International Research Journal of Management, IT and Social sciences, 2020
Code-switching refers to the use of more than one language in a sentence or discourse. It is a na... more Code-switching refers to the use of more than one language in a sentence or discourse. It is a natural commix that happens in utterances in bilingual and multilingual speakers reasoning one or more communal languages. Codeswitching (CS) denotes an alteration that is recorded between more than one variation in language following in the context of a single conversation. In sociolinguistics, code-switching is considered not merely one element of social life but encircles the social strata of speakers' social settings, linguistic variation and social variables. It is a linguistic strategy of bilingual or multilingual speakers. It is referred to as a "conversational scheme which is employed to constitute, cross or abolish group boundaries, to create, evoke or change interactive relation with their rights and commitments". (Gal, 1988). In multilingual contexts like Pakistan, code-switching is a common phenomenon. It appears as a conscious choice of language teachers to promote second language (L2) learning and improve second language comprehension among L2 learners. This article highlights the benefits of code-switching in the course of learning, explores some of the aspects of code-switching and its effectiveness in increasing L2 comprehension among the students at UE. It helped to illustrate the impact of code-switching to make classroom sessions interactive, to know the main causes of code-switching in communication and to know those triggering factors which forced students to switch from the native language (L1) to L2.
New Public Management is used to regulate government policies meant to enhance performance of pub... more New Public Management is used to regulate government policies meant to enhance performance of public sector that ultimately facilitates general public interest and improve their living standards. New Public Management is inevitable as under this approach modern governments are inclined to bring reforms in an effort to improve efficiency and effectiveness of public sector by adopting private sector practices. Pakistan is also influenced by NPM as reforms in public sector have been developed and implemented to some extent with weak claims of improved performance. The lack of actual improvement in performance raises many questions on the effectiveness of NPM implementation in Pakistan. This study aims to explore these questions by measuring factors influencing performance of public sector organizations in Pakistan. This study adopted quantitative approach to conduct an empirical investigation. Research framework includes major factors of NPM based on literature. Data was collected usin...
This literature review offers a synthesis of the past and contemporary studies about conflict and... more This literature review offers a synthesis of the past and contemporary studies about conflict and types of conflict. Factors that influence the nature of such disagreements and transform them into dysfunctional or functional conflicts have been explored. A model has been developed based on the literature review identifying the key types and relationship between the factors that trigger, promote or diminish organizational conflict.
ABSTRACT Atif Masood Ch); [email protected] (Sidra Shafi) Abstract Purpose -The intention of thi... more ABSTRACT Atif Masood Ch); [email protected] (Sidra Shafi) Abstract Purpose -The intention of this study is to focus on Alfred D. Chandler's ideas as a historian who draws attention to the influence of Small Management Enterprises' history of management and its practices. Design/methodology/approach – This paper evaluated Alfred Chandler's life as historian and being historian his bestowal to indulge his thoughts for management related disciplines and revisionists of theory of structure and strategy. Furthermore, this paper investigates Alfred Chandler's contributions to introduce new ideas for the understanding of US and international history of business. Content analysis is conducted is used as a data analysis tool. Findings – The vision of Alfred Chandler regarding expansion of MNCs and their strategy related to procedure which leads this business on historic culmination. It has evolved as per observations of local market and international comparative analysis. Practical implications -The study affords Chandler's insight as historian and implication of history in the business management to solve upcoming problems in future faced by the competitive global world. Originality/value -This study explores the approach of Alfred Chandler's multi-dimensional analysis of history and his revisionist perspective in business history and management. It provides detailed background regarding management history to practitioners and commentators. It is considered as an integral part for learning and future business implications.
Alfred D. Chandler, Jr.: his work on business history and its impact on management thoughts, 2015
Purpose-The intention of this study is to focus on Alfred D. Chandler's ideas as a historian who ... more Purpose-The intention of this study is to focus on Alfred D. Chandler's ideas as a historian who draws attention to the influence of Small Management Enterprises' history of management and its practices. Design/methodology/approach-This paper evaluated Alfred Chandler's life as historian and being historian his bestowal to indulge his thoughts for management related disciplines and revisionists of theory of structure and strategy. Furthermore, this paper investigates Alfred Chandler's contributions to introduce new ideas for the understanding of US and international history of business. Content analysis is conducted is used as a data analysis tool. Findings-The vision of Alfred Chandler regarding expansion of MNCs and their strategy related to procedure which leads this business on historic culmination. It has evolved as per observations of local market and international comparative analysis. Practical implications-The study affords Chandler's insight as historian and implication of history in the business management to solve upcoming problems in future faced by the competitive global world. Originality/value-This study explores the approach of Alfred Chandler's multi-dimensional analysis of history and his revisionist perspective in business history and management. It provides detailed background regarding management history to practitioners and commentators. It is considered as an integral part for learning and future business implications.
Spiritthe breath of lifeis what we have in common with all living beings. Although, to find out, ... more Spiritthe breath of lifeis what we have in common with all living beings. Although, to find out, discus and present the relationship in between spirituality and super science is beyond the capacity of those having average IQ level and living in postmodern paradigm with less knowledge of epistemology. We start with the inaugural ceremony held under the vision of Prime Minister Imran Khan and he laid the foundation stone of Al-Qadir University of Sufism, Science, and Technology in Sohawa, Jhelum on 5 th May, 2019. It has been named after Hazrat Sheikh Abdul Qadir Jilani (RA), who linked science and spirituality. Research on spirituality will be conducted being fundamental discipline of this university. While addressing to the ceremony, PM, IK expressed that countries cannot progress till its people get education. His emphasis on the realization of serious dearth of leaders corroborated his high determination and will power not only to implement ideology of Pakistan but also to make Pakistan a welfare state which he envisioned for 23 years ago.
Paper is part of our everyday life and it should be used sagaciously. In today’s electronic age, ... more Paper is part of our everyday life and it should be used sagaciously. In today’s electronic age, people are starting to cogitate going paperless. But there’s still a long way to mitigate our reliance on this very important human product. It is rarely considerable for us to value the process of paper production, distribution, use, and disposal which require a large amount of energy and raw materials.
Social behavior is a set of actions executed by individuals of the same species when they interac... more Social behavior is a set of actions executed by individuals of the same species when they interact with each other. Humans and animals both engage in social behavior; social interaction can be verbal and nonverbal. Some examples of human social behavior are: watching sports together, teaching, religious rituals, exchanging nonverbal signals (like smiles or frowns), snubbing or "putting down" another person, singing or making music together, offering reassurance or consolation, conversation, flirting and any act of cooperation between individuals. Social behaviors can be friendly, mutualistic, aggressive, altruistic and equally antagonistic. Our social behaviors are interpreted in different social scenarios which is purely depended on the social interactions. But it's imperative not to conflate social behavior, which is neutral with respect to the nature of the social interactions. The human social behavior has typically been perceived as a changing of behaviors which is strictly bonded with the situation. There was time when these social behaviors were not publicized but now with the advent of electronic media, people and their life events and happenings along with their attitudes are exposed to an extent that was not exposed earlier. It is evident from existing literature that new media technologies have grave impact on the social interaction among masses; as the talk shows, breaking news and post mortem of every single headline on the name of critical analyses and many other ways. On the other hand, new media technologies can assist in increasing interaction amongst families by bringing generations and family members together. As a result, it can help to bridge generational and digital divides. Novel situations and information presented through electronic media has formed interactions that are completely new to people. A political leader could no longer tailor a speech to just one audience, for their speech would be translated and heard by anyone through the media. People can no longer play drastically different roles when put in different situations, because the situations overlap more as information is more readily available. Communication flows more quickly and fluidly through media, causing behavior to merge accordingly. Media has also been shown to have an impact on promoting different types of social behaviors, such as prosocial and aggressive behavior. Violence publicized through the media has led to more aggressive behavior to its viewers, though it was not meant for. Our social behaviors are trimmed, personalized, sophisticated, resilient and socio-culturally oriented by the time. These behaviors can be either positive or negative but they are developed and nurtured on the lines; any society breathes on. The fast growing usage of social networks including Facebook, Instagram, twitter, snapchat etc. have filled the life of common man with more complexes and frustration. The race to supersede others and a sharp sense of jealousy is encouraged and shaped social behavior being a part of specific community. The situation is getting worsen that any happening having no spice badly fail to capture the attention of audience , conversely
New Public Management is used to regulate government policies meant to enhance performance of pub... more New Public Management is used to regulate government policies meant to enhance performance of public sector that ultimately facilitates general public interest and improve their living standards. New Public Management is inevitable as under this approach modern governments are inclined to bring reforms in an effort to improve efficiency and effectiveness of public sector by adopting private sector practices. Pakistan is also influenced by NPM as reforms in public sector have been developed and implemented to some extent with weak claims of improved performance. The lack of actual improvement in performance raises many questions on the effectiveness of NPM implementation in Pakistan. This study aims to explore these questions by measuring factors influencing performance of public sector organizations in Pakistan. This study adopted quantitative approach to conduct an empirical investigation. Research framework includes major factors of NPM based on literature. Data was collected using adopted questionnaires for each variable. Survey was done from a sample taken from public sectors enterprises in Punjab province under random sampling technique. Data was analyzed using various statistical techniques. Demographics were analyzed in the form of descriptive statistics. Research variables were analyzed using Multiple Regression analysis and Pearson Correlation analysis. Regression assumptions were tested which were fulfilled. Reliability and validity were also tested. Findings show that both ‚Democratization and Participation (Involvement in Decision Making)‛; and ‚Customer Concept (Customer Orientation)‛ have positive influence on performance under NPM. Whereas interestingly ‚Decentralization (Delegation)‛ has negative influence on performance under NPM as a result of resistance of employees towards recent attempts of Devolution of power or authority. But surprisingly ‚Management Style (HR Practices)‛ show no influence on performance under NPM as a result of unresponsiveness of employees towards modern management related practices. Recommendations have been provided as general and specific strategies for effective implementation of NPM in order to enhance organizational performance under NPM.
This literature review offers a synthesis of the past and contemporary studies about conflict and... more This literature review offers a synthesis of the past and contemporary studies about conflict and types of conflict. Factors that influence the nature of such disagreements and transform them into dysfunctional or functional conflicts have been explored. A model has been developed based on the literature review identifying the key types and relationship between the factors that trigger, promote or diminish organizational conflict.
Purpose - The intention of this study is to focus on Alfred D. Chandler’s ideas as a historian ... more Purpose - The intention of this study is to focus on Alfred D. Chandler’s ideas as a historian who draws attention to the influence of Small Management Enterprises’ history of management and its practices.
Design/methodology/approach – This paper evaluated Alfred Chandler’s life as historian and being historian his bestowal to indulge his thoughts for management related disciplines and revisionists of theory of structure and strategy. Furthermore, this paper investigates Alfred Chandler’s contributions to introduce new ideas for the understanding of US and international history of business. Content analysis is conducted is used as a data analysis tool.
Findings – The vision of Alfred Chandler regarding expansion of MNCs and their strategy related to procedure which leads this business on historic culmination. It has evolved as per observations of local market and international comparative analysis.
Practical implications - The study affords Chandler’s insight as historian and implication of history in the business management to solve upcoming problems in future faced by the competitive global world. Originality/value - This study explores the approach of Alfred Chandler’s multi- dimensional analysis of history and his revisionist perspective in business history and management. It provides detailed background regarding management history to practitioners and commentators. It is considered as an integral part for learning and future business implications.
Keywords - Management history, Business practices, Business growth.
International Research Journal of Management, IT and Social sciences, 2020
Code-switching refers to the use of more than one language in a sentence or discourse. It is a na... more Code-switching refers to the use of more than one language in a sentence or discourse. It is a natural commix that happens in utterances in bilingual and multilingual speakers reasoning one or more communal languages. Codeswitching (CS) denotes an alteration that is recorded between more than one variation in language following in the context of a single conversation. In sociolinguistics, code-switching is considered not merely one element of social life but encircles the social strata of speakers' social settings, linguistic variation and social variables. It is a linguistic strategy of bilingual or multilingual speakers. It is referred to as a "conversational scheme which is employed to constitute, cross or abolish group boundaries, to create, evoke or change interactive relation with their rights and commitments". (Gal, 1988). In multilingual contexts like Pakistan, code-switching is a common phenomenon. It appears as a conscious choice of language teachers to promote second language (L2) learning and improve second language comprehension among L2 learners. This article highlights the benefits of code-switching in the course of learning, explores some of the aspects of code-switching and its effectiveness in increasing L2 comprehension among the students at UE. It helped to illustrate the impact of code-switching to make classroom sessions interactive, to know the main causes of code-switching in communication and to know those triggering factors which forced students to switch from the native language (L1) to L2.
New Public Management is used to regulate government policies meant to enhance performance of pub... more New Public Management is used to regulate government policies meant to enhance performance of public sector that ultimately facilitates general public interest and improve their living standards. New Public Management is inevitable as under this approach modern governments are inclined to bring reforms in an effort to improve efficiency and effectiveness of public sector by adopting private sector practices. Pakistan is also influenced by NPM as reforms in public sector have been developed and implemented to some extent with weak claims of improved performance. The lack of actual improvement in performance raises many questions on the effectiveness of NPM implementation in Pakistan. This study aims to explore these questions by measuring factors influencing performance of public sector organizations in Pakistan. This study adopted quantitative approach to conduct an empirical investigation. Research framework includes major factors of NPM based on literature. Data was collected usin...
This literature review offers a synthesis of the past and contemporary studies about conflict and... more This literature review offers a synthesis of the past and contemporary studies about conflict and types of conflict. Factors that influence the nature of such disagreements and transform them into dysfunctional or functional conflicts have been explored. A model has been developed based on the literature review identifying the key types and relationship between the factors that trigger, promote or diminish organizational conflict.
ABSTRACT Atif Masood Ch); [email protected] (Sidra Shafi) Abstract Purpose -The intention of thi... more ABSTRACT Atif Masood Ch); [email protected] (Sidra Shafi) Abstract Purpose -The intention of this study is to focus on Alfred D. Chandler's ideas as a historian who draws attention to the influence of Small Management Enterprises' history of management and its practices. Design/methodology/approach – This paper evaluated Alfred Chandler's life as historian and being historian his bestowal to indulge his thoughts for management related disciplines and revisionists of theory of structure and strategy. Furthermore, this paper investigates Alfred Chandler's contributions to introduce new ideas for the understanding of US and international history of business. Content analysis is conducted is used as a data analysis tool. Findings – The vision of Alfred Chandler regarding expansion of MNCs and their strategy related to procedure which leads this business on historic culmination. It has evolved as per observations of local market and international comparative analysis. Practical implications -The study affords Chandler's insight as historian and implication of history in the business management to solve upcoming problems in future faced by the competitive global world. Originality/value -This study explores the approach of Alfred Chandler's multi-dimensional analysis of history and his revisionist perspective in business history and management. It provides detailed background regarding management history to practitioners and commentators. It is considered as an integral part for learning and future business implications.
Alfred D. Chandler, Jr.: his work on business history and its impact on management thoughts, 2015
Purpose-The intention of this study is to focus on Alfred D. Chandler's ideas as a historian who ... more Purpose-The intention of this study is to focus on Alfred D. Chandler's ideas as a historian who draws attention to the influence of Small Management Enterprises' history of management and its practices. Design/methodology/approach-This paper evaluated Alfred Chandler's life as historian and being historian his bestowal to indulge his thoughts for management related disciplines and revisionists of theory of structure and strategy. Furthermore, this paper investigates Alfred Chandler's contributions to introduce new ideas for the understanding of US and international history of business. Content analysis is conducted is used as a data analysis tool. Findings-The vision of Alfred Chandler regarding expansion of MNCs and their strategy related to procedure which leads this business on historic culmination. It has evolved as per observations of local market and international comparative analysis. Practical implications-The study affords Chandler's insight as historian and implication of history in the business management to solve upcoming problems in future faced by the competitive global world. Originality/value-This study explores the approach of Alfred Chandler's multi-dimensional analysis of history and his revisionist perspective in business history and management. It provides detailed background regarding management history to practitioners and commentators. It is considered as an integral part for learning and future business implications.
Spiritthe breath of lifeis what we have in common with all living beings. Although, to find out, ... more Spiritthe breath of lifeis what we have in common with all living beings. Although, to find out, discus and present the relationship in between spirituality and super science is beyond the capacity of those having average IQ level and living in postmodern paradigm with less knowledge of epistemology. We start with the inaugural ceremony held under the vision of Prime Minister Imran Khan and he laid the foundation stone of Al-Qadir University of Sufism, Science, and Technology in Sohawa, Jhelum on 5 th May, 2019. It has been named after Hazrat Sheikh Abdul Qadir Jilani (RA), who linked science and spirituality. Research on spirituality will be conducted being fundamental discipline of this university. While addressing to the ceremony, PM, IK expressed that countries cannot progress till its people get education. His emphasis on the realization of serious dearth of leaders corroborated his high determination and will power not only to implement ideology of Pakistan but also to make Pakistan a welfare state which he envisioned for 23 years ago.
Paper is part of our everyday life and it should be used sagaciously. In today’s electronic age, ... more Paper is part of our everyday life and it should be used sagaciously. In today’s electronic age, people are starting to cogitate going paperless. But there’s still a long way to mitigate our reliance on this very important human product. It is rarely considerable for us to value the process of paper production, distribution, use, and disposal which require a large amount of energy and raw materials.
Social behavior is a set of actions executed by individuals of the same species when they interac... more Social behavior is a set of actions executed by individuals of the same species when they interact with each other. Humans and animals both engage in social behavior; social interaction can be verbal and nonverbal. Some examples of human social behavior are: watching sports together, teaching, religious rituals, exchanging nonverbal signals (like smiles or frowns), snubbing or "putting down" another person, singing or making music together, offering reassurance or consolation, conversation, flirting and any act of cooperation between individuals. Social behaviors can be friendly, mutualistic, aggressive, altruistic and equally antagonistic. Our social behaviors are interpreted in different social scenarios which is purely depended on the social interactions. But it's imperative not to conflate social behavior, which is neutral with respect to the nature of the social interactions. The human social behavior has typically been perceived as a changing of behaviors which is strictly bonded with the situation. There was time when these social behaviors were not publicized but now with the advent of electronic media, people and their life events and happenings along with their attitudes are exposed to an extent that was not exposed earlier. It is evident from existing literature that new media technologies have grave impact on the social interaction among masses; as the talk shows, breaking news and post mortem of every single headline on the name of critical analyses and many other ways. On the other hand, new media technologies can assist in increasing interaction amongst families by bringing generations and family members together. As a result, it can help to bridge generational and digital divides. Novel situations and information presented through electronic media has formed interactions that are completely new to people. A political leader could no longer tailor a speech to just one audience, for their speech would be translated and heard by anyone through the media. People can no longer play drastically different roles when put in different situations, because the situations overlap more as information is more readily available. Communication flows more quickly and fluidly through media, causing behavior to merge accordingly. Media has also been shown to have an impact on promoting different types of social behaviors, such as prosocial and aggressive behavior. Violence publicized through the media has led to more aggressive behavior to its viewers, though it was not meant for. Our social behaviors are trimmed, personalized, sophisticated, resilient and socio-culturally oriented by the time. These behaviors can be either positive or negative but they are developed and nurtured on the lines; any society breathes on. The fast growing usage of social networks including Facebook, Instagram, twitter, snapchat etc. have filled the life of common man with more complexes and frustration. The race to supersede others and a sharp sense of jealousy is encouraged and shaped social behavior being a part of specific community. The situation is getting worsen that any happening having no spice badly fail to capture the attention of audience , conversely
New Public Management is used to regulate government policies meant to enhance performance of pub... more New Public Management is used to regulate government policies meant to enhance performance of public sector that ultimately facilitates general public interest and improve their living standards. New Public Management is inevitable as under this approach modern governments are inclined to bring reforms in an effort to improve efficiency and effectiveness of public sector by adopting private sector practices. Pakistan is also influenced by NPM as reforms in public sector have been developed and implemented to some extent with weak claims of improved performance. The lack of actual improvement in performance raises many questions on the effectiveness of NPM implementation in Pakistan. This study aims to explore these questions by measuring factors influencing performance of public sector organizations in Pakistan. This study adopted quantitative approach to conduct an empirical investigation. Research framework includes major factors of NPM based on literature. Data was collected using adopted questionnaires for each variable. Survey was done from a sample taken from public sectors enterprises in Punjab province under random sampling technique. Data was analyzed using various statistical techniques. Demographics were analyzed in the form of descriptive statistics. Research variables were analyzed using Multiple Regression analysis and Pearson Correlation analysis. Regression assumptions were tested which were fulfilled. Reliability and validity were also tested. Findings show that both ‚Democratization and Participation (Involvement in Decision Making)‛; and ‚Customer Concept (Customer Orientation)‛ have positive influence on performance under NPM. Whereas interestingly ‚Decentralization (Delegation)‛ has negative influence on performance under NPM as a result of resistance of employees towards recent attempts of Devolution of power or authority. But surprisingly ‚Management Style (HR Practices)‛ show no influence on performance under NPM as a result of unresponsiveness of employees towards modern management related practices. Recommendations have been provided as general and specific strategies for effective implementation of NPM in order to enhance organizational performance under NPM.
This literature review offers a synthesis of the past and contemporary studies about conflict and... more This literature review offers a synthesis of the past and contemporary studies about conflict and types of conflict. Factors that influence the nature of such disagreements and transform them into dysfunctional or functional conflicts have been explored. A model has been developed based on the literature review identifying the key types and relationship between the factors that trigger, promote or diminish organizational conflict.
Purpose - The intention of this study is to focus on Alfred D. Chandler’s ideas as a historian ... more Purpose - The intention of this study is to focus on Alfred D. Chandler’s ideas as a historian who draws attention to the influence of Small Management Enterprises’ history of management and its practices.
Design/methodology/approach – This paper evaluated Alfred Chandler’s life as historian and being historian his bestowal to indulge his thoughts for management related disciplines and revisionists of theory of structure and strategy. Furthermore, this paper investigates Alfred Chandler’s contributions to introduce new ideas for the understanding of US and international history of business. Content analysis is conducted is used as a data analysis tool.
Findings – The vision of Alfred Chandler regarding expansion of MNCs and their strategy related to procedure which leads this business on historic culmination. It has evolved as per observations of local market and international comparative analysis.
Practical implications - The study affords Chandler’s insight as historian and implication of history in the business management to solve upcoming problems in future faced by the competitive global world. Originality/value - This study explores the approach of Alfred Chandler’s multi- dimensional analysis of history and his revisionist perspective in business history and management. It provides detailed background regarding management history to practitioners and commentators. It is considered as an integral part for learning and future business implications.
Keywords - Management history, Business practices, Business growth.
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Papers by Rehman Asif
the influence of Small Management Enterprises’ history of management and its practices.
Design/methodology/approach – This paper evaluated Alfred Chandler’s life as historian and being historian his
bestowal to indulge his thoughts for management related disciplines and revisionists of theory of structure and
strategy. Furthermore, this paper investigates Alfred Chandler’s contributions to introduce new ideas for the
understanding of US and international history of business. Content analysis is conducted is used as a data analysis
tool.
Findings – The vision of Alfred Chandler regarding expansion of MNCs and their strategy related to procedure
which leads this business on historic culmination. It has evolved as per observations of local market and international
comparative analysis.
Practical implications - The study affords Chandler’s insight as historian and implication of history in the business
management to solve upcoming problems in future faced by the competitive global world.
Originality/value - This study explores the approach of Alfred Chandler’s multi- dimensional analysis of history and
his revisionist perspective in business history and management. It provides detailed background regarding
management history to practitioners and commentators. It is considered as an integral part for learning and future
business implications.
Keywords - Management history, Business practices, Business growth.
Paper type - Research paper.
the influence of Small Management Enterprises’ history of management and its practices.
Design/methodology/approach – This paper evaluated Alfred Chandler’s life as historian and being historian his
bestowal to indulge his thoughts for management related disciplines and revisionists of theory of structure and
strategy. Furthermore, this paper investigates Alfred Chandler’s contributions to introduce new ideas for the
understanding of US and international history of business. Content analysis is conducted is used as a data analysis
tool.
Findings – The vision of Alfred Chandler regarding expansion of MNCs and their strategy related to procedure
which leads this business on historic culmination. It has evolved as per observations of local market and international
comparative analysis.
Practical implications - The study affords Chandler’s insight as historian and implication of history in the business
management to solve upcoming problems in future faced by the competitive global world.
Originality/value - This study explores the approach of Alfred Chandler’s multi- dimensional analysis of history and
his revisionist perspective in business history and management. It provides detailed background regarding
management history to practitioners and commentators. It is considered as an integral part for learning and future
business implications.
Keywords - Management history, Business practices, Business growth.
Paper type - Research paper.