Polypropylene (PP), high density polyethylene (HDPE) and low density polyethylene (LDPE) films we... more Polypropylene (PP), high density polyethylene (HDPE) and low density polyethylene (LDPE) films were studied according to the way their wastes are collected (segregated from or mixed with other residues) by evaluating the amount of impurities and the washing wastewater. It was found that the films from mixed collection presented at minimum 30% of impurities, while the films from segregated (or curbside) collection presented at maximum 10% of impurities. The amount of impurities and the wastewater turbidity indicated that 20% more material can be obtained from the films of segregated colletion, preferred by recyclers, in addition to having a simpler washing process because it only involves solids removal, unlike mixed collection which is associated with the impregnation of wet wastes. The effluents were also evaluated according to the total amount of solids, sediments and concentration of nine metals. The results showed that both types of collection generated similar wastewaters and their treatment requires two steps at the most: sedimentation and effluent dilution in the water body.
This study presents the laboratory scale results of an extra step in Poly (ethylene terephthalate... more This study presents the laboratory scale results of an extra step in Poly (ethylene terephthalate)–PET mechanical recycling (grinding, washing, drying and reprocessing): a chemical washing after the conventional one. Cooking oil PET bottle flakes were washed ...
International Journal of Polymeric Materials, 2010
UNESP Universidade Estadual Paulista, Campus Experimental de Sorocaba, Environmental Engineerin... more UNESP Universidade Estadual Paulista, Campus Experimental de Sorocaba, Environmental Engineering Department, Sorocaba-SP, Brazil Post-consumer cooking oil and soft drink PET bottles (PEToil and PETsoft drink) were ground and washed only with water (conventional ...
Polypropylene (PP), high density polyethylene (HDPE) and low density polyethylene (LDPE) films we... more Polypropylene (PP), high density polyethylene (HDPE) and low density polyethylene (LDPE) films were studied according to the way their wastes are collected (segregated from or mixed with other residues) by evaluating the amount of impurities and the washing wastewater. It was found that the films from mixed collection presented at minimum 30% of impurities, while the films from segregated (or curbside) collection presented at maximum 10% of impurities. The amount of impurities and the wastewater turbidity indicated that 20% more material can be obtained from the films of segregated colletion, preferred by recyclers, in addition to having a simpler washing process because it only involves solids removal, unlike mixed collection which is associated with the impregnation of wet wastes. The effluents were also evaluated according to the total amount of solids, sediments and concentration of nine metals. The results showed that both types of collection generated similar wastewaters and their treatment requires two steps at the most: sedimentation and effluent dilution in the water body.
This study presents the laboratory scale results of an extra step in Poly (ethylene terephthalate... more This study presents the laboratory scale results of an extra step in Poly (ethylene terephthalate)–PET mechanical recycling (grinding, washing, drying and reprocessing): a chemical washing after the conventional one. Cooking oil PET bottle flakes were washed ...
International Journal of Polymeric Materials, 2010
UNESP Universidade Estadual Paulista, Campus Experimental de Sorocaba, Environmental Engineerin... more UNESP Universidade Estadual Paulista, Campus Experimental de Sorocaba, Environmental Engineering Department, Sorocaba-SP, Brazil Post-consumer cooking oil and soft drink PET bottles (PEToil and PETsoft drink) were ground and washed only with water (conventional ...
Agosto de 2004 1 ", publicado em 1936, Keynes lançou a semente do sistema de contas nacionais, ao... more Agosto de 2004 1 ", publicado em 1936, Keynes lançou a semente do sistema de contas nacionais, ao optar por trabalhar com categorias econômicas expressas em "unidades quantitativas em valor". Mais tarde, em 1940, Keynes escreveu o livro "Como Pagar a Guerra 2 " para mostrar a necessidade de criação de uma novo imposto (denominado "poupança compulsória") para financiar os gastos com a guerra, sem causar inflação ou dívida externa. Keynes queria demonstrar que o déficit público inglês, previsto para o ano fiscal de 1939/1940, proveniente do aumentos dos gastos militares, deveria, necessariamente, ser financiado pelo setor privado, para que o país não precisasse emitir moeda, nem consumir suas reservas internacionais, nem contrair dívida externa. Nesta obra, Keynes recorreu à montagem de um sistema de contas que articularia, pela primeira vez, a análise das finanças públicas com a das contas nacionais, valendo-se para isso do princípio contábil das partidas dobradas. Este método original contribuiu para a transformação das contas nacionais num sistema de contas articuladas, utilizadas como instrumento de planejamento das ações do governo no sistema econômico, as quais deveriam, necessariamente, levar em consideração o momento histórico e as diversas fases do ciclo econômico. Em 1953, as Nações Unidas (ONU) adotaram o modelo proposto por Keynes, publicando a primeira versão do atual Sistema de Contas Nacionais. Em 1968 e em 1993, a ONU publicou novas versões e está previto para o ano de 2007 a divulgação da quarta versão do Manual de Contas Nacionais da ONU. Ao longo dos últimos 50 anos, a ONU incorporou a Matriz de Insumo -Produto, desenvolvida por Leontief 3 , ao corpo central do Sistema de Contas Nacionais. A utilização pela ONU dos sistemas de Keynes e Leontief permite que o atual Sistema de Contas Nacionais retrate o funcionamento da economia capitalista, a partir da análise dos setores institucionais (empresas, famílias e governos), responsáveis pelas decisões de investimento, produção, consumo e outras, e a partir da análise das unidades produtivas, responsáveis pela organização do processo produtivo.
Polypropylene (PP), high density polyethylene (HDPE) and low density polyethylene (LDPE) films we... more Polypropylene (PP), high density polyethylene (HDPE) and low density polyethylene (LDPE) films were studied according to the way their wastes are collected (segregated from or mixed with other residues) by evaluating the amount of impurities and the washing wastewater. It was found that the films from mixed collection presented at minimum 30% of impurities, while the films from segregated (or curbside) collection presented at maximum 10% of impurities. The amount of impurities and the wastewater turbidity indicated that 20% more material can be obtained from the films of segregated colletion, preferred by recyclers, in addition to having a simpler washing process because it only involves solids removal, unlike mixed collection which is associated with the impregnation of wet wastes. The effluents were also evaluated according to the total amount of solids, sediments and concentration of nine metals. The results showed that both types of collection generated similar wastewaters and their treatment requires two steps at the most: sedimentation and effluent dilution in the water body.
This study presents the laboratory scale results of an extra step in Poly (ethylene terephthalate... more This study presents the laboratory scale results of an extra step in Poly (ethylene terephthalate)–PET mechanical recycling (grinding, washing, drying and reprocessing): a chemical washing after the conventional one. Cooking oil PET bottle flakes were washed ...
International Journal of Polymeric Materials, 2010
UNESP Universidade Estadual Paulista, Campus Experimental de Sorocaba, Environmental Engineerin... more UNESP Universidade Estadual Paulista, Campus Experimental de Sorocaba, Environmental Engineering Department, Sorocaba-SP, Brazil Post-consumer cooking oil and soft drink PET bottles (PEToil and PETsoft drink) were ground and washed only with water (conventional ...
Polypropylene (PP), high density polyethylene (HDPE) and low density polyethylene (LDPE) films we... more Polypropylene (PP), high density polyethylene (HDPE) and low density polyethylene (LDPE) films were studied according to the way their wastes are collected (segregated from or mixed with other residues) by evaluating the amount of impurities and the washing wastewater. It was found that the films from mixed collection presented at minimum 30% of impurities, while the films from segregated (or curbside) collection presented at maximum 10% of impurities. The amount of impurities and the wastewater turbidity indicated that 20% more material can be obtained from the films of segregated colletion, preferred by recyclers, in addition to having a simpler washing process because it only involves solids removal, unlike mixed collection which is associated with the impregnation of wet wastes. The effluents were also evaluated according to the total amount of solids, sediments and concentration of nine metals. The results showed that both types of collection generated similar wastewaters and their treatment requires two steps at the most: sedimentation and effluent dilution in the water body.
This study presents the laboratory scale results of an extra step in Poly (ethylene terephthalate... more This study presents the laboratory scale results of an extra step in Poly (ethylene terephthalate)–PET mechanical recycling (grinding, washing, drying and reprocessing): a chemical washing after the conventional one. Cooking oil PET bottle flakes were washed ...
International Journal of Polymeric Materials, 2010
UNESP Universidade Estadual Paulista, Campus Experimental de Sorocaba, Environmental Engineerin... more UNESP Universidade Estadual Paulista, Campus Experimental de Sorocaba, Environmental Engineering Department, Sorocaba-SP, Brazil Post-consumer cooking oil and soft drink PET bottles (PEToil and PETsoft drink) were ground and washed only with water (conventional ...
Agosto de 2004 1 ", publicado em 1936, Keynes lançou a semente do sistema de contas nacionais, ao... more Agosto de 2004 1 ", publicado em 1936, Keynes lançou a semente do sistema de contas nacionais, ao optar por trabalhar com categorias econômicas expressas em "unidades quantitativas em valor". Mais tarde, em 1940, Keynes escreveu o livro "Como Pagar a Guerra 2 " para mostrar a necessidade de criação de uma novo imposto (denominado "poupança compulsória") para financiar os gastos com a guerra, sem causar inflação ou dívida externa. Keynes queria demonstrar que o déficit público inglês, previsto para o ano fiscal de 1939/1940, proveniente do aumentos dos gastos militares, deveria, necessariamente, ser financiado pelo setor privado, para que o país não precisasse emitir moeda, nem consumir suas reservas internacionais, nem contrair dívida externa. Nesta obra, Keynes recorreu à montagem de um sistema de contas que articularia, pela primeira vez, a análise das finanças públicas com a das contas nacionais, valendo-se para isso do princípio contábil das partidas dobradas. Este método original contribuiu para a transformação das contas nacionais num sistema de contas articuladas, utilizadas como instrumento de planejamento das ações do governo no sistema econômico, as quais deveriam, necessariamente, levar em consideração o momento histórico e as diversas fases do ciclo econômico. Em 1953, as Nações Unidas (ONU) adotaram o modelo proposto por Keynes, publicando a primeira versão do atual Sistema de Contas Nacionais. Em 1968 e em 1993, a ONU publicou novas versões e está previto para o ano de 2007 a divulgação da quarta versão do Manual de Contas Nacionais da ONU. Ao longo dos últimos 50 anos, a ONU incorporou a Matriz de Insumo -Produto, desenvolvida por Leontief 3 , ao corpo central do Sistema de Contas Nacionais. A utilização pela ONU dos sistemas de Keynes e Leontief permite que o atual Sistema de Contas Nacionais retrate o funcionamento da economia capitalista, a partir da análise dos setores institucionais (empresas, famílias e governos), responsáveis pelas decisões de investimento, produção, consumo e outras, e a partir da análise das unidades produtivas, responsáveis pela organização do processo produtivo.
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