Papers by Torbjorn Trondsen
Marine Policy, Sep 1, 2004
This paper explores fish auctions as a management tool for allocation of quotas and a motivating ... more This paper explores fish auctions as a management tool for allocation of quotas and a motivating institution for market-oriented value adding (MOVA) among target fishery groups, as an alternative or supplement to the individually transferable quota (ITQ) system. A management model is developed where administrative allocation of fishing rights to preferred target groups is combined with auctioning of individual seasonal quota (ISQ) rights as leasing contracts to fishery companies. It is shown how the management model maintains the positive effect of ITQs in terms of maximizing the resource rent in fisheries whilst the negative effects in terms of privatization, unfair allocation, concentration of quota power and possibly weakened linkages between fish resource utilization and coastal communities, are avoided. The costs of the administrative constraints should be weighed against the advantages of the model: (1) Sustainability and fair social allocation of the rights to utilization of the fish resources can be maintained without privatization. (2) Motivating MOVA among target groups through the allocation of ISQs to the most market-oriented and efficient fishers is encouraged since quota is leased but not owned. (3) Collective use of the resource rent is extended to the wider community.
Printer-friendly version of the Publisher's Version, published in the paper issue of Nordlys ... more Printer-friendly version of the Publisher's Version, published in the paper issue of Nordlys and online in Nordlys Nordnorsk debatt .
Social Science Research Network, Sep 9, 2008
Recent research has drawn attention to the role of past behaviour and habit in the overall struct... more Recent research has drawn attention to the role of past behaviour and habit in the overall structure of consumer behaviour. We argue that in cross-sectional data past behaviour and habit must be confounded with present beliefs and attitudes when the behaviour in question has been enacted numerous times before. To disentangle the effects, longitudinal data were collected from a large panel of Norwegian consumers (effective N = 4184) in 1996, 2000, and 2004. Cross-lagged panel analysis indicated that higher consumption of traditional seafood led to increasingly negative evaluations of the product supply. These negative evaluations, in turn, prompted substitution of traditional seafood with newly available, processed seafood products and an increasing dominance of aqua-cultured species. The theoretical discussion focuses on the inability of static models of consumer behaviour (in particular, the theory of planned behaviour) to capture such dynamic effects. Marketing and policy implications related to the changing structure of the seafood market are outlined.
Printer-friendly version of the Publisher's Version, published in the paper issue of Nordlys ... more Printer-friendly version of the Publisher's Version, published in the paper issue of Nordlys and online in Nordlys Nordnorsk debatt .
MARE publication series, 2015
This paper identifies and explains the differences in market performance of value chains for Norw... more This paper identifies and explains the differences in market performance of value chains for Norwegian and Icelandic Atlantic cod products exported to Spain from 1990 to 2008. Iceland had a higher value performance than Norway in the chain linking the coastal fishing fleet to fresh fish auctions and in the vertically linked chain from trawler fleet to processing industries. Norway, however, has achieved higher product value in the industrial fishing fleet that can sell their catches through a law-protected value chain system that includes minimum prices and frozen fish auctions. These performance differences are shown associated with the two countries’ value chain policy and regulations that have been shaping the direction of industrial conventions over time.
International Marketing Review, Feb 23, 2010
This study determines whether predictions about different degrees of market orientation in two cr... more This study determines whether predictions about different degrees of market orientation in two cross-border value chains also appear in the mental models of decision makers at two levels of these value chains. Design: The laddering method elicits mental models of actors in two value chains: Norwegian salmon exported to Japan and Danish pork exported to Japan. The analysis of the mental models centers on potential overlap and linkages between actors in the value chain, including elements in the mental models that may relate to the actors' market orientation. Findings: In both value chains, decision makers exhibit overlap in their views of what drives their business. The pork chain appears dominated by a focus on efficiency, technology, and quality control, though it also acknowledges communication as important. The salmon chain places more emphasis on new product development and good relations between chain partners. Research limitations/implications: While confirming prior results regarding the role of competitive pressure, end-user heterogeneity/dynamism, regulations, and trade associations, the results also generate new insights into the possible role of relational governance in promoting the market orientation of value chains. Originality: This article offers three novel ideas: using the concept of mental models as a possible mediator between factors that influence the degree of market orientation and marketoriented activity; using a laddering method to elicit mental models; and considering concepts shared among actors in a value chain as possible indicators of the degree of market orientation.
MARE publication series, 2015
Value chains constrain the business transactions’ capacity to maximize market value from limited ... more Value chains constrain the business transactions’ capacity to maximize market value from limited resources. Seafood markets exhibit a strong demand for fresh, high-quality seafood, yet empirical studies show large variations in value chains’ adaptation and exploitation of market opportunities.
Marine Policy, May 1, 2006
Management of straddling fish stocks has been noted for its political complexity. Negotiations fr... more Management of straddling fish stocks has been noted for its political complexity. Negotiations frequently falter as each party seeks to focus upon their own individual and shorter-term goals than the collective interest of the sector. Entrenched positions are often only deepened as new entrants participate to establish their own claims to any emergent share of resource. Unsurprisingly, deadlocks are common and typically compromises are reached only after the real period of biological then economic crisis has passed. Examples to illustrate this tendency can be found in most of the world's oceans and is writ large within the current impasse over blue whiting (Micromesistius poutassou) in the North Atlantic. The development of this fishery is discussed and it is shown that despite the scope to add value to the resource base through a pattern of exploitation focussed more upon human consumption than fish meal and oil, there seems little incentive to extricate participants from the cycle of demise that has engulfed negotiations so far. In an attempt to consider how such seemingly intractable problems might be resolved, attention is next turned to the construction of a new model for resource management specifically intended to contend with the problems thrown up by straddling stocks. Central to this is the need to ensure motivation and incentivisation of value chain members in both national economic zones and international waters. It is proposed that a Multinational Resource Cooperative (MRC) is established and would be the key element in the management model. The MRC, on behalf of the national stakeholders, would auction quota so that fish enterprises can purchase quota units defined in terms of species, quantity, catch area and the time of catch. The MRC would also be financed through a quota auction fee as explained below and arrange its own quota control and enforcement services. By auctioning rights to stakeholders the MRC will enable control and enforcement of the TAC; allocations of fair national shares of resource and critically, motivate fish enterprises to devise and implement market-oriented value adding strategies. Adoption of such a scheme should result in a more efficient use of the remaining straddling stocks whilst there is still time to do so. Importantly, the proposed rent distribution mechanism would also shift the focus of negotiations from being dominated by quotas and access rights to more evident pecuniary metrics.
Food Quality and Preference, May 1, 2000
Little research attention has previously been paid to understand the complementary relationship b... more Little research attention has previously been paid to understand the complementary relationship between the consumption of seafood and variation in lifestyle factors. The present paper seeks to address this question by hypothesizing that the consumption of ...
Fisheries Research, Dec 1, 1997
The paper consists of a comparative analysis of blue whiting (Micromesishius poutussou) catch rat... more The paper consists of a comparative analysis of blue whiting (Micromesishius poutussou) catch rates for surimi production in the low summer season in the Faroe Islands and Norwegian Economic Zones. The data come from commercial Russian trawlers for the period 1991-1995 and from fishery research carried out by the Japanese vessel M/Tr. Shinkzi Mum during 1994-1995. Vessel size, engine power, net size, stock density, searching capacity and timing are the main factors explaining variations in catch rate. The catch potential was between 50 and 70 tons per day and was highest for vessels over 7001 gross tons (GRT) and with greater than 7000 hp. The largest catches are taken with Norwegian types of blue whiting trawl nets with a vertical opening of around 100 m. The paper explains the variation and limitations of these factors influencing catch rate and the implications for management. 0 1997 Elsevier Science B.V.
This paper contains an analysis of the United States markets for frozen cod products. On the dema... more This paper contains an analysis of the United States markets for frozen cod products. On the demand side, consideration is given to the role of each of the specific large firms that dominate the market. How, for instance, did they react to the large increases in cod prices in 1986– 87? How free are they to make product substitutions and what additional costs are incurred when they make such substitutions? On the supply side, the market is dominated by about half-a-dozen companies from three countries. These are listed and their operations are discussed in detail. What market channels, for instance, do they use to sell their products? What is the share of each firm in the blocks and fillets markets? How do the suppliers differentiate among their products? How do they use their market power to differentiate among alternative potential purchasers of their products?
Appetite, Nov 1, 2008
Recent research has drawn attention to the role of past behaviour and habit in the overall struct... more Recent research has drawn attention to the role of past behaviour and habit in the overall structure of consumer behaviour. We argue that in cross-sectional data past behaviour and habit must be confounded with present beliefs and attitudes when the behaviour in question has been enacted numerous times before. To disentangle the effects, longitudinal data were collected from a large panel of Norwegian consumers (effective N=4184) in 1996, 2000, and 2004. Cross-lagged panel analysis indicated that higher consumption of traditional seafood led to increasingly negative evaluations of the product supply. These negative evaluations, in turn, prompted substitution of traditional seafood with newly available, processed seafood products and an increasing dominance of aqua-cultured species. The theoretical discussion focuses on the inability of static models of consumer behaviour (in particular, the theory of planned behaviour) to capture such dynamic effects. Marketing and policy implications related to the changing structure of the seafood market are outlined.
European Journal of Marketing, May 1, 2005
Journal of atmospheric and terrestrial physics, Oct 1, 1990
A real-time-winds (RTW) system from Saskatoon operated with the Tromss MF (partial retlection) ra... more A real-time-winds (RTW) system from Saskatoon operated with the Tromss MF (partial retlection) radar system on a continuous basis in the period JuneeDecember 1987. This interval includes MAC/SINE and EPSILON. Profiles with 3-km resolution were obtained every 5 min-weak ionization and few geomagnetic disturbances limited the observations normally to 80 I IO km. However. daily mean winds, diurnal and semidiurnal tidal characteristics (amplitudes. phases and wavelengths) and gravity wave characteristics (intensities, mean directions) are available throughout this interval. This is particularly valuable in defining the background state for some experiments, e.g. rockets, and for comparison with related parameters from the lidar and other radars (EISCAT, SOUSY-VHF). Comparisons with these dynamical parameters from Saskatoon (52 N) are made : the zonal circulation was weaker at Tromso, tidal amplitudes smaller. and summer 12-h tidal wavelengths shorter (5 80 km vs-100 km). The fall transition for this tide occurred in September at Tromso, earlier than observed clscwhcrc.
Marine Resource Economics, 2005
In North Norway the dominant method of exchange for fresh and frozen fish at the ex-vessel level ... more In North Norway the dominant method of exchange for fresh and frozen fish at the ex-vessel level is by direct (contract) sale, whereby price is negotiated between fish processors and the fishermen. More recently, an auction for frozen fish has been introduced. In this paper we investigate the relationship of prices between these methods of exchange and, in particular, whether the prices develop in a stable pattern between auction and direct sale by means of a cointegration analysis. Monthly prices of size-graded cod and haddock landed in the period 1997-2003 are analysed. For most months, frozen fish sold through auctions realised the highest price, followed by direct sales of fresh and frozen, respectively. Fish sold by auction exhibits a larger monthly variation in price than fish sold directly. Prices for cod were cointegrated to a larger degree than for haddock, and the cointegration was strongest for frozen cod. The analysis also demonstrates that the auction prices for frozen cod and haddock drive the direct sale prices of similar fish, both frozen and fresh, even though the quantity sold via direct sales is greater than that of auctions. Law of one price (LOP) and weak exogeneity were present for cod and haddock.
Effects of age, period and birth cohort on consumption of fat fish, lean fish and processed fish ... more Effects of age, period and birth cohort on consumption of fat fish, lean fish and processed fish were estimated based on panel data from the Norwegian Women and Seafood Consumption Study (NOWAC). Cohorts selected for the present analysis were women born between 1951 and 1966. Survey questionnaires were mailed to a stratified random sample from the Norwegian population registry in 1996 and 2001. Complete data sets for both periods were obtained from N = 4590 respondents. Data were analyzed by means of multivariate linear models. Results indicate that overall consumption of fat fish and processed fish increased between 1996 and 2001, while consumption of lean fish decreased. All three period effects were stable across birth cohorts. Estimation of polynomial contrasts indicated that birth cohort itself had linear effects on consumption, with older generations consuming significantly more fat and lean fish, but less processed fish than younger generations. Finally, the effects of cohort and period on consumption of lean and processed fish remained stable when biological age was controlled for, whilst the effect of period on fat fish consumption vanished. Regarding total consumption of fat fish, the relative size of the effects suggests that either (a) a positive effect of period is neutralized by a negative effect of birth cohort, resulting in a zero net effect for the period under investigation, or (b) that both effects are peripheral, caused by an underlying biological-ageing effect. Total consumption of lean fish, on the other hand, is clearly falling in Norway, whereas total consumption of processed fish is rising, suggesting clear areas for marketing action.
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Papers by Torbjorn Trondsen