The productivity of plant community is affected by climate change drivers in three pathways inclu... more The productivity of plant community is affected by climate change drivers in three pathways including direct effects of drivers on plants, the community response of species abundances to drivers and the feedback effect of community change on productivity. The productivity of C4 plants is significantly influenced by C4 metabolic process of plants. Apart from these metabolic pathways, one of the most essential elements that influence the yield of C4 plants are seasonality and temperature. In addition to all, these climatic climate change drivers have a great influence on the productivity of C4 plants. The present review focuses on how C4 plants mitigate climate change.
Improving people’s welfare is an important indicator for the leadership’s success of a regional l... more Improving people’s welfare is an important indicator for the leadership’s success of a regional leader. With numbers of indicators, Pekalongan is one area that was considered successful under the leadership of dr. Bashir Ahmad from 2005-2010 and 2010-present. The success is determined by various factors both personal and environmental factors. This research was conducted to answer the problem of personality strenght aspect/political personality (microenvironment) and social environment aspect (macroenvironment)that support or reject the mayor’s political leadership, dr. Bashir ahmad. Using qualitative analysis as type of research with in-depth interview and documentation study as data collecting technique. The result of this research shows that the successful leadership of dr.Bashir as mayor of Pekalongan in realizing people’s welfare with micro analysis is influenced by his personal’s character which are visionary, hardworker, commited in vision and programs that has been establish...
Geodemographic classifications are small area classifications of social, economic and demographic... more Geodemographic classifications are small area classifications of social, economic and demographic characteristics. The Output Area Classification (OAC) is a free geodemographic classification. It is an Office of National Statistics validated measure that summarises neighbourhood conditions at the Output Area Level across the United Kingdom. Linkage of these valuable statistics has been problematic for users more used to address records that are georeferenced using unit postcodes. OACoder resolves this problem by allowing users to link corresponding OAC codes to each of the postcode addresses. OACoder is an open source software, and it is developed and tested to work on different versions of windows operating systems. It is stored in Figshare. The source code of the OACoder is stored in SourceForge. As open source software, OACoder has reuse potential across a range of applications. The functionality of OACoder can be extended to work with the new version of OAC (2011 OAC). It is also possible to reuse the source code and extend the functionality to work on different operating systems other than Windows. Different components of the software can be reused for the purpose of reading/writing CSV files and handling large data sets.
2009 IEEE Latin-American Conference on Communications, 2009
Multicasting is a bandwidth conservation technology that can utilize the resources very efficient... more Multicasting is a bandwidth conservation technology that can utilize the resources very efficiently, reduces the traffic volume and improves the network capacity by simultaneously delivering a single stream of information to more than one intended receivers. Wireless medium is inherently multicast in nature and this property can be exploited with virtual MIMO. The improvement in BER can be achieved with multicasting over multi-hop wireless networks. The network will also be more energy efficient .The BER performance and energy consumption of two-hop networks with STBC has been simulated in this paper. These performance curves will be helpful in many ways, i.e., the selection of number of antennas on the receiver, the selection of the number of intermediate nodes (relay stations) and the selection of modulation and coding schemes to achieve a desirable BER performance. The multicast multi-hop virtual MIMO configuration is proposed for video streaming applications for Long Term Evolution (LTE) 3G wireless networks. Index terms-Multicasting, video Streaming, virtual MIMO, and multi-hop.
Aim of the present study was to document ethnomedicinal plants used against gastrointestinal comp... more Aim of the present study was to document ethnomedicinal plants used against gastrointestinal complaints in five selected remote regions of Pakistan and to select potential medicinal plants for furtherin vitroandin vivoinvestigation. Data on ethnomedicinal plants and ethnographic profile of respondents was documented using semistructured questionnaires. The present study revealed utilization of 52 medicinal plants for the treatment of different gastrointestinal infections in studied regions. Apiaceae was the most dominant family reported to be used for the treatment of these infections (4 plants). Among all the plant parts fruit (24%), whole plants and leaves (23% each) were the most preferred plant parts used by the healers. Dosage of recipe was found to be related with the age of the patient. Highest degree of informant consensus was reported for vomiting, nausea (0.92 each), abdominal pain (0.9), and diarrhea (0.89).Withania coagulansscored highest FL value (86%) followed byMentha...
The present study was conducted to determine the effect of wood ash application on different para... more The present study was conducted to determine the effect of wood ash application on different parameters of Brassica napus L. including seed germination, seedling growth, fresh and dry biomass, water content in seedlings, photosynthetic pigments, soluble sugars, total protein and cell viability. In addition, the effect of wood ash on soil microflora and accumulation of trace elements in seedlings were determined. The seeds of B. napus were grown at different doses of wood ash (0, 1, 10, 25, 50 and 100 g (wood ash)/kg (soil)) and the effect on various parameters was determined. Wood ash significantly inhibited seed germination at doses above 25 g/kg and there was no germination at 100 g/kg of wood ash. At lower concentrations of wood ash, most of the growth parameters of seedlings were stimulated, but at higher concentrations of wood ash most of the studied parameters were adversely affected. Wood ash was found to be very detrimental to B. napus when applied above 25 g/kg. Wood ash application resulted in an increased bioaccumulation of trace elements in seedlings of B. napus. Almost all trace elements were significantly higher in seedlings grown in wood ash above 10 g/kg as compared to the control. An increase in total microbial count was observed with wood ash treatment which was statistically significant at 1 and 10 g/kg of wood ash. It is concluded that at very high concentration, wood ash can be detrimental to plants; however, its application at lower application rate can be recommended.
The paper describes the design and implementation of an intelligent autonomous vehicle that can n... more The paper describes the design and implementation of an intelligent autonomous vehicle that can navigate without human operator in unknown environments. Equipped with ultrasonic sensors and GPS receiver, the vehicle can reach the destination by avoiding the obstacles in its way and followings the lanes on roads. Ultrasonic sensor and GPS are interfaced to AT89C52 microcontroller which implements hurdle avoidance and goal reaching behavior at low level while camera is interfaced to pc for road following task at higher level. The designed vehicle has modular structure and more modules can be added without much complexity.
The penetration and use of social media services differs from city to city. This paper is aimed t... more The penetration and use of social media services differs from city to city. This paper is aimed to provide a comparison of the use of Twitter between different cities of the world. We present a temporal analysis of activity on Twitter in 15 cities. Our study consists of two parts: First, we created temporal graphs of the activity in the 15 cities, through which hours of high and low activity could be identified. Second, we created heat map visualizations of the Twitter activities during the period of 19 September 2012-25 September 2013. The heat map visualizations make the periods of intense and sparse activity apparent and provide a snapshot of the activity during the whole year.
Aim of the present study was to document ethnomedicinal plants used against gastrointestinal comp... more Aim of the present study was to document ethnomedicinal plants used against gastrointestinal complaints in five selected remote regions of Pakistan and to select potential medicinal plants for furtherin vitroandin vivoinvestigation. Data on ethnomedicinal plants and ethnographic profile of respondents was documented using semistructured questionnaires. The present study revealed utilization of 52 medicinal plants for the treatment of different gastrointestinal infections in studied regions. Apiaceae was the most dominant family reported to be used for the treatment of these infections (4 plants). Among all the plant parts fruit (24%), whole plants and leaves (23% each) were the most preferred plant parts used by the healers. Dosage of recipe was found to be related with the age of the patient. Highest degree of informant consensus was reported for vomiting, nausea (0.92 each), abdominal pain (0.9), and diarrhea (0.89).Withania coagulansscored highest FL value (86%) followed byMentha...
The present study was conducted to determine the effect of wood ash application on different para... more The present study was conducted to determine the effect of wood ash application on different parameters of Brassica napus L. including seed germination, seedling growth, fresh and dry biomass, water content in seedlings, photosynthetic pigments, soluble sugars, total protein and cell viability. In addition, the effect of wood ash on soil microflora and accumulation of trace elements in seedlings were determined. The seeds of B. napus were grown at different doses of wood ash (0, 1, 10, 25, 50 and 100 g (wood ash)/kg (soil)) and the effect on various parameters was determined. Wood ash significantly inhibited seed germination at doses above 25 g/kg and there was no germination at 100 g/kg of wood ash. At lower concentrations of wood ash, most of the growth parameters of seedlings were stimulated, but at higher concentrations of wood ash most of the studied parameters were adversely affected. Wood ash was found to be very detrimental to B. napus when applied above 25 g/kg. Wood ash application resulted in an increased bioaccumulation of trace elements in seedlings of B. napus. Almost all trace elements were significantly higher in seedlings grown in wood ash above 10 g/kg as compared to the control. An increase in total microbial count was observed with wood ash treatment which was statistically significant at 1 and 10 g/kg of wood ash. It is concluded that at very high concentration, wood ash can be detrimental to plants; however, its application at lower application rate can be recommended.
The paper describes the design and implementation of an intelligent autonomous vehicle that can n... more The paper describes the design and implementation of an intelligent autonomous vehicle that can navigate without human operator in unknown environments. Equipped with ultrasonic sensors and GPS receiver, the vehicle can reach the destination by avoiding the obstacles in its way and followings the lanes on roads. Ultrasonic sensor and GPS are interfaced to AT89C52 microcontroller which implements hurdle avoidance and goal reaching behavior at low level while camera is interfaced to pc for road following task at higher level. The designed vehicle has modular structure and more modules can be added without much complexity.
The present study was designed to document detailed ethnogynaecological knowledge of selected rem... more The present study was designed to document detailed ethnogynaecological knowledge of selected remote regions of Pashtun’s tribe in northwest Pakistan. Semistructured questionnaires were designed to collect ethnogynaecological and ethnographic data. Total of 51 medicinal plants belonging to 36 families were documented that were used by the women of studied regions for the treatment of 9 types of gynaecological complaints. Majority of the plants (19) were found used against menses followed by 11 plants each for gonorrhea and pregnancy. Bannu region has high number of gynaecological plants (22) followed by Karak (15). Women of the regions mostly used whole plants (33%) and leaves (31%) for various ethnomedicinal preparation of gynae. Fic results showed that all ailments in different areas scored high consensus ranges between 0.6 and 1.00. Majority of the female respondents (44%) were aged between 61 and 70 years, of which most were illiterate. Women in the remote regions of Pakistan ha...
The present study was designed to document detailed ethnogynaecological knowledge of selected rem... more The present study was designed to document detailed ethnogynaecological knowledge of selected remote regions of Pashtun’s tribe in northwest Pakistan. Semistructured questionnaires were designed to collect ethnogynaecological and ethnographic data. Total of 51 medicinal plants belonging to 36 families were documented that were used by the women of studied regions for the treatment of 9 types of gynaecological complaints. Majority of the plants (19) were found used against menses followed by 11 plants each for gonorrhea and pregnancy. Bannu region has high number of gynaecological plants (22) followed by Karak (15). Women of the regions mostly used whole plants (33%) and leaves (31%) for various ethnomedicinal preparation of gynae. Fic results showed that all ailments in different areas scored high consensus ranges between 0.6 and 1.00. Majority of the female respondents (44%) were aged between 61 and 70 years, of which most were illiterate. Women in the remote regions of Pakistan ha...
Himalayan plants have 6500 years old history of being using as traditional medicines. Inhabitants... more Himalayan plants have 6500 years old history of being using as traditional medicines. Inhabitants of the region use indigenous knowledge for the preparation of various herbal recipes in order to treat different kinds of cancer. The aim of this review is to provide ethnopharmacological, phytochemical and toxicological overview of Himalayan medicinal plants having anticancer potential. This will provide a baseline for the discovery of new anticancer drugs. In total, 159 articles (mostly published) were reviewed by using online search engines like PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, Web of Science, and floras of different Himalayan countries. Sixty four anticancer medicinal plants were documented belonging to 59 genera and 37 families. Majority of 42 plants were reported from India followed by 17 from Pakistan. Traditional healers in the region mostly prepare ethnomedicinal recipes from leaves (32% plants) and roots (30% plants) in the form of decoction. Thirty plants had reported anticancer related pharmacological and phytochemical activities. Of these, 27 plants were tested in-vitro on cellular models while 16 plants for in-vivo activities. Methanolic, ethanolic and ethylacetate extracts of plants have shown excellent cytotoxic activities against breast, stomach and blood cancers' cell lines. Total 14 active secondary metabolites including phenolic compounds, glycosides, terpenoids, lignans and alkynes from the studied plants were reported active against different cancer cell lines. Plants such as Bergenia ciliata, Argemone mexicana, Capsella bursa-pastoris and Centella asiatica had toxic effects on the living systems at higher doses when studied in-vivo. Certain Himalayan medicinal plants present therapeutic properties against different types of cancer. However, not all of the plants have been fully analysed for in vitro, in vivo and toxicological activities, and isolation of secondary metabolites. Further ethnomedicinal studies would help in identifying potential medicinal plant species in the region to be analysed for detailed anticancer activities.
Pakistani Himalaya stretches over a wide range of altitudinal gradients and supports high diversi... more Pakistani Himalaya stretches over a wide range of altitudinal gradients and supports high diversity of medicinal plants that are an important source for rural livelihood. Altitudinal effects on ground vegetation have already been indicated but ground vegetation is also under severe threat of grazing and over collection. The present study investigated the effect of altitude on medicinal plants abundance in both old-growth and derived woodland forests. Each of the five line transects was selected in old-growth and derived woodland forests. Each line transect consisted of four plots distributed at four altitudinal levels (2200, 2300, 2400, and 2500 m asl). Species richness under derived woodland had shown strong negative correlation (r=-0.95) with altitude while it was found to be nonsignificant under old-growth. Cover of most of the species such asVeronica laxa(r=-0.95,P≤0.05) had shown significant negative correlation with altitude under derived woodland. Cover abundance of some spec...
Abstract In Avionics Switched Ethernet network (AFDX), guarantees on worst-case end-to-end (E2E) ... more Abstract In Avionics Switched Ethernet network (AFDX), guarantees on worst-case end-to-end (E2E) communication delays are obtained thanks to safe upper bounds computed by Network Calculus and Trajectory Approaches. Up to now, the computation of an exact ...
The productivity of plant community is affected by climate change drivers in three pathways inclu... more The productivity of plant community is affected by climate change drivers in three pathways including direct effects of drivers on plants, the community response of species abundances to drivers and the feedback effect of community change on productivity. The productivity of C4 plants is significantly influenced by C4 metabolic process of plants. Apart from these metabolic pathways, one of the most essential elements that influence the yield of C4 plants are seasonality and temperature. In addition to all, these climatic climate change drivers have a great influence on the productivity of C4 plants. The present review focuses on how C4 plants mitigate climate change.
Improving people’s welfare is an important indicator for the leadership’s success of a regional l... more Improving people’s welfare is an important indicator for the leadership’s success of a regional leader. With numbers of indicators, Pekalongan is one area that was considered successful under the leadership of dr. Bashir Ahmad from 2005-2010 and 2010-present. The success is determined by various factors both personal and environmental factors. This research was conducted to answer the problem of personality strenght aspect/political personality (microenvironment) and social environment aspect (macroenvironment)that support or reject the mayor’s political leadership, dr. Bashir ahmad. Using qualitative analysis as type of research with in-depth interview and documentation study as data collecting technique. The result of this research shows that the successful leadership of dr.Bashir as mayor of Pekalongan in realizing people’s welfare with micro analysis is influenced by his personal’s character which are visionary, hardworker, commited in vision and programs that has been establish...
Geodemographic classifications are small area classifications of social, economic and demographic... more Geodemographic classifications are small area classifications of social, economic and demographic characteristics. The Output Area Classification (OAC) is a free geodemographic classification. It is an Office of National Statistics validated measure that summarises neighbourhood conditions at the Output Area Level across the United Kingdom. Linkage of these valuable statistics has been problematic for users more used to address records that are georeferenced using unit postcodes. OACoder resolves this problem by allowing users to link corresponding OAC codes to each of the postcode addresses. OACoder is an open source software, and it is developed and tested to work on different versions of windows operating systems. It is stored in Figshare. The source code of the OACoder is stored in SourceForge. As open source software, OACoder has reuse potential across a range of applications. The functionality of OACoder can be extended to work with the new version of OAC (2011 OAC). It is also possible to reuse the source code and extend the functionality to work on different operating systems other than Windows. Different components of the software can be reused for the purpose of reading/writing CSV files and handling large data sets.
2009 IEEE Latin-American Conference on Communications, 2009
Multicasting is a bandwidth conservation technology that can utilize the resources very efficient... more Multicasting is a bandwidth conservation technology that can utilize the resources very efficiently, reduces the traffic volume and improves the network capacity by simultaneously delivering a single stream of information to more than one intended receivers. Wireless medium is inherently multicast in nature and this property can be exploited with virtual MIMO. The improvement in BER can be achieved with multicasting over multi-hop wireless networks. The network will also be more energy efficient .The BER performance and energy consumption of two-hop networks with STBC has been simulated in this paper. These performance curves will be helpful in many ways, i.e., the selection of number of antennas on the receiver, the selection of the number of intermediate nodes (relay stations) and the selection of modulation and coding schemes to achieve a desirable BER performance. The multicast multi-hop virtual MIMO configuration is proposed for video streaming applications for Long Term Evolution (LTE) 3G wireless networks. Index terms-Multicasting, video Streaming, virtual MIMO, and multi-hop.
Aim of the present study was to document ethnomedicinal plants used against gastrointestinal comp... more Aim of the present study was to document ethnomedicinal plants used against gastrointestinal complaints in five selected remote regions of Pakistan and to select potential medicinal plants for furtherin vitroandin vivoinvestigation. Data on ethnomedicinal plants and ethnographic profile of respondents was documented using semistructured questionnaires. The present study revealed utilization of 52 medicinal plants for the treatment of different gastrointestinal infections in studied regions. Apiaceae was the most dominant family reported to be used for the treatment of these infections (4 plants). Among all the plant parts fruit (24%), whole plants and leaves (23% each) were the most preferred plant parts used by the healers. Dosage of recipe was found to be related with the age of the patient. Highest degree of informant consensus was reported for vomiting, nausea (0.92 each), abdominal pain (0.9), and diarrhea (0.89).Withania coagulansscored highest FL value (86%) followed byMentha...
The present study was conducted to determine the effect of wood ash application on different para... more The present study was conducted to determine the effect of wood ash application on different parameters of Brassica napus L. including seed germination, seedling growth, fresh and dry biomass, water content in seedlings, photosynthetic pigments, soluble sugars, total protein and cell viability. In addition, the effect of wood ash on soil microflora and accumulation of trace elements in seedlings were determined. The seeds of B. napus were grown at different doses of wood ash (0, 1, 10, 25, 50 and 100 g (wood ash)/kg (soil)) and the effect on various parameters was determined. Wood ash significantly inhibited seed germination at doses above 25 g/kg and there was no germination at 100 g/kg of wood ash. At lower concentrations of wood ash, most of the growth parameters of seedlings were stimulated, but at higher concentrations of wood ash most of the studied parameters were adversely affected. Wood ash was found to be very detrimental to B. napus when applied above 25 g/kg. Wood ash application resulted in an increased bioaccumulation of trace elements in seedlings of B. napus. Almost all trace elements were significantly higher in seedlings grown in wood ash above 10 g/kg as compared to the control. An increase in total microbial count was observed with wood ash treatment which was statistically significant at 1 and 10 g/kg of wood ash. It is concluded that at very high concentration, wood ash can be detrimental to plants; however, its application at lower application rate can be recommended.
The paper describes the design and implementation of an intelligent autonomous vehicle that can n... more The paper describes the design and implementation of an intelligent autonomous vehicle that can navigate without human operator in unknown environments. Equipped with ultrasonic sensors and GPS receiver, the vehicle can reach the destination by avoiding the obstacles in its way and followings the lanes on roads. Ultrasonic sensor and GPS are interfaced to AT89C52 microcontroller which implements hurdle avoidance and goal reaching behavior at low level while camera is interfaced to pc for road following task at higher level. The designed vehicle has modular structure and more modules can be added without much complexity.
The penetration and use of social media services differs from city to city. This paper is aimed t... more The penetration and use of social media services differs from city to city. This paper is aimed to provide a comparison of the use of Twitter between different cities of the world. We present a temporal analysis of activity on Twitter in 15 cities. Our study consists of two parts: First, we created temporal graphs of the activity in the 15 cities, through which hours of high and low activity could be identified. Second, we created heat map visualizations of the Twitter activities during the period of 19 September 2012-25 September 2013. The heat map visualizations make the periods of intense and sparse activity apparent and provide a snapshot of the activity during the whole year.
Aim of the present study was to document ethnomedicinal plants used against gastrointestinal comp... more Aim of the present study was to document ethnomedicinal plants used against gastrointestinal complaints in five selected remote regions of Pakistan and to select potential medicinal plants for furtherin vitroandin vivoinvestigation. Data on ethnomedicinal plants and ethnographic profile of respondents was documented using semistructured questionnaires. The present study revealed utilization of 52 medicinal plants for the treatment of different gastrointestinal infections in studied regions. Apiaceae was the most dominant family reported to be used for the treatment of these infections (4 plants). Among all the plant parts fruit (24%), whole plants and leaves (23% each) were the most preferred plant parts used by the healers. Dosage of recipe was found to be related with the age of the patient. Highest degree of informant consensus was reported for vomiting, nausea (0.92 each), abdominal pain (0.9), and diarrhea (0.89).Withania coagulansscored highest FL value (86%) followed byMentha...
The present study was conducted to determine the effect of wood ash application on different para... more The present study was conducted to determine the effect of wood ash application on different parameters of Brassica napus L. including seed germination, seedling growth, fresh and dry biomass, water content in seedlings, photosynthetic pigments, soluble sugars, total protein and cell viability. In addition, the effect of wood ash on soil microflora and accumulation of trace elements in seedlings were determined. The seeds of B. napus were grown at different doses of wood ash (0, 1, 10, 25, 50 and 100 g (wood ash)/kg (soil)) and the effect on various parameters was determined. Wood ash significantly inhibited seed germination at doses above 25 g/kg and there was no germination at 100 g/kg of wood ash. At lower concentrations of wood ash, most of the growth parameters of seedlings were stimulated, but at higher concentrations of wood ash most of the studied parameters were adversely affected. Wood ash was found to be very detrimental to B. napus when applied above 25 g/kg. Wood ash application resulted in an increased bioaccumulation of trace elements in seedlings of B. napus. Almost all trace elements were significantly higher in seedlings grown in wood ash above 10 g/kg as compared to the control. An increase in total microbial count was observed with wood ash treatment which was statistically significant at 1 and 10 g/kg of wood ash. It is concluded that at very high concentration, wood ash can be detrimental to plants; however, its application at lower application rate can be recommended.
The paper describes the design and implementation of an intelligent autonomous vehicle that can n... more The paper describes the design and implementation of an intelligent autonomous vehicle that can navigate without human operator in unknown environments. Equipped with ultrasonic sensors and GPS receiver, the vehicle can reach the destination by avoiding the obstacles in its way and followings the lanes on roads. Ultrasonic sensor and GPS are interfaced to AT89C52 microcontroller which implements hurdle avoidance and goal reaching behavior at low level while camera is interfaced to pc for road following task at higher level. The designed vehicle has modular structure and more modules can be added without much complexity.
The present study was designed to document detailed ethnogynaecological knowledge of selected rem... more The present study was designed to document detailed ethnogynaecological knowledge of selected remote regions of Pashtun’s tribe in northwest Pakistan. Semistructured questionnaires were designed to collect ethnogynaecological and ethnographic data. Total of 51 medicinal plants belonging to 36 families were documented that were used by the women of studied regions for the treatment of 9 types of gynaecological complaints. Majority of the plants (19) were found used against menses followed by 11 plants each for gonorrhea and pregnancy. Bannu region has high number of gynaecological plants (22) followed by Karak (15). Women of the regions mostly used whole plants (33%) and leaves (31%) for various ethnomedicinal preparation of gynae. Fic results showed that all ailments in different areas scored high consensus ranges between 0.6 and 1.00. Majority of the female respondents (44%) were aged between 61 and 70 years, of which most were illiterate. Women in the remote regions of Pakistan ha...
The present study was designed to document detailed ethnogynaecological knowledge of selected rem... more The present study was designed to document detailed ethnogynaecological knowledge of selected remote regions of Pashtun’s tribe in northwest Pakistan. Semistructured questionnaires were designed to collect ethnogynaecological and ethnographic data. Total of 51 medicinal plants belonging to 36 families were documented that were used by the women of studied regions for the treatment of 9 types of gynaecological complaints. Majority of the plants (19) were found used against menses followed by 11 plants each for gonorrhea and pregnancy. Bannu region has high number of gynaecological plants (22) followed by Karak (15). Women of the regions mostly used whole plants (33%) and leaves (31%) for various ethnomedicinal preparation of gynae. Fic results showed that all ailments in different areas scored high consensus ranges between 0.6 and 1.00. Majority of the female respondents (44%) were aged between 61 and 70 years, of which most were illiterate. Women in the remote regions of Pakistan ha...
Himalayan plants have 6500 years old history of being using as traditional medicines. Inhabitants... more Himalayan plants have 6500 years old history of being using as traditional medicines. Inhabitants of the region use indigenous knowledge for the preparation of various herbal recipes in order to treat different kinds of cancer. The aim of this review is to provide ethnopharmacological, phytochemical and toxicological overview of Himalayan medicinal plants having anticancer potential. This will provide a baseline for the discovery of new anticancer drugs. In total, 159 articles (mostly published) were reviewed by using online search engines like PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, Web of Science, and floras of different Himalayan countries. Sixty four anticancer medicinal plants were documented belonging to 59 genera and 37 families. Majority of 42 plants were reported from India followed by 17 from Pakistan. Traditional healers in the region mostly prepare ethnomedicinal recipes from leaves (32% plants) and roots (30% plants) in the form of decoction. Thirty plants had reported anticancer related pharmacological and phytochemical activities. Of these, 27 plants were tested in-vitro on cellular models while 16 plants for in-vivo activities. Methanolic, ethanolic and ethylacetate extracts of plants have shown excellent cytotoxic activities against breast, stomach and blood cancers' cell lines. Total 14 active secondary metabolites including phenolic compounds, glycosides, terpenoids, lignans and alkynes from the studied plants were reported active against different cancer cell lines. Plants such as Bergenia ciliata, Argemone mexicana, Capsella bursa-pastoris and Centella asiatica had toxic effects on the living systems at higher doses when studied in-vivo. Certain Himalayan medicinal plants present therapeutic properties against different types of cancer. However, not all of the plants have been fully analysed for in vitro, in vivo and toxicological activities, and isolation of secondary metabolites. Further ethnomedicinal studies would help in identifying potential medicinal plant species in the region to be analysed for detailed anticancer activities.
Pakistani Himalaya stretches over a wide range of altitudinal gradients and supports high diversi... more Pakistani Himalaya stretches over a wide range of altitudinal gradients and supports high diversity of medicinal plants that are an important source for rural livelihood. Altitudinal effects on ground vegetation have already been indicated but ground vegetation is also under severe threat of grazing and over collection. The present study investigated the effect of altitude on medicinal plants abundance in both old-growth and derived woodland forests. Each of the five line transects was selected in old-growth and derived woodland forests. Each line transect consisted of four plots distributed at four altitudinal levels (2200, 2300, 2400, and 2500 m asl). Species richness under derived woodland had shown strong negative correlation (r=-0.95) with altitude while it was found to be nonsignificant under old-growth. Cover of most of the species such asVeronica laxa(r=-0.95,P≤0.05) had shown significant negative correlation with altitude under derived woodland. Cover abundance of some spec...
Abstract In Avionics Switched Ethernet network (AFDX), guarantees on worst-case end-to-end (E2E) ... more Abstract In Avionics Switched Ethernet network (AFDX), guarantees on worst-case end-to-end (E2E) communication delays are obtained thanks to safe upper bounds computed by Network Calculus and Trajectory Approaches. Up to now, the computation of an exact ...
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Papers by Muhammad Adnan