Michael Frolich1, Andreas Pieter2, Jurgen Giessing3, Markus Klein1, Andreas Strack1, Hanno Folder... more Michael Frolich1, Andreas Pieter2, Jurgen Giessing3, Markus Klein1, Andreas Strack1, Hanno Folder4, Dennis Sandig1, Klaus Blischke1, eike emrich1, Jens Stening1 y Diezmar Schmidtbleicher5 1instituto de Ciencia del Deporte de la Universidad de Saar (Saarbruken, Alemania). 2instituto Superior Aleman para la Prevencion y la Gestion de la Salud (Saarbruken, Alemania). 3instituto de Ciencia del Deporte, Universidad de Coblenza y Landau (Alemania). 4Universidad de Ciencias Aplicadas (idstein, Alemania). 5instituto de Ciencia del Deporte, Universidad Johann-Wolfgang Goethe (Frankfurt, Alemania)
This paper addresses the notion of chunk concatenation being associated with sleep-related enhanc... more This paper addresses the notion of chunk concatenation being associated with sleep-related enhancement consolidation of motor sequence memory, thereby essentially contributing to improvements in sequence execution speed. To this end, element movement times of a multi-joint arm movement sequence incorporated in a recent study by Malangré et al. (2014) were reanalyzed. As sequence elements differed with respect to movement distance, element movement times had to be purged from differences solely due to varying trajectory lengths. This was done by dividing each element movement time per subject and trial block by the respective “reference movement time” collected from subjects who had extensively practiced each sequence element in isolation. Any differences in these “relative element movement times” were supposed to reflect element-specific “production costs” imposed solely by the sequence context. Across all subjects non-idiosyncratic, lasting sequence segmentation was shown, and four...
Recently, a number of authors have advocated the introduction of gross motor tasks into research ... more Recently, a number of authors have advocated the introduction of gross motor tasks into research on sleep-related motor offline learning. Such tasks are often designed to be more complex than traditional key-pressing tasks. However, until now, little effort has been undertaken to scrutinize the role of task complexity in any systematic way. Therefore, the effect of task complexity on the consolidation of gross motor sequence memory was examined by our group in a series of three experiments. Criterion tasks always required participants to produce unrestrained arm movement sequences by successively fitting a small peg into target holes on a pegboard. The sequences always followed a certain spatial pattern in the horizontal plane. The targets were visualized prior to each transport movement on a computer screen. The tasks differed with respect to sequence length and structural complexity. In each experiment, half of the participants initially learned the task in the morning and were retested 12 h later following a wake retention interval. The other half of the subjects underwent practice in the evening and was retested 12 h later following a night of sleep. The dependent variables were the error rate and total sequence execution time (inverse to the sequence execution speed). Performance generally improved during acquisition. The error rate was always low and remained stable during retention. The sequence execution time significantly decreased again following sleep but not after waking when the sequence length was long and structural complexity was high. However, sleep-related offline improvements were absent when the sequence length was short or when subjects performed a highly regular movement pattern. It is assumed that the occurrence of sleep-related offline performance improvements in sequential motor tasks is associated with a sufficient amount of motor task complexity.
This article attempts to outline the neuronal foundations of movement automatization. In particul... more This article attempts to outline the neuronal foundations of movement automatization. In particular, it is shown that an increase in automaticity corresponds to processes of synaptic plasticity in the corticostriatal and corticocortical system. This mechanism is supposed to induce changes in the neuronal representations of the respective skill. Furthermore, the role of phasic dopamine release will be discussed with respect to its modulating effect on processes of plasticity.
Nocturnal sleep effects on memory consolidation following gross motor sequence learning were exam... more Nocturnal sleep effects on memory consolidation following gross motor sequence learning were examined using a complex arm movement task. This task required participants to produce non-regular spatial patterns in the horizontal plane by successively fitting a small peg into different target-holes on an electronic pegboard. The respective reaching movements typically differed in amplitude and direction. Targets were visualized prior to each transport movement on a computer screen. With this task we tested 18 subjects (22.6 ± 1.9 years; 8 female) using a between-subjects design. Participants initially learned a 10-element arm movement sequence either in the morning or in the evening. Performance was retested under free recall requirements 15 min post training, as well as 12 and 24 h later. Thus, each group was provided with one sleep-filled and one wake retention interval. Dependent variables were error rate (number of Erroneous Sequences, ES) and average sequence execution time (correct sequences only). Performance improved during acquisition. Error rate remained stable across retention. Sequence execution time (inverse to execution speed) significantly decreased again during the sleep-filled retention intervals, but remained stable during the respective wake intervals. These results corroborate recent findings on sleep-related enhancement consolidation in ecological valid, complex gross motor tasks. At the same time, they suggest this effect to be truly memory-based and independent from repeated access to extrinsic sequence information during retests.
Schwerpunkt apparatives Krafttraining "For many years few people believed that resistance trainin... more Schwerpunkt apparatives Krafttraining "For many years few people believed that resistance training could improve a child's strength; coaches and teachers believed that children got stronger as they got older and that strength training was only for older athletes. […] But in fact children can benefit from a properly desig ned, age-appropriate resistancetraining program." (Kraemer & Fleck, 2005, S. 1) ABB. 1 Anpassungsreaktionen Turnerinnen, welche ein spezifisches Krafttraining absolviert haben (die linke Turnerin war zur Zeit der Fotoaufnahme 12 Jahre, die rechte Turnerin 14 Jahre alt) TRAININGSLEHRE LEISTUNGSSPORT 2/2009 BEILAGE 2
Michael Frolich1, Andreas Pieter2, Jurgen Giessing3, Markus Klein1, Andreas Strack1, Hanno Folder... more Michael Frolich1, Andreas Pieter2, Jurgen Giessing3, Markus Klein1, Andreas Strack1, Hanno Folder4, Dennis Sandig1, Klaus Blischke1, eike emrich1, Jens Stening1 y Diezmar Schmidtbleicher5 1instituto de Ciencia del Deporte de la Universidad de Saar (Saarbruken, Alemania). 2instituto Superior Aleman para la Prevencion y la Gestion de la Salud (Saarbruken, Alemania). 3instituto de Ciencia del Deporte, Universidad de Coblenza y Landau (Alemania). 4Universidad de Ciencias Aplicadas (idstein, Alemania). 5instituto de Ciencia del Deporte, Universidad Johann-Wolfgang Goethe (Frankfurt, Alemania)
This paper addresses the notion of chunk concatenation being associated with sleep-related enhanc... more This paper addresses the notion of chunk concatenation being associated with sleep-related enhancement consolidation of motor sequence memory, thereby essentially contributing to improvements in sequence execution speed. To this end, element movement times of a multi-joint arm movement sequence incorporated in a recent study by Malangré et al. (2014) were reanalyzed. As sequence elements differed with respect to movement distance, element movement times had to be purged from differences solely due to varying trajectory lengths. This was done by dividing each element movement time per subject and trial block by the respective “reference movement time” collected from subjects who had extensively practiced each sequence element in isolation. Any differences in these “relative element movement times” were supposed to reflect element-specific “production costs” imposed solely by the sequence context. Across all subjects non-idiosyncratic, lasting sequence segmentation was shown, and four...
Recently, a number of authors have advocated the introduction of gross motor tasks into research ... more Recently, a number of authors have advocated the introduction of gross motor tasks into research on sleep-related motor offline learning. Such tasks are often designed to be more complex than traditional key-pressing tasks. However, until now, little effort has been undertaken to scrutinize the role of task complexity in any systematic way. Therefore, the effect of task complexity on the consolidation of gross motor sequence memory was examined by our group in a series of three experiments. Criterion tasks always required participants to produce unrestrained arm movement sequences by successively fitting a small peg into target holes on a pegboard. The sequences always followed a certain spatial pattern in the horizontal plane. The targets were visualized prior to each transport movement on a computer screen. The tasks differed with respect to sequence length and structural complexity. In each experiment, half of the participants initially learned the task in the morning and were retested 12 h later following a wake retention interval. The other half of the subjects underwent practice in the evening and was retested 12 h later following a night of sleep. The dependent variables were the error rate and total sequence execution time (inverse to the sequence execution speed). Performance generally improved during acquisition. The error rate was always low and remained stable during retention. The sequence execution time significantly decreased again following sleep but not after waking when the sequence length was long and structural complexity was high. However, sleep-related offline improvements were absent when the sequence length was short or when subjects performed a highly regular movement pattern. It is assumed that the occurrence of sleep-related offline performance improvements in sequential motor tasks is associated with a sufficient amount of motor task complexity.
This article attempts to outline the neuronal foundations of movement automatization. In particul... more This article attempts to outline the neuronal foundations of movement automatization. In particular, it is shown that an increase in automaticity corresponds to processes of synaptic plasticity in the corticostriatal and corticocortical system. This mechanism is supposed to induce changes in the neuronal representations of the respective skill. Furthermore, the role of phasic dopamine release will be discussed with respect to its modulating effect on processes of plasticity.
Nocturnal sleep effects on memory consolidation following gross motor sequence learning were exam... more Nocturnal sleep effects on memory consolidation following gross motor sequence learning were examined using a complex arm movement task. This task required participants to produce non-regular spatial patterns in the horizontal plane by successively fitting a small peg into different target-holes on an electronic pegboard. The respective reaching movements typically differed in amplitude and direction. Targets were visualized prior to each transport movement on a computer screen. With this task we tested 18 subjects (22.6 ± 1.9 years; 8 female) using a between-subjects design. Participants initially learned a 10-element arm movement sequence either in the morning or in the evening. Performance was retested under free recall requirements 15 min post training, as well as 12 and 24 h later. Thus, each group was provided with one sleep-filled and one wake retention interval. Dependent variables were error rate (number of Erroneous Sequences, ES) and average sequence execution time (correct sequences only). Performance improved during acquisition. Error rate remained stable across retention. Sequence execution time (inverse to execution speed) significantly decreased again during the sleep-filled retention intervals, but remained stable during the respective wake intervals. These results corroborate recent findings on sleep-related enhancement consolidation in ecological valid, complex gross motor tasks. At the same time, they suggest this effect to be truly memory-based and independent from repeated access to extrinsic sequence information during retests.
Schwerpunkt apparatives Krafttraining "For many years few people believed that resistance trainin... more Schwerpunkt apparatives Krafttraining "For many years few people believed that resistance training could improve a child's strength; coaches and teachers believed that children got stronger as they got older and that strength training was only for older athletes. […] But in fact children can benefit from a properly desig ned, age-appropriate resistancetraining program." (Kraemer & Fleck, 2005, S. 1) ABB. 1 Anpassungsreaktionen Turnerinnen, welche ein spezifisches Krafttraining absolviert haben (die linke Turnerin war zur Zeit der Fotoaufnahme 12 Jahre, die rechte Turnerin 14 Jahre alt) TRAININGSLEHRE LEISTUNGSSPORT 2/2009 BEILAGE 2
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