In Cameroon, from 1945 to 1961, there were many types of regional associations that globally had ... more In Cameroon, from 1945 to 1961, there were many types of regional associations that globally had the following aims: preservation of traditions, promotion of solidarity, brotherhood and local development. In British Cameroons, regional associations carried out their activities without any hindrance, contrary to what happened in French Cameroons. Being apolitical from the outset, regional associations were brought into the political field by several factors, namely: the effects of the partition that took place after World War I, the desire of some Cameroonians to get support for their political parties and for themselves in elections and the French Administration will for destabilization. In the political field, regional associations voiced local claims, supported and opposed political parties and colonial administration. They also presented and supported candidates in elections. Finally, they claimed or opposed independence and reunification of Cameroon. Their political action, which was much sustained at the beginning of their nationalist orientation, progressively lost its initial intensity. At the final and very important stages of the nationalist process, regional associations were nearly absent or inactive. That was the case because of the following factors: their inability to durably conciliate regional and national interests, their internal squabbles, their lack of unity, destabilization by colonial authorities, the international status of Cameroon and political action of rival actors.
Presses universitaires de Rennes eBooks, Oct 4, 2016
INTRODUCTION À l’instar d’autres espaces africains, l’espace Cameroun a connu de multiples guerre... more INTRODUCTION À l’instar d’autres espaces africains, l’espace Cameroun a connu de multiples guerres au cours de son histoire. Par « guerre », nous entendrons « un acte de force par lequel nous cherchons à contraindre l’adversaire à se soumettre à notre volonté » ; c’est ainsi que le définit Karl Von Klausewitz dans Théorie de la Grande Guerre. Il existe encore très peu d’études totalement consacrées à la guerre au Cameroun. Seul l’essai de Zacharie Ngniman traite d’une guerre camerounaise au X..
Guerres et paix en Afrique noire et à Madagascar, 2006
Près de 50 années après les indépendances africaines, censées permettre aux peuples de prendre pa... more Près de 50 années après les indépendances africaines, censées permettre aux peuples de prendre pacifiquement en mains leur destin, l'Afrique reste la proie de multiples guerres et conflits, avec leurs litanies d'horreurs, d'hécatombes, de populations déplacées et réfugiées, de famines et destructions de toutes sortes. Ce constat pessimiste n'épuise pas la réalité d'un vaste continent dont les sociétés conservent des capacités de réaction. Mais il rend nécessaire la réflexion lucide et critique, la prise en compte de la durée et de la profondeur de l'histoire pour comprendre les racines de ces affrontements récurrents. Partant de la période précoloniale, les études rassemblées ici mêlent les synthèses de moyenne ou de vaste ampleur, et les monographies centrées sur un événement ou un espace géographique très délimité. Elles mettent en évidence les métamorphoses ou les masques multiples qu'a pu revêtir le Dieu Mars africain. Mais elles rendent compte aussi des formes prises par la paix dans le passé et cherchent à définir les conditions de son rétablissement. Ce numéro d’Enquêtes et Documents contient une partie des travaux d’un colloque qui avait été organisé conjointement par le CRHIA de l’Université de Nantes et l’Université d’Abidjan. Le déclenchement de la guerre civile en Côte d’Ivoire a empêché de tenir les séances de ce colloque international qui devait réunir des représentants d’une dizaine de pays africains ; un certain nombre des communications prévues ont pu être rassemblées dans ce numéro
mais elle est erronée. En effet, l'affaire Frambo intervint en mai 1960, plusieurs mois après que... more mais elle est erronée. En effet, l'affaire Frambo intervint en mai 1960, plusieurs mois après que la Quatrième Commission de l'Assemblée Générale de l'ONU avait adopté la résolution 1352 (XIV) qui arrêtait les questions
Global Perspectives on US Democratization Efforts, 2016
Samuel Huntington’s “Democracy’s third wave” reached Cameroon in 1990 as it was obliged to follow... more Samuel Huntington’s “Democracy’s third wave” reached Cameroon in 1990 as it was obliged to follow the Western democratic road of political development. That was a difficult task since the political system had to undergo deep reforms in a difficult context characterized by the opposition to political change of many regimes in the region. External pressure had been exercised before 1990 and its continuation was required to ensure change was brought about. The USA, being a leading democratic country in the West, was one of the most important states to mount that pressure. This chapter examines the contribution the USA made to the development of the democratic process in Cameroon through an analysis of the different actions undertaken throughout this period.
L'exode des competences au Cameroun a plusieurs causes et revet plusieurs aspects dont certai... more L'exode des competences au Cameroun a plusieurs causes et revet plusieurs aspects dont certains ont de grands relents politiques. Ces derniers aspects ont contribue au depart des cerveaux anglophones. A l'analyse, on s'apercoit que cet exode est la consequence de la gestion particuliere qui a ete faite du double heritage culturel legue par les colonisations britannique et francaise. De 1990 a 2004, des universitaires et autres competences camerounaises anglophones de renom ont pris le chemin de l'etranger pour des causes essentiellement politiques, notamment la menace a leur integrite physique. Ce travail se propose de montrer que les pouvoirs politiques camerounais, depuis la reunification, ont eu la propension d'adopter essentiellement le mode d'administration et de culture herite de la France. Le modele d'administration herite de la France est assez repressif et laisse peu de place a l'expression libre. Il est contraire au mode administratif coloni...
In Cameroon, from 1945 to 1961, there were many types of regional associations that globally had ... more In Cameroon, from 1945 to 1961, there were many types of regional associations that globally had the following aims: preservation of traditions, promotion of solidarity, brotherhood and local development. In British Cameroons, regional associations carried out their activities without any hindrance, contrary to what happened in French Cameroons. Being apolitical from the outset, regional associations were brought into the political field by several factors, namely: the effects of the partition that took place after World War I, the desire of some Cameroonians to get support for their political parties and for themselves in elections and the French Administration will for destabilization. In the political field, regional associations voiced local claims, supported and opposed political parties and colonial administration. They also presented and supported candidates in elections. Finally, they claimed or opposed independence and reunification of Cameroon. Their political action, whic...
De 1945 a 1961, le Cameroun connut l'existence de plusieurs types d'associations regional... more De 1945 a 1961, le Cameroun connut l'existence de plusieurs types d'associations regionales dont les objectifs globaux avaient trait a la sauvegarde de la tradition, a la promotion de la solidarite, de la fraternite et du developpement. Dans le Cameroun sous administration britannique, elles fonctionnerent tres librement, contrairement a celles du Cameroun francais qui vecurent pratiquement sous surveillance de l'administration coloniale. Apolitiques a leur creation, ces associations regionales furent politisees par le biais des effets de la partition du Cameroun a la fin de la premiere guerre mondiale, de la volonte de certains Camerounais a trouver du soutien pour leurs partis politiques et pour leurs candidatures aux elections et de la volonte de destabilisation des autorites coloniales francaises. Par consequent, leur action politique se deploya dans plusieurs directions: expression des doleances regionales, soutien et opposition aux partis politiques et a l'admi...
The annexation of Cameroon by Germany took place in July 1884, in a context of rivalries between ... more The annexation of Cameroon by Germany took place in July 1884, in a context of rivalries between European powers present in the Gulf of Guinea. This was a surprise since Germany had expressed no colonial ambitions. This happened to the detriment of France and Great Britain whose influences were notorious in the area. The German annexation of Cameroon was a bitter pill that France and Great Britain did not swallow. When World War I broke out, these two countries took their revenge and chased the Germans out of Cameroon which their shared. If the main episodes of their administration of former German Cameroon are well known, we have very little knowledge about the transition between German administration and these new administrations. So how did the transition, and the political connection take place and what role did foreign and local actors played in these events? In Cameroon under British administration, a local actor, Robert Jabea Kum Dibongue played a major role. His academic, administrative, and political itineraries show that he was an open-minded man who anticipated the future by learning French and English, the languages of the countries that defeated and replaced Germany in Cameroon. His knowledge of German, English and French, on the one hand, his birthplace, and the partition of Cameroon on the other, made him to be the main actor in the transition between the German and British administrations, and in the political connection between the French and British colonial empires which had a junction in Cameroon. Keywords: Dibongue, German Cameroon, French Cameroon, British Cameroon, transition, connection.
In Cameroon, from 1945 to 1961, there were many types of regional associations that globally had ... more In Cameroon, from 1945 to 1961, there were many types of regional associations that globally had the following aims: preservation of traditions, promotion of solidarity, brotherhood and local development. In British Cameroons, regional associations carried out their activities without any hindrance, contrary to what happened in French Cameroons. Being apolitical from the outset, regional associations were brought into the political field by several factors, namely: the effects of the partition that took place after World War I, the desire of some Cameroonians to get support for their political parties and for themselves in elections and the French Administration will for destabilization. In the political field, regional associations voiced local claims, supported and opposed political parties and colonial administration. They also presented and supported candidates in elections. Finally, they claimed or opposed independence and reunification of Cameroon. Their political action, which was much sustained at the beginning of their nationalist orientation, progressively lost its initial intensity. At the final and very important stages of the nationalist process, regional associations were nearly absent or inactive. That was the case because of the following factors: their inability to durably conciliate regional and national interests, their internal squabbles, their lack of unity, destabilization by colonial authorities, the international status of Cameroon and political action of rival actors.
Presses universitaires de Rennes eBooks, Oct 4, 2016
INTRODUCTION À l’instar d’autres espaces africains, l’espace Cameroun a connu de multiples guerre... more INTRODUCTION À l’instar d’autres espaces africains, l’espace Cameroun a connu de multiples guerres au cours de son histoire. Par « guerre », nous entendrons « un acte de force par lequel nous cherchons à contraindre l’adversaire à se soumettre à notre volonté » ; c’est ainsi que le définit Karl Von Klausewitz dans Théorie de la Grande Guerre. Il existe encore très peu d’études totalement consacrées à la guerre au Cameroun. Seul l’essai de Zacharie Ngniman traite d’une guerre camerounaise au X..
Guerres et paix en Afrique noire et à Madagascar, 2006
Près de 50 années après les indépendances africaines, censées permettre aux peuples de prendre pa... more Près de 50 années après les indépendances africaines, censées permettre aux peuples de prendre pacifiquement en mains leur destin, l'Afrique reste la proie de multiples guerres et conflits, avec leurs litanies d'horreurs, d'hécatombes, de populations déplacées et réfugiées, de famines et destructions de toutes sortes. Ce constat pessimiste n'épuise pas la réalité d'un vaste continent dont les sociétés conservent des capacités de réaction. Mais il rend nécessaire la réflexion lucide et critique, la prise en compte de la durée et de la profondeur de l'histoire pour comprendre les racines de ces affrontements récurrents. Partant de la période précoloniale, les études rassemblées ici mêlent les synthèses de moyenne ou de vaste ampleur, et les monographies centrées sur un événement ou un espace géographique très délimité. Elles mettent en évidence les métamorphoses ou les masques multiples qu'a pu revêtir le Dieu Mars africain. Mais elles rendent compte aussi des formes prises par la paix dans le passé et cherchent à définir les conditions de son rétablissement. Ce numéro d’Enquêtes et Documents contient une partie des travaux d’un colloque qui avait été organisé conjointement par le CRHIA de l’Université de Nantes et l’Université d’Abidjan. Le déclenchement de la guerre civile en Côte d’Ivoire a empêché de tenir les séances de ce colloque international qui devait réunir des représentants d’une dizaine de pays africains ; un certain nombre des communications prévues ont pu être rassemblées dans ce numéro
mais elle est erronée. En effet, l'affaire Frambo intervint en mai 1960, plusieurs mois après que... more mais elle est erronée. En effet, l'affaire Frambo intervint en mai 1960, plusieurs mois après que la Quatrième Commission de l'Assemblée Générale de l'ONU avait adopté la résolution 1352 (XIV) qui arrêtait les questions
Global Perspectives on US Democratization Efforts, 2016
Samuel Huntington’s “Democracy’s third wave” reached Cameroon in 1990 as it was obliged to follow... more Samuel Huntington’s “Democracy’s third wave” reached Cameroon in 1990 as it was obliged to follow the Western democratic road of political development. That was a difficult task since the political system had to undergo deep reforms in a difficult context characterized by the opposition to political change of many regimes in the region. External pressure had been exercised before 1990 and its continuation was required to ensure change was brought about. The USA, being a leading democratic country in the West, was one of the most important states to mount that pressure. This chapter examines the contribution the USA made to the development of the democratic process in Cameroon through an analysis of the different actions undertaken throughout this period.
L'exode des competences au Cameroun a plusieurs causes et revet plusieurs aspects dont certai... more L'exode des competences au Cameroun a plusieurs causes et revet plusieurs aspects dont certains ont de grands relents politiques. Ces derniers aspects ont contribue au depart des cerveaux anglophones. A l'analyse, on s'apercoit que cet exode est la consequence de la gestion particuliere qui a ete faite du double heritage culturel legue par les colonisations britannique et francaise. De 1990 a 2004, des universitaires et autres competences camerounaises anglophones de renom ont pris le chemin de l'etranger pour des causes essentiellement politiques, notamment la menace a leur integrite physique. Ce travail se propose de montrer que les pouvoirs politiques camerounais, depuis la reunification, ont eu la propension d'adopter essentiellement le mode d'administration et de culture herite de la France. Le modele d'administration herite de la France est assez repressif et laisse peu de place a l'expression libre. Il est contraire au mode administratif coloni...
In Cameroon, from 1945 to 1961, there were many types of regional associations that globally had ... more In Cameroon, from 1945 to 1961, there were many types of regional associations that globally had the following aims: preservation of traditions, promotion of solidarity, brotherhood and local development. In British Cameroons, regional associations carried out their activities without any hindrance, contrary to what happened in French Cameroons. Being apolitical from the outset, regional associations were brought into the political field by several factors, namely: the effects of the partition that took place after World War I, the desire of some Cameroonians to get support for their political parties and for themselves in elections and the French Administration will for destabilization. In the political field, regional associations voiced local claims, supported and opposed political parties and colonial administration. They also presented and supported candidates in elections. Finally, they claimed or opposed independence and reunification of Cameroon. Their political action, whic...
De 1945 a 1961, le Cameroun connut l'existence de plusieurs types d'associations regional... more De 1945 a 1961, le Cameroun connut l'existence de plusieurs types d'associations regionales dont les objectifs globaux avaient trait a la sauvegarde de la tradition, a la promotion de la solidarite, de la fraternite et du developpement. Dans le Cameroun sous administration britannique, elles fonctionnerent tres librement, contrairement a celles du Cameroun francais qui vecurent pratiquement sous surveillance de l'administration coloniale. Apolitiques a leur creation, ces associations regionales furent politisees par le biais des effets de la partition du Cameroun a la fin de la premiere guerre mondiale, de la volonte de certains Camerounais a trouver du soutien pour leurs partis politiques et pour leurs candidatures aux elections et de la volonte de destabilisation des autorites coloniales francaises. Par consequent, leur action politique se deploya dans plusieurs directions: expression des doleances regionales, soutien et opposition aux partis politiques et a l'admi...
The annexation of Cameroon by Germany took place in July 1884, in a context of rivalries between ... more The annexation of Cameroon by Germany took place in July 1884, in a context of rivalries between European powers present in the Gulf of Guinea. This was a surprise since Germany had expressed no colonial ambitions. This happened to the detriment of France and Great Britain whose influences were notorious in the area. The German annexation of Cameroon was a bitter pill that France and Great Britain did not swallow. When World War I broke out, these two countries took their revenge and chased the Germans out of Cameroon which their shared. If the main episodes of their administration of former German Cameroon are well known, we have very little knowledge about the transition between German administration and these new administrations. So how did the transition, and the political connection take place and what role did foreign and local actors played in these events? In Cameroon under British administration, a local actor, Robert Jabea Kum Dibongue played a major role. His academic, administrative, and political itineraries show that he was an open-minded man who anticipated the future by learning French and English, the languages of the countries that defeated and replaced Germany in Cameroon. His knowledge of German, English and French, on the one hand, his birthplace, and the partition of Cameroon on the other, made him to be the main actor in the transition between the German and British administrations, and in the political connection between the French and British colonial empires which had a junction in Cameroon. Keywords: Dibongue, German Cameroon, French Cameroon, British Cameroon, transition, connection.
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known, we have very little knowledge about the transition between German administration and these new administrations. So how did the transition, and the political connection take place and what role did foreign and local actors played in these events? In Cameroon under
British administration, a local actor, Robert Jabea Kum Dibongue played a major role. His academic, administrative, and political itineraries show that he was an open-minded man who anticipated the future by learning French and English, the languages of the countries that defeated and replaced Germany in Cameroon. His knowledge of German, English and French, on the one hand, his birthplace, and the partition of Cameroon on the other, made him to be the main actor in the transition between the German and British administrations, and in the political connection between the French and British colonial empires which had a junction in
Cameroon.
Keywords: Dibongue, German Cameroon, French Cameroon, British Cameroon, transition,
connection.
known, we have very little knowledge about the transition between German administration and these new administrations. So how did the transition, and the political connection take place and what role did foreign and local actors played in these events? In Cameroon under
British administration, a local actor, Robert Jabea Kum Dibongue played a major role. His academic, administrative, and political itineraries show that he was an open-minded man who anticipated the future by learning French and English, the languages of the countries that defeated and replaced Germany in Cameroon. His knowledge of German, English and French, on the one hand, his birthplace, and the partition of Cameroon on the other, made him to be the main actor in the transition between the German and British administrations, and in the political connection between the French and British colonial empires which had a junction in
Cameroon.
Keywords: Dibongue, German Cameroon, French Cameroon, British Cameroon, transition,
connection.