Global Software Development (GSD) is widely used by software development organizations to ensure ... more Global Software Development (GSD) is widely used by software development organizations to ensure the development of a cost-effective software product. GSD has now become a common engineering practice adopted by a significant number of multinational software development organizations, and even individuals (freelancers) are seeking numerous benefits including low development cost, highly skilled workers, and access to better development ideas. However, communication and coordination challenges remain a prominent research issue in the GSD context, while performing different project-related activities especially for Requirements Change Management (RCM). As a result, improper communication and coordination during RCM require additional time, cost, and development resources. Thus, it is of vital importance to ensure proper communication and coordination before initiating a software project. Inspired by this, current work aims at exploring and mitigating the communication and coordination challenges during RCM in the GSD context. To accomplish the targeted research objective, we performed a tertiary study to provide a landscape of the challenges that occurred during RCM in the context of GSD. Based on the performed study, we found 62 communication and 14 coordination challenges. In total, 107 mitigation strategies are explored and reported that effectively address the categorized sub-challenges of communication and coordination. Moreover, we proposed a conceptual model useful to address the communication and coordination challenges for the RCM process in GSD. Furthermore, we consulted the domain experts for the validation of the proposed conceptual model. Based on the promising results, we believe that this work supports the project managers in managing the cost and time-related issues in the GSD context. Consequently, the proposed conceptual model would help in optimally utilizing the scared software development resources. INDEX TERMS Global software development, requirements change management, communication and coordination challenges, mitigation strategy, tertiary study.
Ultrasound-based synthesis at room temperature produces valuable compounds greener and safer than... more Ultrasound-based synthesis at room temperature produces valuable compounds greener and safer than most other methods. This study presents the sonochemical fabrication and characterization of a pyridine-based halogenated hydrazone, (E)-2-((6-chloropyridin-2-yl)oxy)-N′-(2-hydroxybenzylidene) acetohydrazide (HBPAH). The NMR spectroscopic technique was used to determine the structure, while SC-XRD confirmed its crystalline nature. Our structural studies revealed that strong, inter-molecular attractive forces stabilize this crystalline organic compound. Moreover, the compound was optimized at the B3LYP/6-311G(d,p) level using the Crystallographic Information File (CIF). Natural bonding orbital (NBO) and natural population analysis (NPA) were performed at the same level using optimized geometry. Time-dependent density functional theory (DFT) was performed at the B3LYP/6-311G (d,p) method to calculate the frontier molecular orbitals (FMOs) and molecular electrostatic potential (MEP). The g...
To study the environmental and genetic factors affecting productive and reproductive traits, data... more To study the environmental and genetic factors affecting productive and reproductive traits, data on 5,897 cows from five main recorded herds (for 1964-2004) of Sahiwal cattle in Pakistan were used. A general linear model was applied on the data. The 305-day milk yield, total milk yield, lactation length, age at first calving, dry period, calving interval and service period averaged 1
Technology plays an important role in our society, especially in the field of education. It is qu... more Technology plays an important role in our society, especially in the field of education. It is quite regrettable that people, particularly the deaf, still face a lot of challenges in acquiring an education. Their learning methods are different as compared to hearing people. They use Sign Language (SL) rather than natural language to communicate and learn. They are required to put a lot of effort into learning different concepts using conventional pedagogies. Therefore, there is a dire need for some assistive technology to improve their learn-ability and understandability. In the present study, 192 deaf participants aged 5–10 years were sampled from two special child institutes. The objective of the present study was to determine the effectiveness of a mobile interface through a developed mobile application for learning basic mathematical concepts using Pakistan Sign Language (PSL). The present study bridges the gap between the technology-based method and conventional teaching method...
All rights reserved. No part of this periodical may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or b... more All rights reserved. No part of this periodical may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Permission for printing and for reprinting the material contained herein has been obtained by the publisher. Denitrification and Nitrous Oxide Emissions in Annual Croplands, Perennial Grass Buffers, and Restored Perennial Grasslands Soil & Water Management & Conservation Inclusion of perennial vegetation filter strips (PFSs) in the toeslope of annual cropland watersheds can decrease NO 3 −-N losses to ground and surface waters. Although PFSs are similar to riparian buffers, the processes responsible for NO 3 −-N removal from PFSs are not well understood. Our objectives were to (i) determine the importance of denitrification as a sink for NO 3 −-N loss from PFSs and (ii) evaluate how PFSs alter the biophysical processes that affect the relative importance of N 2 O and N 2 emissions. To address our objectives, we used a coupled field laboratory approach with experimental watersheds that included the following treatments: (i) PFSs covering the bottom 10% of the watershed and an annual corn-soybean crop rotation covering the remaining upslope 90% (PFS); (ii) 100% corn-soybean rotation (CORN); and (iii) 19-yr-old 100% restored native grassland (RNG). In situ N 2 O flux rates and laboratory N 2 O/(N 2 + N 2 O) ratios were highest in CORN watersheds followed by PFS and RNG watersheds. In contrast, potentially mineralizable C and denitrification enzyme activity (DEA) were highest in PFS and RNG watersheds and lowest in CORN watersheds. Furthermore, there was a negative correlation between N 2 O/(N 2 + N 2 O) ratio and DEA. In the laboratory, N 2 fluxes were highest in PFS followed by RNG and CORN. These results indicate that PFS watersheds support greater total denitrification while emitting less N 2 O than croplands. Greater potentially mineralizable C in PFS and RNG suggest C availability is an important factor affecting more complete denitrification. These results suggest PFSs function similar to riparian buffers and have potential to reduce NO 3 −-N losses from annual croplands by denitrification to N 2 .
SUMMARY: A variety of a-allyl-%-ketoesters (1) con-taining two different double bonds, undergo hi... more SUMMARY: A variety of a-allyl-%-ketoesters (1) con-taining two different double bonds, undergo highly regioselective iodoenoletherification to give the titled compound (2) in excellent yields. ... In a study directed towards the synthesis of fused ... (4) annulated to rings of ...
Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology, 2001
SUMMARY1. Leptin is secreted by fat and acts on the brain.2. Central infusion of leptin reduces f... more SUMMARY1. Leptin is secreted by fat and acts on the brain.2. Central infusion of leptin reduces food intake but does not alter endocrine secretions in normally fed sheep.3. Leptin treatment can correct for altered hormonal secretion in fasted animals.4. Alterations in bodyweight (leptin status) affect the expression of a number of genes in the hypothalamus that are involved in the regulation of food intake and neuroendocrine function.5. Leptin receptors are found in both the hypothalamus and pituitary and direct action of leptin can be demonstrated on the somatotrophs in the pituitary.
... Name of Genotypes Aphids per tiller Iqbal-2000 8.06 a * D-98627 7.21 b * AS-2002 6.65 c * V-9... more ... Name of Genotypes Aphids per tiller Iqbal-2000 8.06 a * D-98627 7.21 b * AS-2002 6.65 c * V-99074 6.62 c 97B2210 6.60 cd V-99176 6.50 de Parwaz 6.41 e V-99119 6.19 f V-00183 5.95 g V-99022 5.80 h V-99160 5.60 I V ... Mahmood A., 1981. ... Pesel, E. and HM Poehling, 1988. ...
Abstract: Supervisory control of the mobile robot navigation system has critical importance. The ... more Abstract: Supervisory control of the mobile robot navigation system has critical importance. The supervisory control software development of mobile robot navigation can be performed in an unknown environment or for controlled robots in a known environment. Finite automata and graph theory are functional tools in modeling the robot navigation system through discrete environment. This research has emphasis on an integration of graph theory, automata and Z notation for modeling supervisory control of robot navigation system. The ...
Soil sequestration of atmospheric CO 2 through land application of inorganic N fertilizer along w... more Soil sequestration of atmospheric CO 2 through land application of inorganic N fertilizer along with organic residues may have beneficial effects as a strategy to offset the increase in the concentration of CO 2 in the atmosphere. A field study was conducted to assess the effect of application of N fertilizer and rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) straw in a paddy field. To understand rice-, rhizosphere-and N-induced CO 2 flux, CO 2 flux was measured during the growth stages of rice (Oryza sativa L.) from row, inter-row and bare soil at the experimental station of Heshengqiao at Xianning, Hubei, China. The study included seven treatments: (CK) control, (N0) fertilizer PK, (N1) fertilizer NPK (50% N), (N2) fertilizer NPK (100% N), (N3) fertilizer NPK (200% N), (N0 + S) fertilizer NP + traw, (N2 + S) fertilizer NPK (100% N) + straw. There was a distinct variation in soil CO 2 fluxes, with the higher values being observed during the reproductive stage of crop growth while the lower fluxes were observed during the maturity stage. Soil CO 2 fluxes from row (797-1214 g C m À2 season À1) were significantly higher than from interrow (289-403 g C m À2 season À1) and bare soil (148-241 g C m À2 season À1), due to the contribution of rhizosphere respiration. Among different treatments, N fertilization significantly increased the CO 2 flux from row with the highest being observed from N2 + S and lowest from N0 + S treatment. No significant differences among different treatments were observed from inter-row and bare soil. From bare soil, soil CO 2 flux was decreased in response to N fertilizer application; this suggested suppression in microbial activity in response to increased N fertilizer application. Soil temperature accounted for 68 and 38% of CO 2 flux variability from row and inter-row, respectively, while no significant correlation was found from bare soil. Soil temperature explained 69% of N-induced CO 2 flux variability from row, while no effect was observed from inter-row and bare soil. Soil temperature was also significantly correlated with rice-and rhizosphere-induced CO 2 flux accounting for 42 and 31% of CO 2 flux variability, respectively. The amount of soil carbon sequestration was estimated by taking the difference between net primary production (NPP) and the amount of carbon in harvested rice. The values ranged from À176 to À89 g C m À2 season À1 with the highest value observed from N2 + S treatment; this suggested that N fertilizer application with straw has the potential to mitigate the global carbon budget. The current findings indicate that N addition increases the CO 2 flux. However, integrated use of N fertilizer along with rapeseed straw may be a preferred strategy in sequestering C in red soil.
Selected trace metals were estimated by atomic absorption spectrometry in the water and soil samp... more Selected trace metals were estimated by atomic absorption spectrometry in the water and soil samples collected from the remote region of Himalaya. The soil samples were analysed for soluble and acid extractable fraction of trace metals.
Global Software Development (GSD) is widely used by software development organizations to ensure ... more Global Software Development (GSD) is widely used by software development organizations to ensure the development of a cost-effective software product. GSD has now become a common engineering practice adopted by a significant number of multinational software development organizations, and even individuals (freelancers) are seeking numerous benefits including low development cost, highly skilled workers, and access to better development ideas. However, communication and coordination challenges remain a prominent research issue in the GSD context, while performing different project-related activities especially for Requirements Change Management (RCM). As a result, improper communication and coordination during RCM require additional time, cost, and development resources. Thus, it is of vital importance to ensure proper communication and coordination before initiating a software project. Inspired by this, current work aims at exploring and mitigating the communication and coordination challenges during RCM in the GSD context. To accomplish the targeted research objective, we performed a tertiary study to provide a landscape of the challenges that occurred during RCM in the context of GSD. Based on the performed study, we found 62 communication and 14 coordination challenges. In total, 107 mitigation strategies are explored and reported that effectively address the categorized sub-challenges of communication and coordination. Moreover, we proposed a conceptual model useful to address the communication and coordination challenges for the RCM process in GSD. Furthermore, we consulted the domain experts for the validation of the proposed conceptual model. Based on the promising results, we believe that this work supports the project managers in managing the cost and time-related issues in the GSD context. Consequently, the proposed conceptual model would help in optimally utilizing the scared software development resources. INDEX TERMS Global software development, requirements change management, communication and coordination challenges, mitigation strategy, tertiary study.
Ultrasound-based synthesis at room temperature produces valuable compounds greener and safer than... more Ultrasound-based synthesis at room temperature produces valuable compounds greener and safer than most other methods. This study presents the sonochemical fabrication and characterization of a pyridine-based halogenated hydrazone, (E)-2-((6-chloropyridin-2-yl)oxy)-N′-(2-hydroxybenzylidene) acetohydrazide (HBPAH). The NMR spectroscopic technique was used to determine the structure, while SC-XRD confirmed its crystalline nature. Our structural studies revealed that strong, inter-molecular attractive forces stabilize this crystalline organic compound. Moreover, the compound was optimized at the B3LYP/6-311G(d,p) level using the Crystallographic Information File (CIF). Natural bonding orbital (NBO) and natural population analysis (NPA) were performed at the same level using optimized geometry. Time-dependent density functional theory (DFT) was performed at the B3LYP/6-311G (d,p) method to calculate the frontier molecular orbitals (FMOs) and molecular electrostatic potential (MEP). The g...
To study the environmental and genetic factors affecting productive and reproductive traits, data... more To study the environmental and genetic factors affecting productive and reproductive traits, data on 5,897 cows from five main recorded herds (for 1964-2004) of Sahiwal cattle in Pakistan were used. A general linear model was applied on the data. The 305-day milk yield, total milk yield, lactation length, age at first calving, dry period, calving interval and service period averaged 1
Technology plays an important role in our society, especially in the field of education. It is qu... more Technology plays an important role in our society, especially in the field of education. It is quite regrettable that people, particularly the deaf, still face a lot of challenges in acquiring an education. Their learning methods are different as compared to hearing people. They use Sign Language (SL) rather than natural language to communicate and learn. They are required to put a lot of effort into learning different concepts using conventional pedagogies. Therefore, there is a dire need for some assistive technology to improve their learn-ability and understandability. In the present study, 192 deaf participants aged 5–10 years were sampled from two special child institutes. The objective of the present study was to determine the effectiveness of a mobile interface through a developed mobile application for learning basic mathematical concepts using Pakistan Sign Language (PSL). The present study bridges the gap between the technology-based method and conventional teaching method...
All rights reserved. No part of this periodical may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or b... more All rights reserved. No part of this periodical may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Permission for printing and for reprinting the material contained herein has been obtained by the publisher. Denitrification and Nitrous Oxide Emissions in Annual Croplands, Perennial Grass Buffers, and Restored Perennial Grasslands Soil & Water Management & Conservation Inclusion of perennial vegetation filter strips (PFSs) in the toeslope of annual cropland watersheds can decrease NO 3 −-N losses to ground and surface waters. Although PFSs are similar to riparian buffers, the processes responsible for NO 3 −-N removal from PFSs are not well understood. Our objectives were to (i) determine the importance of denitrification as a sink for NO 3 −-N loss from PFSs and (ii) evaluate how PFSs alter the biophysical processes that affect the relative importance of N 2 O and N 2 emissions. To address our objectives, we used a coupled field laboratory approach with experimental watersheds that included the following treatments: (i) PFSs covering the bottom 10% of the watershed and an annual corn-soybean crop rotation covering the remaining upslope 90% (PFS); (ii) 100% corn-soybean rotation (CORN); and (iii) 19-yr-old 100% restored native grassland (RNG). In situ N 2 O flux rates and laboratory N 2 O/(N 2 + N 2 O) ratios were highest in CORN watersheds followed by PFS and RNG watersheds. In contrast, potentially mineralizable C and denitrification enzyme activity (DEA) were highest in PFS and RNG watersheds and lowest in CORN watersheds. Furthermore, there was a negative correlation between N 2 O/(N 2 + N 2 O) ratio and DEA. In the laboratory, N 2 fluxes were highest in PFS followed by RNG and CORN. These results indicate that PFS watersheds support greater total denitrification while emitting less N 2 O than croplands. Greater potentially mineralizable C in PFS and RNG suggest C availability is an important factor affecting more complete denitrification. These results suggest PFSs function similar to riparian buffers and have potential to reduce NO 3 −-N losses from annual croplands by denitrification to N 2 .
SUMMARY: A variety of a-allyl-%-ketoesters (1) con-taining two different double bonds, undergo hi... more SUMMARY: A variety of a-allyl-%-ketoesters (1) con-taining two different double bonds, undergo highly regioselective iodoenoletherification to give the titled compound (2) in excellent yields. ... In a study directed towards the synthesis of fused ... (4) annulated to rings of ...
Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology, 2001
SUMMARY1. Leptin is secreted by fat and acts on the brain.2. Central infusion of leptin reduces f... more SUMMARY1. Leptin is secreted by fat and acts on the brain.2. Central infusion of leptin reduces food intake but does not alter endocrine secretions in normally fed sheep.3. Leptin treatment can correct for altered hormonal secretion in fasted animals.4. Alterations in bodyweight (leptin status) affect the expression of a number of genes in the hypothalamus that are involved in the regulation of food intake and neuroendocrine function.5. Leptin receptors are found in both the hypothalamus and pituitary and direct action of leptin can be demonstrated on the somatotrophs in the pituitary.
... Name of Genotypes Aphids per tiller Iqbal-2000 8.06 a * D-98627 7.21 b * AS-2002 6.65 c * V-9... more ... Name of Genotypes Aphids per tiller Iqbal-2000 8.06 a * D-98627 7.21 b * AS-2002 6.65 c * V-99074 6.62 c 97B2210 6.60 cd V-99176 6.50 de Parwaz 6.41 e V-99119 6.19 f V-00183 5.95 g V-99022 5.80 h V-99160 5.60 I V ... Mahmood A., 1981. ... Pesel, E. and HM Poehling, 1988. ...
Abstract: Supervisory control of the mobile robot navigation system has critical importance. The ... more Abstract: Supervisory control of the mobile robot navigation system has critical importance. The supervisory control software development of mobile robot navigation can be performed in an unknown environment or for controlled robots in a known environment. Finite automata and graph theory are functional tools in modeling the robot navigation system through discrete environment. This research has emphasis on an integration of graph theory, automata and Z notation for modeling supervisory control of robot navigation system. The ...
Soil sequestration of atmospheric CO 2 through land application of inorganic N fertilizer along w... more Soil sequestration of atmospheric CO 2 through land application of inorganic N fertilizer along with organic residues may have beneficial effects as a strategy to offset the increase in the concentration of CO 2 in the atmosphere. A field study was conducted to assess the effect of application of N fertilizer and rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) straw in a paddy field. To understand rice-, rhizosphere-and N-induced CO 2 flux, CO 2 flux was measured during the growth stages of rice (Oryza sativa L.) from row, inter-row and bare soil at the experimental station of Heshengqiao at Xianning, Hubei, China. The study included seven treatments: (CK) control, (N0) fertilizer PK, (N1) fertilizer NPK (50% N), (N2) fertilizer NPK (100% N), (N3) fertilizer NPK (200% N), (N0 + S) fertilizer NP + traw, (N2 + S) fertilizer NPK (100% N) + straw. There was a distinct variation in soil CO 2 fluxes, with the higher values being observed during the reproductive stage of crop growth while the lower fluxes were observed during the maturity stage. Soil CO 2 fluxes from row (797-1214 g C m À2 season À1) were significantly higher than from interrow (289-403 g C m À2 season À1) and bare soil (148-241 g C m À2 season À1), due to the contribution of rhizosphere respiration. Among different treatments, N fertilization significantly increased the CO 2 flux from row with the highest being observed from N2 + S and lowest from N0 + S treatment. No significant differences among different treatments were observed from inter-row and bare soil. From bare soil, soil CO 2 flux was decreased in response to N fertilizer application; this suggested suppression in microbial activity in response to increased N fertilizer application. Soil temperature accounted for 68 and 38% of CO 2 flux variability from row and inter-row, respectively, while no significant correlation was found from bare soil. Soil temperature explained 69% of N-induced CO 2 flux variability from row, while no effect was observed from inter-row and bare soil. Soil temperature was also significantly correlated with rice-and rhizosphere-induced CO 2 flux accounting for 42 and 31% of CO 2 flux variability, respectively. The amount of soil carbon sequestration was estimated by taking the difference between net primary production (NPP) and the amount of carbon in harvested rice. The values ranged from À176 to À89 g C m À2 season À1 with the highest value observed from N2 + S treatment; this suggested that N fertilizer application with straw has the potential to mitigate the global carbon budget. The current findings indicate that N addition increases the CO 2 flux. However, integrated use of N fertilizer along with rapeseed straw may be a preferred strategy in sequestering C in red soil.
Selected trace metals were estimated by atomic absorption spectrometry in the water and soil samp... more Selected trace metals were estimated by atomic absorption spectrometry in the water and soil samples collected from the remote region of Himalaya. The soil samples were analysed for soluble and acid extractable fraction of trace metals.
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