Papers by Scott O'Grady PhD
Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 2022
American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology, 1985
Addition of atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) to the contraluminal side of the intestinal mucosa of... more Addition of atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) to the contraluminal side of the intestinal mucosa of a marine teleost, the winter flounder Pseudopleuronectes americanus, inhibits short-circuit current, net transepithelial fluxes of Na and Cl, and the unidirectional influx of Rb across the brush border membrane. This action of ANF is closely mimicked by addition of 8-bromo-guanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (8-BrcGMP). In contrast to the intestine, the opercular epithelium of the flounder did not respond to the in vitro addition of either ANF or 8-BrcGMP. Because intestinal salt and water absorption diminishes when marine fish enter water of lower salinity, ANF may be an important hormonal regulator through which euryhaline fish adapt to varying salinities.
Molecules, 2020
Adenosine and uric acid (UA) play a pivotal role in lung diseases such as asthma and chronic obst... more Adenosine and uric acid (UA) play a pivotal role in lung diseases such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). In the present experiments, we measured adenosine synthesis from nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) in membranes prepared from wild type (WT) and CD38 knockout (CD38KO) mouse lungs, from cultured airway smooth muscle and epithelial cells, and in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid after airway challenge with epidemiologically relevant allergens. Adenosine was determined using an enzymatically coupled assay that produces ATP and is detected by luminescence. Uric acid was determined by ELISA. Exposure of cultured airway epithelial cells to Alternaria alternata extract caused significant nucleotide (NAD+ and ATP) release in the culture media. The addition of NAD+ to membranes prepared from WT mice resulted in faster generation of adenosine compared to membranes from CD38KO mice. Formation of adenosine from NAD+ affected UA and ATP concentrations, its main do...
Neutrophil extracellular traps contribute to lung injury in cystic fibrosis and asthma, but the m... more Neutrophil extracellular traps contribute to lung injury in cystic fibrosis and asthma, but the mechanisms are poorly understood. We sought to understand the impact of human NETs on barrier function in primary human bronchial epithelial and a human airway epithelial cell line. We demonstrate that NETs disrupt airway epithelial barrier function by decreasing transepithelial electrical resistance and increasing paracellular flux, partially by NET-induced airway cell apoptosis. NETs selectively impact the expression of tight junction genes claudins 4, 8 and 11. Bronchial epithelia exposed to NETs demonstrate visible gaps in E-cadherin staining, a decrease in full-length E-cadherin protein and the appearance of cleaved E-cadherin peptides. Pretreatment of NETs with alpha-1 antitrypsin (A1AT) inhibits NET serine protease activity, limits E-cadherin cleavage, decreases bronchial cell apoptosis and preserves epithelial integrity. In conclusion, NETs disrupt human airway epithelial barrier ...
American Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology, Oct 1, 2013
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is caused by mutations in the tightly regulated anion channel cystic fibrosi... more Cystic fibrosis (CF) is caused by mutations in the tightly regulated anion channel cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR), yet much of the pathology in this disease results from mucus obstruction of the small airways and other organs. Mucus stasis has been attributed to the abnormal luminal environment of CF airways, which results from dehydration of the mucus gel or low bicarbonate concentration. We show here that CFTR and MUC5AC are present in single mucin-containing granules isolated from a human airway epithelial cell line and from highly differentiated airway primary cell cultures. CFTR was not detected in MUC5AC granules from CFTR knockdown cells or CF primary cells. The results suggest a direct link between CFTR and the mucus defect.
The Journal of Physiology, Feb 1, 2008
Apical uridine triphosphate (UTP) stimulation was shown to increase short circuit current (Isc) i... more Apical uridine triphosphate (UTP) stimulation was shown to increase short circuit current (Isc) in immortalized porcine endometrial gland epithelial monolayers. Pretreatment with the bee venom toxin apamin enhanced this response. Voltage-clamp experiments using amphotericin B-permeablized monolayers revealed that the apamin-sensitive current increased immediately after UTP stimulation and was K+ dependent. The current–voltage relationship was slightly inwardly rectifying with a reversal potential of −52 ± 2 mV, and the PK/PNa ratio was 14, indicating high selectivity for K+. Concentration–response relationships for apamin and dequalinium had IC50 values of 0.5 nm and 1.8 μm, respectively, consistent with data previously reported for SK3 channels in excitable cells and hepatocytes. Treatment of monolayers with 50 μm BAPTA-AM completely blocked the effects of UTP on K+ channel activation, indicating that the apamin-sensitive current was also Ca2+ dependent. Moreover, channel activation was blocked by calmidazolium (IC50= 5 μm), suggesting a role for calmodulin in Ca2+-dependent regulation of channel activity. RT-PCR experiments demonstrated expression of mRNA for the SK1 and SK3 channels, but not SK2 channels. Treatment of monolayers with 20 nm oestradiol-17β produced a 2-fold increase in SK3 mRNA, a 2-fold decrease in SK1 mRNA, but no change in GAPDH mRNA expression. This result correlated with a 2.5-fold increase in apamin-sensitive K+ channel activity in the apical membrane. We speculate that SK channels provide a mechanism for rapidly sensing changes in intracellular Ca2+ near the apical membrane, evoking immediate hyperpolarization necessary for increasing the driving force for anion efflux following P2Y receptor activation.
The Journal of Physiology, Aug 9, 2013
Exposure of human bronchial epithelial (HBE) cells from normal and asthmatic subjects to extracts... more Exposure of human bronchial epithelial (HBE) cells from normal and asthmatic subjects to extracts from Alternaria alternata evoked a rapid and sustained release of ATP with greater efficacy observed in epithelial cells from asthmatic patients. Previously, Alternaria allergens were shown to produce a sustained increase in intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) that was dependent on the coordinated activation of specific purinergic receptor (P2Y2 and P2X7) subtypes. In the present study, pretreatment with a cell-permeable Ca2+-chelating compound (BAPTA-AM) significantly inhibited ATP release, indicating dependency on [Ca2+]i. Alternaria-evoked ATP release exhibited a greater peak response and a slightly lower EC50 value in cells obtained from asthmatic donors compared to normal control cells. Furthermore, the maximum increase in [Ca2+]i resulting from Alternaria treatment was greater in cells from asthmatic patients compared to normal subjects. The vesicle transport inhibitor brefeldin A and BAPTA-AM significantly blocked Alternaria-stimulated incorporation of fluorescent lipid (FM1-43)-labelled vesicles into the plasma membrane and ATP release. In addition, inhibiting uptake of ATP into exocytotic vesicles with bafilomycin also reduced ATP release comparable to the effects of brefeldin A and BAPTA-AM. These results indicate that an important mechanism for Alternaria-induced ATP release is Ca2+ dependent and involves exocytosis of ATP. Serine and cysteine protease inhibitors also reduced Alternaria-induced ATP release; however, the sustained increase in [Ca2+]i typically observed following Alternaria exposure appeared to be independent of protease-activated receptor (PAR2) stimulation.
Purinergic Signalling, Dec 1, 2004
Agonist activation of the hP2Y 1 receptor expressed in Xenopus oocytes stimulated an endogenous v... more Agonist activation of the hP2Y 1 receptor expressed in Xenopus oocytes stimulated an endogenous voltage-gated ion channel, previously identified as the transient inward (T in) channel. When human P2Y 1 (hP2Y 1) and skate P2Y (sP2Y) receptors were expressed in Xenopus oocytes, time-to-peak values (a measure of the response to membrane hyperpolarization) of the T in channel were significantly reduced compared to oocytes expressing the hB 1-bradykinin receptor or the rat M 1-muscarinic (rM 1) receptor. Differences in activation were also observed in the T in currents elicited by various P2Y receptor subtypes. The time-to-peak values of the T in channel in oocytes expressing the hP2Y 4 , hP2Y 11 , or hB 1-bradykinin receptors were similar, whereas the channel had significantly shorter time-to-peak values in oocytes expressing either the hP2Y 1 or sP2Y receptor. Amino acid substitutions at His-132, located in the third transmembrane domain (TM3) of the hP2Y 1 receptor, delayed the onset of channel opening, but not the kinetics of the activation process. In addition, Zn 2+ sensitivity was also dependent on the subtype of P2Y receptor expressed. Replacement of His-132 in the hP2Y 1 receptor with either Ala or Phe increased Zn 2+ sensitivity of the T in current. In contrast, truncation of the C-terminal region of the hP2Y 1 receptor had no affect on activation or Zn 2+ sensitivity of the T in channel. These results suggested that TM3 in the hP2Y 1 receptor was involved in modulating ion channel function and blocker pharmacology of the T in channel.
The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Feb 1, 2021
Journal of Immunology, Apr 1, 2011
The molecular mechanisms underlying the initiation of innate and adaptive proallergic Th2-type re... more The molecular mechanisms underlying the initiation of innate and adaptive proallergic Th2-type responses in the airways are not well understood. IL-33 is a new member of the IL-1 family of molecules that is implicated in Th2-type responses. Airway exposure of naive mice to a common environmental aeroallergen, the fungus Alternaria alternata, induces rapid release of IL-33 into the airway lumen, followed by innate Th2-type responses. Biologically active IL-33 is constitutively stored in the nuclei of human airway epithelial cells. Exposing these epithelial cells to A. alternata releases IL-33 extracellularly in vitro. Allergen exposure also induces acute extracellular accumulation of a danger signal, ATP; autocrine ATP sustains increases in intracellular Ca 2+ concentration and releases IL-33 through activation of P2 purinergic receptors. Pharmacological inhibitors of purinergic receptors or deficiency in the P2Y2 gene abrogate IL-33 release and Th2-type responses in the Alternaria-induced airway inflammation model in naive mice, emphasizing the essential roles for ATP and the P2Y 2 receptor. Thus, ATP and purinergic signaling in the respiratory epithelium are critical sensors for airway exposure to airborne allergens, and they may provide novel opportunities to dampen the hypersensitivity response in Th2-type airway diseases such as asthma.
Physiology
Exposure of human bronchial epithelial cells (hBECs) and mouse airways to allergens from the fung... more Exposure of human bronchial epithelial cells (hBECs) and mouse airways to allergens from the fungus Alternaria alternata triggers the release of alarmin signaling molecules including ATP, IL-33 and DNA fragments. The goal of this study was to determine the mechanisms that regulate release of genomic DNA fragments and how extracellular DNA (eDNA) contributes to type 2 immunity. Treatment of hBECs with Alternaria extract induces oxidative stress, which leads to ATP release and uptake of Ca2+ following activation of P2X receptors. DNA release was dependent on a sustained increase in intracellular [Ca2+], which stimulates cleavage of caspase 3 by the proprotein convertase enzyme furin, resulting in activation of caspase 3 and ultimately nuclear DNA fragmentation as shown in comet assays. Some of the fragmented DNA was released into the media under conditions where barrier function of the epithelium was maintained, and nuclear and plasma membranes remained intact. Alternaria-induced DNA ...
American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology, 2000
We investigated the amino acid specificity of a Na-dependent amino acid cotransport system that c... more We investigated the amino acid specificity of a Na-dependent amino acid cotransport system that contributes to transepithelial Na absorption in the apical membrane of cultured adult rat alveolar epithelial cell monolayers. Short-circuit current was increased by basic, uncharged polar, and nonpolar amino acids but not by l-aspartic acid or l-proline. EC50 values for l-lysine andl-histidine were 0.16 and 0.058 mM, respectively. Thel-lysine-stimulated short-circuit current was Na dependent, with a concentration causing a half-maximal stimulation by Na of 44.24 mM. l-Serine, l-glutamine, andl-cysteine had EC50 values of 0.095, 0.25, and 0.12 mM, respectively. l-Alanine had the highest affinity, with an EC50 of 0.027 mM. We conclude that monolayer cultures of adult rat alveolar epithelial cells possess a broad-specificity Na-dependent amino acid cotransport system with properties consistent with system B0,+. We suggest that this cotransport system plays a critical role in recycling of co...
The Journal of Membrane Biology, 2001
The effect of beta-adrenergic receptor stimulation on Cl- channel activation was investigated in ... more The effect of beta-adrenergic receptor stimulation on Cl- channel activation was investigated in alveolar epithelial cells grown in monolayer culture and in freshly isolated cells. Monolayers cultured under apical air interface conditions exhibited enhanced amiloride-sensitive Na+ transport compared to apical liquid interface monolayers. Amiloride or benzamil inhibited most (66%) of the basal short circuit current (Isc) with half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of 0.62 microm and 0.09 microm respectively. Basolateral addition of terbutaline (2 microm) produced a rapid decrease in Isc followed by a slow recovery that exceeded the basal Isc. When Cl- was replaced with methanesulfonate in either intact monolayers or basolateral membrane permeabilized monolayers, the response to terbutaline (2 microm) was completely inhibited. No effect of terbutaline on amiloride-sensitive Na+ current was detected. beta-Adrenergic agonists and 8-chlorothiophenyl cyclic adenosine monophosphate (8-ctp cAMP) directly stimulated a Cl- channel in freshly isolated alveolar epithelial cells. The current was blocked by glibenclamide (100 microm) and had a reversal potential of -22 mV. No increase in amiloride-sensitve current was detected in response to terbutaline or 8-cpt cAMP stimulation. These data support the conclusion that beta-adrenergic agonists produce acute activation of apical Cl- channels and that monolayers maintained under apical air interface conditions exhibit increased Na+ absorption.
The Journal of Physiology, 2012
The mechanisms of anion and fluid transport by airway submucosal glands are not well understood a... more The mechanisms of anion and fluid transport by airway submucosal glands are not well understood and may differ from those in surface epithelium. • The Calu-3 cell line is often used as a model for submucosal gland serous cells and has cAMP-stimulated fluid secretion; however, it does not actively transport chloride under short-circuit conditions. • In this study we show that fluid secretion requires chloride, bicarbonate and sodium, that chloride is the predominant anion in Calu-3 secretions, and that a large fraction of the basolateral chloride loading during cAMP stimulation occurs by Cl − /HCO 3 − exchange. • The results suggest a novel cellular model for anion and fluid secretion by Calu-3 and submucosal gland acinar cells Abstract Anion and fluid secretion are both defective in cystic fibrosis (CF); however, the transport mechanisms are not well understood. In this study, Cl − and HCO 3 − secretion was measured using genetically matched CF transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR)-deficient and CFTR-expressing cell lines derived from the human airway epithelial cell line Calu-3. Forskolin stimulated the short-circuit current (I sc) across voltage-clamped monolayers, and also increased the equivalent short-circuit current (I eq) calculated under open-circuit conditions. I sc was equivalent to the HCO 3 − net flux measured using the pH-stat technique, whereas I eq was the sum of the Cl − and HCO 3 − net fluxes. I eq and HCO 3 − fluxes were increased by bafilomycin and ZnCl 2 , suggesting that some secreted HCO 3 − is neutralized by parallel electrogenic H + secretion. I eq and fluid secretion were dependent on the presence of both Na + and HCO 3 −. The carbonic anhydrase inhibitor acetazolamide abolished forskolin stimulation of I eq and HCO 3 − secretion, suggesting that HCO 3 − transport under these conditions requires catalysed synthesis of carbonic acid. Cl − was the predominant anion in secretions under all conditions studied and thus drives most of the fluid transport. Nevertheless, 50-70% of Cl − and fluid transport was bumetanide-insensitive, suggesting basolateral Cl − loading by a sodium-potassium-chloride cotransporter 1 (NKCC1)-independent mechanism. Imposing a transepithelial HCO 3 − gradient across basolaterally permeabilized Calu-3 cells sustained a forskolin-stimulated current, which was sensitive to CFTR inhibitors and drastically reduced in CFTR-deficient cells. Net HCO 3 − secretion was increased by bilateral Cl − removal and therefore did not require apical Cl − /HCO 3 − exchange. The results suggest a model in which most HCO 3 − is recycled basolaterally by exchange
Journal of Membrane Biology, 2003
Stimulation of adult rat alveolar epithelial cells with terbutaline was previously shown to activ... more Stimulation of adult rat alveolar epithelial cells with terbutaline was previously shown to activate Cl- channels in the apical membrane. In this study, we show that terbutaline stimulates net transepithelial (apical-to-basolateral) Cl- absorption from 0.19 +/- 0.13 to 1.43 +/- 0.31 mmol x cm-2 x hr-1. Terbutaline also increases net Cl- efflux across the basolateral membrane under conditions where an outward [K+] gradient exists and the membrane voltage is clamped at zero mV. When the [K+] gradient is eliminated, the effect of terbutaline on net Cl- efflux is inhibited to the extent that no significant Cl- efflux can be detected across the basolateral membrane. RT-PCR experiments detected mRNA for three KCl cotransport isoforms (KCC1, KCC3 and KCC4) in monolayer cultures of alveolar epithelial cells. Western blot analysis using antibodies to the four cloned isoforms of KCl cotransporters revealed the presence of KCC1 and KCC4 isoforms in monolayer cultures of these cells. These results provide evidence suggesting a role for KCl cotransport in terbutaline-stimulated transepithelial Cl- absorption.
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Papers by Scott O'Grady PhD