more PurposeIn recent years, crowdsourcing – an open and innovative model for outsourcing tasks to a crowd – has become popular for production processes, allowing organizations and firms in different industries to access external skills and expertise efficiently. Companies have opened their innovation processes to crowds outside their boundaries, and users and customers are often involved in developing products in line with market needs. This work aims to investigate the link between crowdsourcing, production and quality to better understand this new interesting phenomenon.Design/methodology/approachAn explicit and systematic method for reviewing the literature was used. Through the selection and analysis of the relevant articles in the field, this paper presents a comprehensive overview of the pros and cons, risks and opportunities, disadvantages, or concerns, as addressed in the literature, for the adoption of crowdsourcing in the production processes.FindingsIt identifies where, how and to what extent crowdsourcing can be applied profitably within the production of products and services, highlighting how crowdsourcing could affect product and process quality. Finally, some directions for future research are outlined from the analysis conducted.Originality/valueThis work applied the systematic literature review to investigate and evaluate the actual use and impact of crowdsourcing on the production process, focusing on quality enhancement contribution.
The new document " Approach on appropriate remedies in the new regulatory framework " (... more The new document " Approach on appropriate remedies in the new regulatory framework " (2004) jointly published by ERG and EU, identifies, among several competition problems related to the market of mobile telephony, the strategy of price discrimination between on net and off net calls. Through such strategy the incumbents could get a competitive advantage because the price discrimination can represent a strategic leverage in order to increase the customers brand loyalty and to win subscribers of the rival operators. Moreover, the incumbents may attempt to foreclose the market by charging a high termination charge to other operators while, implicitly, charging a low price for on net termination internally. Following the ERG document, an European debate on the problem of the price discrimination has issued. The positions assumed by the operators depend, obviously, from the owned customer base. The competition problem underlined by the ERG document is that the price discrimin...
International Journal of Management and Enterprise Development, 2016
Although the food and drink (F%D) industry is Europe's largest manufacturing sector, few stud... more Although the food and drink (F%D) industry is Europe's largest manufacturing sector, few studies have explored its innovation activities so far. Starting from the widespread assumption that F%D manufacturers are supplier dominated 'a la Pavitt', we formulated hypotheses about their innovation activities. These were tested through Wilcoxon and Mann-Whitney tests on data drawn from a sample of 54,088 manufacturing firms (7,301 of which operating in the F%D industry) in 14 European countries, participating in Eurostat's 2008 Community Innovation Survey. The results confirm the supplier dominated nature of F%D firms, although also show that some largely anecdotal assumptions about the F%D industry's pattern of innovation cannot be empirically supported.
PurposeDespite the multiple calls for research on the dark side of open innovation, very few stud... more PurposeDespite the multiple calls for research on the dark side of open innovation, very few studies have approached the topic so far. This study aims to analyse successful and unsuccessful open innovation projects.Design/methodology/approachThis study uses thematic analysis to describe the factors determining their (un)success. The researchers interviewed 27 managers and owners in the manufacturing sector. Then, the respondents were asked to discuss one successful and one unsuccessful open innovation project to explore the differences in triggers and setbacks, focusing on the causes that determined the failures.FindingsFindings show that many interviewees are reluctant to identify failure cases, which somewhat explains the paucity of studies on the topic, and others do so when the failure is recognised by a third party (such as a public institution not granting funds to the project). This study discussed how this phenomenon is linked with the paradoxical relation between innovation...
International Journal of Intellectual Property Management
The purpose of this study was to define a managerial solution to patent evaluation. The problem o... more The purpose of this study was to define a managerial solution to patent evaluation. The problem of patent evaluation is widely analysed in the body of literature, but there has not been a study considering the patent value through an aggregate perspective. Over the past decade, numerous quantitative approaches to patent evaluation have been developed. However, the indicators adopted in the evaluation process are considered separately. In this study, we fill this gap by designing a new methodology that provides a ranking of patents by reducing the qualitative evaluation components and in addition an evaluation based on certain key performance indicators (KPIs). After a brief illustration of the different steps of the methodology, we validate the framework drawing upon a case study undertaken in an Italian company leader in the satellite solution and services field.
PurposeThis paper aims to propose a framework investigating the diffusion and adoption process of... more PurposeThis paper aims to propose a framework investigating the diffusion and adoption process of big data (BD) in the supply chain (SC) as a tool to manage process innovation at technological, operational and strategical levels.Design/methodology/approachA comprehensive systematic literature methodology is used to develop the theoretical conceptual framework, which comprehensively describes and captures the innovative stages of BD technology adoption process in SC with a multilevel perspective.FindingsResults show that BD has modified the supply network concept, starting from the dyadic relationships, triads up to the creation of a streamlined and integrated network. These changes are reflected in a novel integrated vision including both benefits and barriers.Research limitations/implicationsThe proposed framework supports companies in redesigning the processes affected by the adoption of BD, helping them in identifying the critical elements, barriers, benefits and expected perform...
In recent years, Open Innovation (OI) and crowdsourcing have been very popular topics in the inno... more In recent years, Open Innovation (OI) and crowdsourcing have been very popular topics in the innovation management literature, attracting significant interest and attention, and inspiring a rich production of publications. Although these two topics share common themes and address similar managerial challenges, to the best of our knowledge, there is no systematic literature review that digs deep into the intersection of both fields. To fill in this gap a joint review of crowdsourcing and OI topics is both timely and of interest. Therefore, the main objective of this study is to carry out a comprehensive, systematic, and objective review of academic research to help shed light on the relationship between OI and crowdsourcing. For this purpose, we reviewed the literature published on these two topics between 2008 and 2019, applying two bibliometric techniques, co-citation and co-word analysis. We obtained the following results: (i) we provide a qualitative analysis of the emerging and ...
The objective of this paper is to support the application of Open Innovation practices in firms a... more The objective of this paper is to support the application of Open Innovation practices in firms and organizations by the assessment and management of Intellectual Capital. Intellectual Capital constituents are analyzed in order to verify their capability of acting as key drivers of Open Innovation processes and, therefore, of creating value. A methodology is defined to settle a procedure which helps to select the most relevant Intellectual Capital value drivers and to provide Communities of Innovation with strategic and managerial guidelines in sustaining Open Innovation paradigm. An application of the methodology is developed within a specifically addressed project and its results are hereafter examined.
The liberalization and privatization processes have forced public utility companies to face new c... more The liberalization and privatization processes have forced public utility companies to face new competitive challenges, implementing strategies to gain market share and, at the same time, keep the old customers. To this end, many companies have carried out mergers, acquisitions and conglomerations in order to diversify their business. This paper focuses on companies operating in the free energy market in Italy. In the last decade, this sector has undergone profound changes that have radically changed the competitive scenario and have led companies to implement diversification strategies of the business. Our work aims to evaluate the economic and financial performances obtained by energy companies, following the beginning of the liberalization process, verifying the possible relationship with the implemented diversification strategies.
The Annex includes a table describing the main items of the questionnaire used to test the BeCO f... more The Annex includes a table describing the main items of the questionnaire used to test the BeCO framework, which analyses the benefits and costs of inbound and outbound open innovation
International Journal of Production Economics, 2021
Abstract Despite the popularity of reverse logistics in literature, the effect of different colla... more Abstract Despite the popularity of reverse logistics in literature, the effect of different collaboration types on the likelihood to introduce reverse logistics innovation has been under-investigated. Hence, this article explores the impact of domestic collaboration with competitors, customers, suppliers, research institutions, and the breadth of collaboration on a firm's reverse logistics innovation. Four hypotheses - grounded on institutional, resource dependence, and absorptive capacity theories – are tested through generalized structural equation modelling analyses on a longitudinal sample of German firms. The results show a positive impact of vertical collaboration, horizontal collaboration, and collaboration with research institutions on the likelihood to introduce reverse logistics innovation. In contrast, collaboration breadth has a negative impact on reverse logistics, an unexpected and surprising result for the innovation management literature. The article offers recommendations to practitioners as to which partners are more likely to increase the odds of introducing reverse logistics innovation and demonstrates that – to such an aim - firms should select a limited number of partners, identifying the ones that suit their needs the most.
The COVID‐19 pandemic has caused unprecedented public health and economic crises. As a response t... more The COVID‐19 pandemic has caused unprecedented public health and economic crises. As a response to face the current emergency, science and innovation communities are realizing a fundamental contribution to tackle the crisis. During the past few months, we have witnessed an impressive number of initiatives to encourage networking opportunities, to foster interactions between the different stakeholders involved (health care, industry, governments, academics, ordinary people), and to develop innovative solutions and collaborative infrastructures in support of the health sector. Adopting an open and collaborative approach and joining forces is essential in the fight against the COVID‐19 crisis. Also, the involvement of crowds as innovation partners can be of great support. Therefore, our work aims to review and classify those initiatives, based on the crowdsourcing model, that have been put into place to face the emergency generated by the novel coronavirus pandemic. We illustrate the 16 crowdsourcing initiatives devoted to the SARS‐CoV‐2 outbreak that we identified, detailing their development and implementation. Then, we propose a classification of them, along two dimensions: type of crowdsourcing configuration and kind of tasks, being able to find a relationship between these two aspects. Evidence from the analyzed projects suggests that across disparate domains, crowdsourcing can be an effective strategy in the response to the COVID‐19 pandemic. To conclude, we suggest some important implications for innovation best practices and lessons that can be learned for the future: crowdsourcing, harnessing the power of crowds and online communities, can help tackle the COVID‐19 pandemic, by providing original, actionable, quick, and low‐cost solutions to the challenges of the current health and economic crisis.
The purpose of this study is to introduce and test, on a comparative case-study, a flexible quali... more The purpose of this study is to introduce and test, on a comparative case-study, a flexible qualitative/quantitative procedure to return an analytic picture of its composing drivers. This goal is achieved via the audit of the building factors composing the strategic resources involved in the firm-specific dynamics of value-creation, eventually returning key-indicators that can be used for benchmarking. To ensure that the analyst is in the position to conduct an augmented accurate assessment of the business value of the company and foster its promotion, the management can benefit from responsible resource allocation/leveraging to improve business performance and development in harmony with strategy alignment.
A growing body of literature surrounds Open Innovation (OI) initiatives and Industry 4.0 (I4.0) t... more A growing body of literature surrounds Open Innovation (OI) initiatives and Industry 4.0 (I4.0) technologies. However, despite the growing interest by academics, practitioners, and policymakers in both domains, the link between the two remains underinvestigated from an empirical point of view. This article addresses this gap in knowledge by leveraging 16 semistructured interviews with practitioners involved in both the I4.0 context and OI initiatives. This article provides two main contributions. First, it identifies a series of I4.0 technologies (e.g., Big Data, advanced manufacturing) enabling OI initiatives (e.g., crowdfunding, cocreation). Second, it identifies and examines the benefits and challenges of adopting such I4.0 technologies. The benefits include improved data management, reduced time to market, improved production phase, and increased client satisfaction. The challenges include the lack of capabilities, resistance to change, and security issues. The exploratory nature of this study triggers exciting future research opportunities about OI initiatives and I4.0 technologies.
Due to the growing concern towards natural resource depletion and the increasing levels of waste ... more Due to the growing concern towards natural resource depletion and the increasing levels of waste generation caused by economic growth, sustainable consumption has gained the attention of both governments and society. Despite this, the market share of sustainable products remains low, and studies analysing the factors influencing consumers’ perception of sustainable products provide inconclusive results. This work aims to help bridge this gap by summarising the main literature results and focusing on practical implications. We perform a systematic literature review to identify the factors influencing consumers’ perception of sustainable products. Next, we classify these factors according to the triple bottom line framework, to provide a holistic perspective on the subject and present useful suggestions for companies. The findings suggest that most studies adopt a partial perspective on sustainability, focusing on only one of the sustainability dimensions or considering a single produ...
Investments in innovation activities involve uncertainty. Abandonments of innovative projects are... more Investments in innovation activities involve uncertainty. Abandonments of innovative projects are frequent and can entail great losses. Interorganizational collaboration can help a firm to leverage and complement its own competencies and technologies, contrasting the factors that may cause the abandonment of innovation activities. This article shows that firms collaborating with a wider network of external partners to conduct their innovation activities are less likely to abandon them. The article also analyses how different categories of partners among customers & suppliers, competitors, consultants & private R&D institutions, universities & public R&D institutions are associated with the risk of innovation abandonment. Finally, the results show that international collaborations are more likely associated with innovation abandonment than domestic ones. Strategic and theoretical implications are drawn.
PurposeIn recent years, crowdsourcing – an open and innovative model for outsourcing tasks to a c... more PurposeIn recent years, crowdsourcing – an open and innovative model for outsourcing tasks to a crowd – has become popular for production processes, allowing organizations and firms in different industries to access external skills and expertise efficiently. Companies have opened their innovation processes to crowds outside their boundaries, and users and customers are often involved in developing products in line with market needs. This work aims to investigate the link between crowdsourcing, production and quality to better understand this new interesting phenomenon.Design/methodology/approachAn explicit and systematic method for reviewing the literature was used. Through the selection and analysis of the relevant articles in the field, this paper presents a comprehensive overview of the pros and cons, risks and opportunities, disadvantages, or concerns, as addressed in the literature, for the adoption of crowdsourcing in the production processes.FindingsIt identifies where, how and to what extent crowdsourcing can be applied profitably within the production of products and services, highlighting how crowdsourcing could affect product and process quality. Finally, some directions for future research are outlined from the analysis conducted.Originality/valueThis work applied the systematic literature review to investigate and evaluate the actual use and impact of crowdsourcing on the production process, focusing on quality enhancement contribution.
The new document " Approach on appropriate remedies in the new regulatory framework " (... more The new document " Approach on appropriate remedies in the new regulatory framework " (2004) jointly published by ERG and EU, identifies, among several competition problems related to the market of mobile telephony, the strategy of price discrimination between on net and off net calls. Through such strategy the incumbents could get a competitive advantage because the price discrimination can represent a strategic leverage in order to increase the customers brand loyalty and to win subscribers of the rival operators. Moreover, the incumbents may attempt to foreclose the market by charging a high termination charge to other operators while, implicitly, charging a low price for on net termination internally. Following the ERG document, an European debate on the problem of the price discrimination has issued. The positions assumed by the operators depend, obviously, from the owned customer base. The competition problem underlined by the ERG document is that the price discrimin...
International Journal of Management and Enterprise Development, 2016
Although the food and drink (F%D) industry is Europe's largest manufacturing sector, few stud... more Although the food and drink (F%D) industry is Europe's largest manufacturing sector, few studies have explored its innovation activities so far. Starting from the widespread assumption that F%D manufacturers are supplier dominated 'a la Pavitt', we formulated hypotheses about their innovation activities. These were tested through Wilcoxon and Mann-Whitney tests on data drawn from a sample of 54,088 manufacturing firms (7,301 of which operating in the F%D industry) in 14 European countries, participating in Eurostat's 2008 Community Innovation Survey. The results confirm the supplier dominated nature of F%D firms, although also show that some largely anecdotal assumptions about the F%D industry's pattern of innovation cannot be empirically supported.
PurposeDespite the multiple calls for research on the dark side of open innovation, very few stud... more PurposeDespite the multiple calls for research on the dark side of open innovation, very few studies have approached the topic so far. This study aims to analyse successful and unsuccessful open innovation projects.Design/methodology/approachThis study uses thematic analysis to describe the factors determining their (un)success. The researchers interviewed 27 managers and owners in the manufacturing sector. Then, the respondents were asked to discuss one successful and one unsuccessful open innovation project to explore the differences in triggers and setbacks, focusing on the causes that determined the failures.FindingsFindings show that many interviewees are reluctant to identify failure cases, which somewhat explains the paucity of studies on the topic, and others do so when the failure is recognised by a third party (such as a public institution not granting funds to the project). This study discussed how this phenomenon is linked with the paradoxical relation between innovation...
International Journal of Intellectual Property Management
The purpose of this study was to define a managerial solution to patent evaluation. The problem o... more The purpose of this study was to define a managerial solution to patent evaluation. The problem of patent evaluation is widely analysed in the body of literature, but there has not been a study considering the patent value through an aggregate perspective. Over the past decade, numerous quantitative approaches to patent evaluation have been developed. However, the indicators adopted in the evaluation process are considered separately. In this study, we fill this gap by designing a new methodology that provides a ranking of patents by reducing the qualitative evaluation components and in addition an evaluation based on certain key performance indicators (KPIs). After a brief illustration of the different steps of the methodology, we validate the framework drawing upon a case study undertaken in an Italian company leader in the satellite solution and services field.
PurposeThis paper aims to propose a framework investigating the diffusion and adoption process of... more PurposeThis paper aims to propose a framework investigating the diffusion and adoption process of big data (BD) in the supply chain (SC) as a tool to manage process innovation at technological, operational and strategical levels.Design/methodology/approachA comprehensive systematic literature methodology is used to develop the theoretical conceptual framework, which comprehensively describes and captures the innovative stages of BD technology adoption process in SC with a multilevel perspective.FindingsResults show that BD has modified the supply network concept, starting from the dyadic relationships, triads up to the creation of a streamlined and integrated network. These changes are reflected in a novel integrated vision including both benefits and barriers.Research limitations/implicationsThe proposed framework supports companies in redesigning the processes affected by the adoption of BD, helping them in identifying the critical elements, barriers, benefits and expected perform...
In recent years, Open Innovation (OI) and crowdsourcing have been very popular topics in the inno... more In recent years, Open Innovation (OI) and crowdsourcing have been very popular topics in the innovation management literature, attracting significant interest and attention, and inspiring a rich production of publications. Although these two topics share common themes and address similar managerial challenges, to the best of our knowledge, there is no systematic literature review that digs deep into the intersection of both fields. To fill in this gap a joint review of crowdsourcing and OI topics is both timely and of interest. Therefore, the main objective of this study is to carry out a comprehensive, systematic, and objective review of academic research to help shed light on the relationship between OI and crowdsourcing. For this purpose, we reviewed the literature published on these two topics between 2008 and 2019, applying two bibliometric techniques, co-citation and co-word analysis. We obtained the following results: (i) we provide a qualitative analysis of the emerging and ...
The objective of this paper is to support the application of Open Innovation practices in firms a... more The objective of this paper is to support the application of Open Innovation practices in firms and organizations by the assessment and management of Intellectual Capital. Intellectual Capital constituents are analyzed in order to verify their capability of acting as key drivers of Open Innovation processes and, therefore, of creating value. A methodology is defined to settle a procedure which helps to select the most relevant Intellectual Capital value drivers and to provide Communities of Innovation with strategic and managerial guidelines in sustaining Open Innovation paradigm. An application of the methodology is developed within a specifically addressed project and its results are hereafter examined.
The liberalization and privatization processes have forced public utility companies to face new c... more The liberalization and privatization processes have forced public utility companies to face new competitive challenges, implementing strategies to gain market share and, at the same time, keep the old customers. To this end, many companies have carried out mergers, acquisitions and conglomerations in order to diversify their business. This paper focuses on companies operating in the free energy market in Italy. In the last decade, this sector has undergone profound changes that have radically changed the competitive scenario and have led companies to implement diversification strategies of the business. Our work aims to evaluate the economic and financial performances obtained by energy companies, following the beginning of the liberalization process, verifying the possible relationship with the implemented diversification strategies.
The Annex includes a table describing the main items of the questionnaire used to test the BeCO f... more The Annex includes a table describing the main items of the questionnaire used to test the BeCO framework, which analyses the benefits and costs of inbound and outbound open innovation
International Journal of Production Economics, 2021
Abstract Despite the popularity of reverse logistics in literature, the effect of different colla... more Abstract Despite the popularity of reverse logistics in literature, the effect of different collaboration types on the likelihood to introduce reverse logistics innovation has been under-investigated. Hence, this article explores the impact of domestic collaboration with competitors, customers, suppliers, research institutions, and the breadth of collaboration on a firm's reverse logistics innovation. Four hypotheses - grounded on institutional, resource dependence, and absorptive capacity theories – are tested through generalized structural equation modelling analyses on a longitudinal sample of German firms. The results show a positive impact of vertical collaboration, horizontal collaboration, and collaboration with research institutions on the likelihood to introduce reverse logistics innovation. In contrast, collaboration breadth has a negative impact on reverse logistics, an unexpected and surprising result for the innovation management literature. The article offers recommendations to practitioners as to which partners are more likely to increase the odds of introducing reverse logistics innovation and demonstrates that – to such an aim - firms should select a limited number of partners, identifying the ones that suit their needs the most.
The COVID‐19 pandemic has caused unprecedented public health and economic crises. As a response t... more The COVID‐19 pandemic has caused unprecedented public health and economic crises. As a response to face the current emergency, science and innovation communities are realizing a fundamental contribution to tackle the crisis. During the past few months, we have witnessed an impressive number of initiatives to encourage networking opportunities, to foster interactions between the different stakeholders involved (health care, industry, governments, academics, ordinary people), and to develop innovative solutions and collaborative infrastructures in support of the health sector. Adopting an open and collaborative approach and joining forces is essential in the fight against the COVID‐19 crisis. Also, the involvement of crowds as innovation partners can be of great support. Therefore, our work aims to review and classify those initiatives, based on the crowdsourcing model, that have been put into place to face the emergency generated by the novel coronavirus pandemic. We illustrate the 16 crowdsourcing initiatives devoted to the SARS‐CoV‐2 outbreak that we identified, detailing their development and implementation. Then, we propose a classification of them, along two dimensions: type of crowdsourcing configuration and kind of tasks, being able to find a relationship between these two aspects. Evidence from the analyzed projects suggests that across disparate domains, crowdsourcing can be an effective strategy in the response to the COVID‐19 pandemic. To conclude, we suggest some important implications for innovation best practices and lessons that can be learned for the future: crowdsourcing, harnessing the power of crowds and online communities, can help tackle the COVID‐19 pandemic, by providing original, actionable, quick, and low‐cost solutions to the challenges of the current health and economic crisis.
The purpose of this study is to introduce and test, on a comparative case-study, a flexible quali... more The purpose of this study is to introduce and test, on a comparative case-study, a flexible qualitative/quantitative procedure to return an analytic picture of its composing drivers. This goal is achieved via the audit of the building factors composing the strategic resources involved in the firm-specific dynamics of value-creation, eventually returning key-indicators that can be used for benchmarking. To ensure that the analyst is in the position to conduct an augmented accurate assessment of the business value of the company and foster its promotion, the management can benefit from responsible resource allocation/leveraging to improve business performance and development in harmony with strategy alignment.
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