(1/1) Another excellent #triggerwarning study out in JEP-Applied by @Toribridgland and colleagues. Five more experiments, 1600 more participants, preregistration, and basically the same pattern of results (!) -- trigger warnings don't seem to help psycnet.apa.org/record/2019-11…
(2/2) This study makes a crtical distinction that we missed in our study -- the period of *anticipation* before the stimulus vs. the interpretation after the stimulus is seen. Trigger warnings consistently generate negative anticipations, but don't influence interpretation
(3/3) In retrospect, this makes a ton of sense, given the literature on priming/expectation effects/stereotypes etc. Human anticipations are initially heavily shaped by biases, but once we have access to individuating information, we are fairly good at moving past initial bias
(4/4) Trigger warnings appear to follow a similar pattern-- they shape what we expect, but have only a trivial effect on our reactions to stimuli. Still lots of open questions for trigger warnings research, but at least some questions seem to be reaching very consistent answers!
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Studies consistently show a near-zero effect, with trigger warnings making no meaningful difference on "response affect" to potentially triggering material.
Notice that even the most extreme point doesn't reach a medium effect
As the world becomes safer around us, are we shifting our standards to be tuned in to smaller and smaller provocations?
That's the question we tested in a new paper just published in the Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied. psycnet.apa.org/record/2022-20… (open link @ end)
In a world of ambiguous signals and noise, we constantly shift our standards to preserve optimal detection.
Psychologists and rationalists have studied these effects for years under the umbrellas of range-frequency theory, signal detection, Bayesian reasoning, etc.
But what about cases where there is no clear "true" distribution we can lean on? Ambiguous, human-made concepts such as "rudeness", "morality", "threat", "trauma", or "the color blue"?
What's your favorite weird story in the history of psychology?
Mine has to be the history of EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing)...
It all started one day when Francine Shapiro, an PhD-dropout in English literature, was walking through the park. As her eyes went back and forth looking at the beautiful scenery, she noticed her thoughts calm down and become more pleasant.
Exposure therapy should always be voluntary because humans have dignity and should have choices over how they live their lives. Forcing involuntary exposure irreparably damages the therapeutic relationship.
But that doesn't mean that involuntary exposure doesn't *work*
In fact, all the evidence suggests that it *does* work (in terms of reducing fear regarding the target stimulus).
All of our foundational research on fear learning comes from rats, and we never exactly gave them a choice about whether they wanted to be in the experiments.
Imagine you are an evil villain who locked a spider phobic in some kind of nightmare prison and forced them to have many close encounters with tarantulas.
Eventually, it's almost certain this person would lose their fear of tarantulas.