this project has been funded with support from the european commission in the framework of the li... more this project has been funded with support from the european commission in the framework of the lifelong learning programme. this publication reflects the views of the authors only and the commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein.
Http Dx Doi Org 10 1080 14768320500411058, Feb 1, 2007
Page 1. Psychology and Health August 2006; 21(4): 513539 How people make decisions about predict... more Page 1. Psychology and Health August 2006; 21(4): 513539 How people make decisions about predictive genetic testing: An analogue study BETHAN J. HENDERSON1, BRYAN T. MAGUIRE2, JONATHON GRAY3, & VALERIE MORRISON4 ...
In this paper, the issues involved in aligning national and meta-frameworks are explored and anal... more In this paper, the issues involved in aligning national and meta-frameworks are explored and analysed. The exploration is timely, given that two qualifications metaframeworks are currently being developed and implemented in Europe: the question is now how relationships should be established between these new reference tools and national qualifications structures and systems. Drawing on recent experiences in Ireland of comparing the national framework of qualifications with the Bologna framework and the emerging European qualifications framework, the paper addresses some of the methodological issues in establishing such alignment and identifies a process that may be useful as a starting-point in developing common approaches to be adopted by other countries in undertaking these tasks.
Genetics are coming to play an increasing role in biomedical understanding of common diseases. Th... more Genetics are coming to play an increasing role in biomedical understanding of common diseases. The implication of such findings is that at-risk individuals may be offered predictive genetic tests. How do individuals make decisions about predictive tests and what information do they need to make informed choices? Richards [Richards, M.P.M., 1993. The new genetics: some issues for social scientists. Sociology of Health and Illness 15, 567-586] has argued the first step in understanding and helping people to make these decisions is to investigate lay beliefs of genetics. This study examined mental models of inheritance in a sample of 72 lay people. Through analysis of open-ended questionnaires we found three mental models which loosely corresponded to three phases of historical development in the science of genetics. These we labelled the Constitutional, Mendelian and Molecular Models. Predictions for individuals holding each model are made for the comprehension of genetic information in a testing situation.
Page 1. Psychology and Health August 2006; 21(4): 513539 How people make decisions about predict... more Page 1. Psychology and Health August 2006; 21(4): 513539 How people make decisions about predictive genetic testing: An analogue study BETHAN J. HENDERSON1, BRYAN T. MAGUIRE2, JONATHON GRAY3, & VALERIE MORRISON4 ...
Background. Dentists have a unique opportunity to address the problem of domestic violence (DV). ... more Background. Dentists have a unique opportunity to address the problem of domestic violence (DV). The authors tested the effectiveness of a tutorial designed to educate dentists in identifying and responding to DV. Methods. The authors developed a brief interactive multimedia tutorial for dentists and recruited practicing dentists (N = 174) for a randomized, controlled trial. A 24-question instrument assessed participants' knowledge, attitudes and practice behaviors regarding DV at two time points. The control group took the tutorial before completing a posttest. The authors also administered a 20-question empathy scale. Results. The experimental group demonstrated significantly greater improvement in scores on most items, including knowledge, attitudes and behaviors, relative to control subjects (P < .01). Empathy scores did not show significant correlation with change scores on the DV assessment instrument. Conclusions. The tutorial is effective in helping dentists learn how to identify and help patients who are experiencing abuse. Clinical Implications. Broad dissemination of the tutorial about DV would introduce dentists to simple strategies for responding to patients who experience DV.
As research in human genetics advances, genes for familial forms of cancer and heart disease will... more As research in human genetics advances, genes for familial forms of cancer and heart disease will continue to be identified. The implication of such findings is that at-risk individuals will be offered a predictive genetic test. How do individuals make such decisions and what information do they need to make informed choices? Richards (1993) has argued that the first step in understanding and helping people to make these decisions is to investigate lay beliefs of genetics. This study examined illness representations of genetic disease, and predictive testing in a sample of 20 educated lay people. Through content analysis of open-ended interviews, we discovered that individuals have limited knowledge of late-onset genetic disorders and predictive testing. Most of the sample identified genetic diseases that manifest in childhood, and were more familiar with prenatal testing. They did not mention any treatment options for genetic disorders, which may indicate that lay people are more deterministic about diseases with a genetic component. Finally, they consistently raised concerns about the ethics of genetic testing and research. The implications of our findings for the provision of information in a genetic testing situation are discussed.
JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association, 1991
Page 1. The Risk of Transmission of HIV From Health Care Professional to Patient The Risk of Tran... more Page 1. The Risk of Transmission of HIV From Health Care Professional to Patient The Risk of Transmission of HIV From Health Care Professional to Patient The Risk of Transmission of HIV From Health Care Professional to ...
JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association, 1991
To explore the extent to which primary care physicians are providing health care for people with ... more To explore the extent to which primary care physicians are providing health care for people with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and to document barriers to HIV care giving. National random-sample mailed survey. Population-based random sample of 2004 US general internists, family physicians, and general practitioners in 1990. Response rate was 59%. HIV treatment experience, willingness to treat HIV-infected patients, negative attitudes toward homosexuals and intravenous drug users, fear of contagion of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), perceived lack of information about AIDS, and time demands of HIV care. Most physicians (75%) had treated one or more patients with HIV infection. A majority (68%) believed that they had a responsibility to treat people with HIV infection, yet half (50%) indicated that they would not, if given a choice. Over 80% of respondents believed that they lacked information about AIDS and that caring for people with AIDS is time consuming. Further, 35% of respondents agreed that they &quot;would feel nervous among a group of homosexuals&quot; and 55% expressed discomfort about having intravenous drug users in their practice. Physicians who had treated 10 or more HIV-infected patients expressed less negativity toward members of these stigmatized groups who are likely to be HIV infected. These data suggest that many primary care physicians are responding professionally to the AIDS epidemic but that attitudinal barriers may be hindering some physicians from providing treatment to HIV-infected patients.
JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association, 1989
Are patients concerned about going to a physician who is infected with human immunodeficiency vir... more Are patients concerned about going to a physician who is infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) or one who is treating HIV-infected patients? To answer these questions, we surveyed a nationwide sample of 2000 interviews (response rate, 75%). Forty-five percent of all respondents believed that physicians who were HIV infected should not be allowed to continue to practice. More than half of those who had seen a physician in the past 5 years said they would change physicians if they knew their physician were HIV infected, while one fourth said they would seek care elsewhere if their physician were treating people with HIV disease. These data suggest that patients are concerned about HIV in their physicians&#39; offices. The American Medical Association recommends that HIV-infected physicians continue to practice as long as there is no risk to their patients. Physicians and the public need to be educated about this policy and its appropriateness.
JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association, 1988
ACQUIRED immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a fright-ening disease. Recent studies of dental pro... more ACQUIRED immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a fright-ening disease. Recent studies of dental professionals, physi-cians, and nurses have documented that fear is a basic and persistent reaction to the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) epidemic. We have found, for ...
JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association, 1991
On July 27, 1990, the Centers for Disease Control reported possible transmission of the human imm... more On July 27, 1990, the Centers for Disease Control reported possible transmission of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) from a dentist to a patient as a result of patient care. We surveyed a random national probability sample of 300 dentists with a 26-item survey in August and September 1990 to assess reactions to the report (response rate, 59%). Respondents tended not to believe the report (mean was 3.2, median 3.0, where 1 indicated &quot;do not believe&quot; and 7 indicated &quot;believe&quot;). Our sample also tended to believe that transmission of HIV from dentists to patients was unlikely in the future (mean was 2.0, median 2.0, where 1 indicated &quot;not at all likely&quot; and 7 indicated &quot;very likely&quot;). Fifty-one percent of our sample recommended that dentists infected with HIV should discontinue practice, while 38% recommended continuing practice with changes in procedures. Seventy-four percent believed patients should be told if their dentist was infected with HIV. In summary, dentists doubted the possibility of dentist-to-patient transmission of HIV and did not believe the Centers for Disease Control case report, but they did believe infected dentists should refrain from clinical work or modify their practice.
We conducted a nationwide telephone survey of a random sample of United States adults in summer 1... more We conducted a nationwide telephone survey of a random sample of United States adults in summer 1988 (n = 2000, response rate = 75 percent) to find out if physicians were providing education and counseling to the public about AIDS and AIDS prevention. Within the previous five years, 94 percent had seen a physician but only 15 percent had discussed AIDS even though most said they would not object to discussing the topic. AIDS-related conversations are not commonplace in physician's offices and in most cases (72 percent) patients are the initiators of such conversa
Treatment of HIV-infected individuals will become a regular part of mainstream medical practice b... more Treatment of HIV-infected individuals will become a regular part of mainstream medical practice because of the increasing numbers of infected persons, the geographical dispersion of the disease, and the routine nature of much of the care required by seropositive patients. Nurse practitioners, like other health care professionals, need to be willing and able to provide such primary care. One hundred sixty-five NPs constituted an opportunity sample that was surveyed using an instrument that had been adapted from one used successfully in studies of other health professionals. The instrument consisted of 80 forced-answer and six open-ended questions. The response rate was 63 percent. It was found that nurse practitioners believed there was moderate risk of occupational contraction of HIV. NPs were more likely to agree on activities they believed to be of low risk than about the danger of perceived higher-risk activities. The respondents judged themselves as fairly competent in their ability to provide counseling and information to patients about HIV and risk-reduction. Half believed that their lack of knowledge was the biggest barrier to providing care to HIV-infected persons. Eighty-five percent thought courses on the medical aspects of AIDS were necessary, and 78 percent wanted courses in the social, ethical and legal implications of the disease. This study shows that there is a widely perceived need for continuing education on both medical and social aspects of AIDS in order to enable nurse practitioners to play a greater role in primary care provision for persons with AIDS.
this project has been funded with support from the european commission in the framework of the li... more this project has been funded with support from the european commission in the framework of the lifelong learning programme. this publication reflects the views of the authors only and the commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein.
Http Dx Doi Org 10 1080 14768320500411058, Feb 1, 2007
Page 1. Psychology and Health August 2006; 21(4): 513539 How people make decisions about predict... more Page 1. Psychology and Health August 2006; 21(4): 513539 How people make decisions about predictive genetic testing: An analogue study BETHAN J. HENDERSON1, BRYAN T. MAGUIRE2, JONATHON GRAY3, & VALERIE MORRISON4 ...
In this paper, the issues involved in aligning national and meta-frameworks are explored and anal... more In this paper, the issues involved in aligning national and meta-frameworks are explored and analysed. The exploration is timely, given that two qualifications metaframeworks are currently being developed and implemented in Europe: the question is now how relationships should be established between these new reference tools and national qualifications structures and systems. Drawing on recent experiences in Ireland of comparing the national framework of qualifications with the Bologna framework and the emerging European qualifications framework, the paper addresses some of the methodological issues in establishing such alignment and identifies a process that may be useful as a starting-point in developing common approaches to be adopted by other countries in undertaking these tasks.
Genetics are coming to play an increasing role in biomedical understanding of common diseases. Th... more Genetics are coming to play an increasing role in biomedical understanding of common diseases. The implication of such findings is that at-risk individuals may be offered predictive genetic tests. How do individuals make decisions about predictive tests and what information do they need to make informed choices? Richards [Richards, M.P.M., 1993. The new genetics: some issues for social scientists. Sociology of Health and Illness 15, 567-586] has argued the first step in understanding and helping people to make these decisions is to investigate lay beliefs of genetics. This study examined mental models of inheritance in a sample of 72 lay people. Through analysis of open-ended questionnaires we found three mental models which loosely corresponded to three phases of historical development in the science of genetics. These we labelled the Constitutional, Mendelian and Molecular Models. Predictions for individuals holding each model are made for the comprehension of genetic information in a testing situation.
Page 1. Psychology and Health August 2006; 21(4): 513539 How people make decisions about predict... more Page 1. Psychology and Health August 2006; 21(4): 513539 How people make decisions about predictive genetic testing: An analogue study BETHAN J. HENDERSON1, BRYAN T. MAGUIRE2, JONATHON GRAY3, & VALERIE MORRISON4 ...
Background. Dentists have a unique opportunity to address the problem of domestic violence (DV). ... more Background. Dentists have a unique opportunity to address the problem of domestic violence (DV). The authors tested the effectiveness of a tutorial designed to educate dentists in identifying and responding to DV. Methods. The authors developed a brief interactive multimedia tutorial for dentists and recruited practicing dentists (N = 174) for a randomized, controlled trial. A 24-question instrument assessed participants' knowledge, attitudes and practice behaviors regarding DV at two time points. The control group took the tutorial before completing a posttest. The authors also administered a 20-question empathy scale. Results. The experimental group demonstrated significantly greater improvement in scores on most items, including knowledge, attitudes and behaviors, relative to control subjects (P < .01). Empathy scores did not show significant correlation with change scores on the DV assessment instrument. Conclusions. The tutorial is effective in helping dentists learn how to identify and help patients who are experiencing abuse. Clinical Implications. Broad dissemination of the tutorial about DV would introduce dentists to simple strategies for responding to patients who experience DV.
As research in human genetics advances, genes for familial forms of cancer and heart disease will... more As research in human genetics advances, genes for familial forms of cancer and heart disease will continue to be identified. The implication of such findings is that at-risk individuals will be offered a predictive genetic test. How do individuals make such decisions and what information do they need to make informed choices? Richards (1993) has argued that the first step in understanding and helping people to make these decisions is to investigate lay beliefs of genetics. This study examined illness representations of genetic disease, and predictive testing in a sample of 20 educated lay people. Through content analysis of open-ended interviews, we discovered that individuals have limited knowledge of late-onset genetic disorders and predictive testing. Most of the sample identified genetic diseases that manifest in childhood, and were more familiar with prenatal testing. They did not mention any treatment options for genetic disorders, which may indicate that lay people are more deterministic about diseases with a genetic component. Finally, they consistently raised concerns about the ethics of genetic testing and research. The implications of our findings for the provision of information in a genetic testing situation are discussed.
JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association, 1991
Page 1. The Risk of Transmission of HIV From Health Care Professional to Patient The Risk of Tran... more Page 1. The Risk of Transmission of HIV From Health Care Professional to Patient The Risk of Transmission of HIV From Health Care Professional to Patient The Risk of Transmission of HIV From Health Care Professional to ...
JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association, 1991
To explore the extent to which primary care physicians are providing health care for people with ... more To explore the extent to which primary care physicians are providing health care for people with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and to document barriers to HIV care giving. National random-sample mailed survey. Population-based random sample of 2004 US general internists, family physicians, and general practitioners in 1990. Response rate was 59%. HIV treatment experience, willingness to treat HIV-infected patients, negative attitudes toward homosexuals and intravenous drug users, fear of contagion of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), perceived lack of information about AIDS, and time demands of HIV care. Most physicians (75%) had treated one or more patients with HIV infection. A majority (68%) believed that they had a responsibility to treat people with HIV infection, yet half (50%) indicated that they would not, if given a choice. Over 80% of respondents believed that they lacked information about AIDS and that caring for people with AIDS is time consuming. Further, 35% of respondents agreed that they &quot;would feel nervous among a group of homosexuals&quot; and 55% expressed discomfort about having intravenous drug users in their practice. Physicians who had treated 10 or more HIV-infected patients expressed less negativity toward members of these stigmatized groups who are likely to be HIV infected. These data suggest that many primary care physicians are responding professionally to the AIDS epidemic but that attitudinal barriers may be hindering some physicians from providing treatment to HIV-infected patients.
JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association, 1989
Are patients concerned about going to a physician who is infected with human immunodeficiency vir... more Are patients concerned about going to a physician who is infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) or one who is treating HIV-infected patients? To answer these questions, we surveyed a nationwide sample of 2000 interviews (response rate, 75%). Forty-five percent of all respondents believed that physicians who were HIV infected should not be allowed to continue to practice. More than half of those who had seen a physician in the past 5 years said they would change physicians if they knew their physician were HIV infected, while one fourth said they would seek care elsewhere if their physician were treating people with HIV disease. These data suggest that patients are concerned about HIV in their physicians&#39; offices. The American Medical Association recommends that HIV-infected physicians continue to practice as long as there is no risk to their patients. Physicians and the public need to be educated about this policy and its appropriateness.
JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association, 1988
ACQUIRED immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a fright-ening disease. Recent studies of dental pro... more ACQUIRED immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a fright-ening disease. Recent studies of dental professionals, physi-cians, and nurses have documented that fear is a basic and persistent reaction to the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) epidemic. We have found, for ...
JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association, 1991
On July 27, 1990, the Centers for Disease Control reported possible transmission of the human imm... more On July 27, 1990, the Centers for Disease Control reported possible transmission of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) from a dentist to a patient as a result of patient care. We surveyed a random national probability sample of 300 dentists with a 26-item survey in August and September 1990 to assess reactions to the report (response rate, 59%). Respondents tended not to believe the report (mean was 3.2, median 3.0, where 1 indicated &quot;do not believe&quot; and 7 indicated &quot;believe&quot;). Our sample also tended to believe that transmission of HIV from dentists to patients was unlikely in the future (mean was 2.0, median 2.0, where 1 indicated &quot;not at all likely&quot; and 7 indicated &quot;very likely&quot;). Fifty-one percent of our sample recommended that dentists infected with HIV should discontinue practice, while 38% recommended continuing practice with changes in procedures. Seventy-four percent believed patients should be told if their dentist was infected with HIV. In summary, dentists doubted the possibility of dentist-to-patient transmission of HIV and did not believe the Centers for Disease Control case report, but they did believe infected dentists should refrain from clinical work or modify their practice.
We conducted a nationwide telephone survey of a random sample of United States adults in summer 1... more We conducted a nationwide telephone survey of a random sample of United States adults in summer 1988 (n = 2000, response rate = 75 percent) to find out if physicians were providing education and counseling to the public about AIDS and AIDS prevention. Within the previous five years, 94 percent had seen a physician but only 15 percent had discussed AIDS even though most said they would not object to discussing the topic. AIDS-related conversations are not commonplace in physician's offices and in most cases (72 percent) patients are the initiators of such conversa
Treatment of HIV-infected individuals will become a regular part of mainstream medical practice b... more Treatment of HIV-infected individuals will become a regular part of mainstream medical practice because of the increasing numbers of infected persons, the geographical dispersion of the disease, and the routine nature of much of the care required by seropositive patients. Nurse practitioners, like other health care professionals, need to be willing and able to provide such primary care. One hundred sixty-five NPs constituted an opportunity sample that was surveyed using an instrument that had been adapted from one used successfully in studies of other health professionals. The instrument consisted of 80 forced-answer and six open-ended questions. The response rate was 63 percent. It was found that nurse practitioners believed there was moderate risk of occupational contraction of HIV. NPs were more likely to agree on activities they believed to be of low risk than about the danger of perceived higher-risk activities. The respondents judged themselves as fairly competent in their ability to provide counseling and information to patients about HIV and risk-reduction. Half believed that their lack of knowledge was the biggest barrier to providing care to HIV-infected persons. Eighty-five percent thought courses on the medical aspects of AIDS were necessary, and 78 percent wanted courses in the social, ethical and legal implications of the disease. This study shows that there is a widely perceived need for continuing education on both medical and social aspects of AIDS in order to enable nurse practitioners to play a greater role in primary care provision for persons with AIDS.
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