Arabica coffee, one of Indonesia’s economically important coffee commodities, is commonly subject... more Arabica coffee, one of Indonesia’s economically important coffee commodities, is commonly subject to fraud due to mislabeling and adulteration. In many studies, spectroscopic techniques combined with chemometric methods have been massively employed in classification issues, such as principal component analysis (PCA) and discriminant analyses, compared to machine learning models. In this study, spectroscopy combined with PCA and a machine learning algorithm (artificial neural network, ANN) were developed to verify the authenticity of Arabica coffee collected from four geographical origins in Indonesia, including Temanggung, Toraja, Gayo, and Kintamani. Spectra from pure green coffee were collected from Vis–NIR and SWNIR spectrometers. Several preprocessing techniques were also applied to attain precise information from spectroscopic data. First, PCA compressed spectroscopic information and generated new variables called PCs scores, which would become inputs for the ANN model. The dis...
Visible–shortwave near-infrared spectroscopy has been used for internal quality measurement, but ... more Visible–shortwave near-infrared spectroscopy has been used for internal quality measurement, but the optical penetration to the thickness of fruit skin becomes a challenge. This research aimed to develop partial least square regression model for the soluble solid content (SSC) measurement of fruits having various skin thicknesses, namely dragon fruit, tomato, guava, sapodilla, and banana. The spectra of each fruit were taken in a reflectance mode over a wavelength range of 400–1,000 nm. The best models obtained from banana and sapodilla yielded determination coefficient of prediction (R 2 p) of 0.88 and 0.90 and root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) 0.39 and 0.38°Brix, respectively. The banana and sapodilla SSC prediction models should be able to be used carefully in a variety of applications. Tomato and guava had moderately thinner skin but had the lower R 2 p of 0.64 and 0.76 and the RMSEP of 0.17 and 0.26°Brix, respectively. The poorest model was yielded by dragon fruit, w...
The influence of different drying temperatures and drying loads on the drying characteristics of ... more The influence of different drying temperatures and drying loads on the drying characteristics of coarse coconut palm sap sugar were investigated in this study. The granulated coconut palm sap sugars were dried using an air-oven dryer at three temperature variations (60, 70, 80 o C) and three different drying loads of 5, 10, and 15 kg. The drying profile of the coarse coconut palm sap sugar was determined by monitoring moisture loss over the drying period. The result showed that the moisture removal rate increased with the drying temperature. However, increasing the drying load from 10 to 15 kg did not significantly affect the drying rate at all temperature variations, resulting in the highest drying efficiency achieved at the highest drying temperature of 15 kg. Furthermore, the predicted moisture content calculated using the obtained drying rate constant value showed a high correlation with the reference value denoted by the R 2 over 0.95 for all experimental conditions. The results have demonstrated that different drying approaches may affect the drying period of coconut palm sugar using a simple air-oven dryer.
Heat and mass transfer occurred simultaneously during the drying process. Therefore, the drying r... more Heat and mass transfer occurred simultaneously during the drying process. Therefore, the drying rate of coconut palm sugar was evaluated by analyzing heat and mass transfer simultaneously using the Runge-Kutta method. In this study, three different temperatures and three various drying loads were carried out to develop a prediction model of moisture content by determining the constant drying rate value. The result showed that the drying rate decreased significantly at the drying temperature of 80 o C according to the drying load, ranging from 1.36 to 0.32 h-1. However, the load of the dryer only causes a slight decrease in drying rate at 60 o C. Furthermore, the developed model based on the simultaneous heat and mass transfer analysis can predict the moisture content of the sample effectively, with the value of correlation coefficient (R 2) over 0.97.
Robusta coffee (Coffea canephora) is one type of coffee that is widely cultivated in Indonesia. R... more Robusta coffee (Coffea canephora) is one type of coffee that is widely cultivated in Indonesia. Robusta coffee is usually processed using the wet method, which causes the physical and chemical qualities of the coffee beans to change during the process. This research examined the effect of yeast addition during fermentation and the differences in the fermentation method used on the physical and chemical quality of the coffee beans produced. In this research, the fermentation methods used were anaerobic, anaerobic with the addition of Hanseniaspora uvarum, anaerobic with the addition of Candida parapsilosis, and aerobic. Robusta coffee beans are fermented for 72 hours. After fermentation, the coffee beans are processed into roasted coffee beans. Measurements of the physical and chemical quality of coffee beans in the fermentation process and fermented coffee products included temperature, water content, pH, total soluble solids, and color of coffee beans. The fermentation method has a significant effect on the physical and chemical quality of the fermented coffee. Using yeast as a starter culture can modify coffee beans' physical and chemical characteristics and may affect the final aroma, taste, and quality.
The demand for rapid and nondestructive methods to determine chemical components in food and agri... more The demand for rapid and nondestructive methods to determine chemical components in food and agricultural products is proliferating due to being beneficial for screening food quality. This research investigates the feasibility of Fourier transform near-infrared (FT-NIR) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) to predict total as well as an individual type of isoflavones and oligosaccharides using intact soybean samples. A partial least square regression method was performed to develop models based on the spectral data of 310 soybean samples, which were synchronized to the reference values evaluated using a conventional assay. Furthermore, the obtained models were tested using soybean varieties not initially involved in the model construction. As a result, the best prediction models of FT-NIR were allowed to predict total isoflavones and oligosaccharides using intact seeds with acceptable performance (R2p: 0.80 and 0.72), which were slightly better than the model obtained...
Drying of sliced turmeric generally carried out by direct sun drying. This Research was conducted... more Drying of sliced turmeric generally carried out by direct sun drying. This Research was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of modified direct sun drying by employing greenhouse effect on the drying of sliced turmeric. The research also aimed to determine characteristics drying of sliced turmeric by finding the drying rate constant (k). In this research, turmeric was sliced with the thickness of 2 mm and then dried using direct sun drying and modified sun drying with employing greenhouse effect. The change of temperature and moisture content were observed every 30 minutes. Determining the drying rate constant (k) was done by using zero and first order kinetic equation. Result showed that ambient temperature inside dryer was always higher than temperature outside the dryer. The drying rate constant (k) with modified sun drying using greenhouse effect was higher than direct sun drying, respectively and this parameter could be used to predict water content of sliced turmeric during...
Anthocyanins are an important micro-component that contributes to the quality factors and health ... more Anthocyanins are an important micro-component that contributes to the quality factors and health benefits of black rice. Anthocyanins concentration and compositions differ among rice seeds depending on the varieties, growth conditions, and maturity level at harvesting. Chemical composition-based seeds inspection on a real-time, non-destructive, and accurate basis is essential to establish industries to optimize the cost and quality of the product. Therefore, this research aimed to evaluate the feasibility of near-infrared hyperspectral imaging (NIR-HSI) to predict the content of anthocyanins in black rice seeds, which will open up the possibility to develop a sorting machine based on rice micro-components. Images of thirty-two samples of black rice seeds, harvested in 2019 and 2020, were captured using the NIR-HSI system with a wavelength of 895–2504 nm. The spectral data extracted from the image were then synchronized with the rice anthocyanins reference value analyzed using high-p...
This is a PDF file of an article that has undergone enhancements after acceptance, such as the ad... more This is a PDF file of an article that has undergone enhancements after acceptance, such as the addition of a cover page and metadata, and formatting for readability, but it is not yet the definitive version of record. This version will undergo additional copyediting, typesetting and review before it is published in its final form, but we are providing this version to give early visibility of the article. Please note that, during the production process, errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain.
This is a PDF file of an article that has undergone enhancements after acceptance, such as the ad... more This is a PDF file of an article that has undergone enhancements after acceptance, such as the addition of a cover page and metadata, and formatting for readability, but it is not yet the definitive version of record. This version will undergo additional copyediting, typesetting and review before it is published in its final form, but we are providing this version to give early visibility of the article. Please note that, during the production process, errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain.
Grignard reagent is one of the most popular materials in chemical and pharmaceutical reaction pro... more Grignard reagent is one of the most popular materials in chemical and pharmaceutical reaction processes, and requires high quality with minimal adulteration. In this study, Raman spectroscopic technique was investigated for the rapid determination of toluene content, which is one of the common adulterants in Grignard reagent. Raman spectroscopy is the most suitable spectroscopic method to mitigate moisture and CO2 interference in the molecules of Grignard reagent. Raman spectra for the mixtures of toluene and Grignard reagent with different concentrations were analyzed with a partial least square regression (PLSR) method. The combination of spectral wavebands in the prediction model was optimized with a variables selection method of variable importance in projection (VIP). The results obtained from the VIP-based PLSR model showed the reliable performance of Raman spectroscopy for predicting the toluene concentration present in Grignard reagent with a correlation coefficient value of...
The objective of this study was to quantify the chemical content of multiple products using one s... more The objective of this study was to quantify the chemical content of multiple products using one single calibration model. This study involved seven tuber and root powders from arrowroot, Canna edulis, cassava, taro, as well as purple, yellow, and white sweet potato, for partial least square (PLS) regression to predict polysaccharide contents (i.e., amylose, starch, and cellulose). The developed PLS models showed acceptable results, with R c 2 of 0.9, 0.95, and 0.85 and SEC of 2.7%, 3.33%, and 3.22%, for amylose, starch, and cellulose, respectively. The models also successfully predicted polysaccharide contents with R p 2 of 0.89, 0.95, and 0.79; SEP of 2.83%, 3.33%, and 3.55%; and RPD of 3.02, 4.47, and 2.18 for amylose, starch, and cellulose, respectively. These results showed the potential of Fourier transform near-infrared spectroscopy to quantify the chemical composition of multiple products instead of using one individual model.
Arabica coffee, one of Indonesia’s economically important coffee commodities, is commonly subject... more Arabica coffee, one of Indonesia’s economically important coffee commodities, is commonly subject to fraud due to mislabeling and adulteration. In many studies, spectroscopic techniques combined with chemometric methods have been massively employed in classification issues, such as principal component analysis (PCA) and discriminant analyses, compared to machine learning models. In this study, spectroscopy combined with PCA and a machine learning algorithm (artificial neural network, ANN) were developed to verify the authenticity of Arabica coffee collected from four geographical origins in Indonesia, including Temanggung, Toraja, Gayo, and Kintamani. Spectra from pure green coffee were collected from Vis–NIR and SWNIR spectrometers. Several preprocessing techniques were also applied to attain precise information from spectroscopic data. First, PCA compressed spectroscopic information and generated new variables called PCs scores, which would become inputs for the ANN model. The dis...
Visible–shortwave near-infrared spectroscopy has been used for internal quality measurement, but ... more Visible–shortwave near-infrared spectroscopy has been used for internal quality measurement, but the optical penetration to the thickness of fruit skin becomes a challenge. This research aimed to develop partial least square regression model for the soluble solid content (SSC) measurement of fruits having various skin thicknesses, namely dragon fruit, tomato, guava, sapodilla, and banana. The spectra of each fruit were taken in a reflectance mode over a wavelength range of 400–1,000 nm. The best models obtained from banana and sapodilla yielded determination coefficient of prediction (R 2 p) of 0.88 and 0.90 and root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) 0.39 and 0.38°Brix, respectively. The banana and sapodilla SSC prediction models should be able to be used carefully in a variety of applications. Tomato and guava had moderately thinner skin but had the lower R 2 p of 0.64 and 0.76 and the RMSEP of 0.17 and 0.26°Brix, respectively. The poorest model was yielded by dragon fruit, w...
The influence of different drying temperatures and drying loads on the drying characteristics of ... more The influence of different drying temperatures and drying loads on the drying characteristics of coarse coconut palm sap sugar were investigated in this study. The granulated coconut palm sap sugars were dried using an air-oven dryer at three temperature variations (60, 70, 80 o C) and three different drying loads of 5, 10, and 15 kg. The drying profile of the coarse coconut palm sap sugar was determined by monitoring moisture loss over the drying period. The result showed that the moisture removal rate increased with the drying temperature. However, increasing the drying load from 10 to 15 kg did not significantly affect the drying rate at all temperature variations, resulting in the highest drying efficiency achieved at the highest drying temperature of 15 kg. Furthermore, the predicted moisture content calculated using the obtained drying rate constant value showed a high correlation with the reference value denoted by the R 2 over 0.95 for all experimental conditions. The results have demonstrated that different drying approaches may affect the drying period of coconut palm sugar using a simple air-oven dryer.
Heat and mass transfer occurred simultaneously during the drying process. Therefore, the drying r... more Heat and mass transfer occurred simultaneously during the drying process. Therefore, the drying rate of coconut palm sugar was evaluated by analyzing heat and mass transfer simultaneously using the Runge-Kutta method. In this study, three different temperatures and three various drying loads were carried out to develop a prediction model of moisture content by determining the constant drying rate value. The result showed that the drying rate decreased significantly at the drying temperature of 80 o C according to the drying load, ranging from 1.36 to 0.32 h-1. However, the load of the dryer only causes a slight decrease in drying rate at 60 o C. Furthermore, the developed model based on the simultaneous heat and mass transfer analysis can predict the moisture content of the sample effectively, with the value of correlation coefficient (R 2) over 0.97.
Robusta coffee (Coffea canephora) is one type of coffee that is widely cultivated in Indonesia. R... more Robusta coffee (Coffea canephora) is one type of coffee that is widely cultivated in Indonesia. Robusta coffee is usually processed using the wet method, which causes the physical and chemical qualities of the coffee beans to change during the process. This research examined the effect of yeast addition during fermentation and the differences in the fermentation method used on the physical and chemical quality of the coffee beans produced. In this research, the fermentation methods used were anaerobic, anaerobic with the addition of Hanseniaspora uvarum, anaerobic with the addition of Candida parapsilosis, and aerobic. Robusta coffee beans are fermented for 72 hours. After fermentation, the coffee beans are processed into roasted coffee beans. Measurements of the physical and chemical quality of coffee beans in the fermentation process and fermented coffee products included temperature, water content, pH, total soluble solids, and color of coffee beans. The fermentation method has a significant effect on the physical and chemical quality of the fermented coffee. Using yeast as a starter culture can modify coffee beans' physical and chemical characteristics and may affect the final aroma, taste, and quality.
The demand for rapid and nondestructive methods to determine chemical components in food and agri... more The demand for rapid and nondestructive methods to determine chemical components in food and agricultural products is proliferating due to being beneficial for screening food quality. This research investigates the feasibility of Fourier transform near-infrared (FT-NIR) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) to predict total as well as an individual type of isoflavones and oligosaccharides using intact soybean samples. A partial least square regression method was performed to develop models based on the spectral data of 310 soybean samples, which were synchronized to the reference values evaluated using a conventional assay. Furthermore, the obtained models were tested using soybean varieties not initially involved in the model construction. As a result, the best prediction models of FT-NIR were allowed to predict total isoflavones and oligosaccharides using intact seeds with acceptable performance (R2p: 0.80 and 0.72), which were slightly better than the model obtained...
Drying of sliced turmeric generally carried out by direct sun drying. This Research was conducted... more Drying of sliced turmeric generally carried out by direct sun drying. This Research was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of modified direct sun drying by employing greenhouse effect on the drying of sliced turmeric. The research also aimed to determine characteristics drying of sliced turmeric by finding the drying rate constant (k). In this research, turmeric was sliced with the thickness of 2 mm and then dried using direct sun drying and modified sun drying with employing greenhouse effect. The change of temperature and moisture content were observed every 30 minutes. Determining the drying rate constant (k) was done by using zero and first order kinetic equation. Result showed that ambient temperature inside dryer was always higher than temperature outside the dryer. The drying rate constant (k) with modified sun drying using greenhouse effect was higher than direct sun drying, respectively and this parameter could be used to predict water content of sliced turmeric during...
Anthocyanins are an important micro-component that contributes to the quality factors and health ... more Anthocyanins are an important micro-component that contributes to the quality factors and health benefits of black rice. Anthocyanins concentration and compositions differ among rice seeds depending on the varieties, growth conditions, and maturity level at harvesting. Chemical composition-based seeds inspection on a real-time, non-destructive, and accurate basis is essential to establish industries to optimize the cost and quality of the product. Therefore, this research aimed to evaluate the feasibility of near-infrared hyperspectral imaging (NIR-HSI) to predict the content of anthocyanins in black rice seeds, which will open up the possibility to develop a sorting machine based on rice micro-components. Images of thirty-two samples of black rice seeds, harvested in 2019 and 2020, were captured using the NIR-HSI system with a wavelength of 895–2504 nm. The spectral data extracted from the image were then synchronized with the rice anthocyanins reference value analyzed using high-p...
This is a PDF file of an article that has undergone enhancements after acceptance, such as the ad... more This is a PDF file of an article that has undergone enhancements after acceptance, such as the addition of a cover page and metadata, and formatting for readability, but it is not yet the definitive version of record. This version will undergo additional copyediting, typesetting and review before it is published in its final form, but we are providing this version to give early visibility of the article. Please note that, during the production process, errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain.
This is a PDF file of an article that has undergone enhancements after acceptance, such as the ad... more This is a PDF file of an article that has undergone enhancements after acceptance, such as the addition of a cover page and metadata, and formatting for readability, but it is not yet the definitive version of record. This version will undergo additional copyediting, typesetting and review before it is published in its final form, but we are providing this version to give early visibility of the article. Please note that, during the production process, errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain.
Grignard reagent is one of the most popular materials in chemical and pharmaceutical reaction pro... more Grignard reagent is one of the most popular materials in chemical and pharmaceutical reaction processes, and requires high quality with minimal adulteration. In this study, Raman spectroscopic technique was investigated for the rapid determination of toluene content, which is one of the common adulterants in Grignard reagent. Raman spectroscopy is the most suitable spectroscopic method to mitigate moisture and CO2 interference in the molecules of Grignard reagent. Raman spectra for the mixtures of toluene and Grignard reagent with different concentrations were analyzed with a partial least square regression (PLSR) method. The combination of spectral wavebands in the prediction model was optimized with a variables selection method of variable importance in projection (VIP). The results obtained from the VIP-based PLSR model showed the reliable performance of Raman spectroscopy for predicting the toluene concentration present in Grignard reagent with a correlation coefficient value of...
The objective of this study was to quantify the chemical content of multiple products using one s... more The objective of this study was to quantify the chemical content of multiple products using one single calibration model. This study involved seven tuber and root powders from arrowroot, Canna edulis, cassava, taro, as well as purple, yellow, and white sweet potato, for partial least square (PLS) regression to predict polysaccharide contents (i.e., amylose, starch, and cellulose). The developed PLS models showed acceptable results, with R c 2 of 0.9, 0.95, and 0.85 and SEC of 2.7%, 3.33%, and 3.22%, for amylose, starch, and cellulose, respectively. The models also successfully predicted polysaccharide contents with R p 2 of 0.89, 0.95, and 0.79; SEP of 2.83%, 3.33%, and 3.55%; and RPD of 3.02, 4.47, and 2.18 for amylose, starch, and cellulose, respectively. These results showed the potential of Fourier transform near-infrared spectroscopy to quantify the chemical composition of multiple products instead of using one individual model.
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