Kaav International Journal of English, Literature and Linguistics, 2024
In this contribution we will discuss the demandingness objection with regard to Kant's ethics. Wh... more In this contribution we will discuss the demandingness objection with regard to Kant's ethics. While in the literature there has been an emphasis on this issue with regard to imperfect duties, our main goal is to show Kantian ethics has resources to resort to in the case of the demandingness objection with regard to both perfect and imperfect duties. We consider different possible components of a moral theory which can lead to demandingness introduced by Scheffler. While we concur with Kantian critics that the stringent content of Kantian ethics may be a source of demandingness, we show that Kantian ethics has resources to respond to over demandingness objection arisen from other components. For this purpose we discuss Kant's notion of "Vorsatz" (intention), accompanied by the device of Flouting, introduced by Grice in his Conversational Implicatures.
When bankrupt firms are sold, they are often repurchased by their former owner or manager. These ... more When bankrupt firms are sold, they are often repurchased by their former owner or manager. These insiders are by default better informed than outsiders about the true value of the firm or its assets, so other potential buyers must worry about overpaying if they win. The presence of insiders may thus have a chilling effect on the bidding. We ask how insiders should be treated in bankruptcy sales: Should they be allowed to submit bids? If so, under what conditions? We derive properties of an optimal sale procedure and show that it must be biased against insiders. Specifically, it should be harder for insiders to win with low bids than for outsiders. We show that the ''market tests'' that are routinely required in bankruptcy sales are suboptimal since they treat all potential buyers alike and forgo the benefits of biasing the procedure against insiders.
International Journal of Computer Applications, 2012
Mobile ad hoc network is dynamic in nature and vulnerable for several attacks to be arising in it... more Mobile ad hoc network is dynamic in nature and vulnerable for several attacks to be arising in it. Mobile nodes frequently disconnect and join the network; they can arbitrarily moves from one place to another. There are several attacks in MANET. One of the attacks is Black hole attack, it is a kind of active attack, it drops the entire incoming packet between one source and destination. Black Hole nodes or Black Holes actually send a fake RREP packet and advertise itself as the shortest route is found. Sender starts transmitting packets to Black Hole, But packet do not reach the destination node on account of this attack and data packets are also lost .In our work we tried to secure the AODV protocol, so that it can withstand the attack by adding an IDS_node to AODV protocol. We have seen that packet drop ratio is decreased by desirable amount. This will help to improve the performance of Mobile Ad hoc network and decrease the Packet loss ratio, which increased due to the attack. There are lots of detection and defense mechanisms to eliminate the intruder that carry out the Black Hole attack. In this paper, we simulated the attack in various wireless ad-hoc network scenarios and have tried to find a response system in simulations.
China-EU relations are expanding fast. While the relationship between EU and China was initially ... more China-EU relations are expanding fast. While the relationship between EU and China was initially more of a transactional and pragmatic type with the supremacy of trade, it has gradually shifted toward a strategic and comprehensive one. In this regard, this article sought to answer the following questions: what is the driving force behind the EU-China partnership and what are the obstacles to its further development? The research hypothesis states that a common view of the world order, multilateralism and common economic interests have led to the signing of the strategic partnership between the EU and China. On the other hand, internal divisions within the EU, the China’s Belt and Road Initiative, market economy status of China, and the impact of transatlantic relations and the Ukraine crisis are among the challenges the partnership faces. In this study, qualitative method and statistical analysis were carried out within the theoretical framework of Keohane and Nye’s complex interdependence. The results indicate that the European Union has defined a special type of strategic partnership with an emphasis on fluidity of business sectors and geography in order to achieve strategic goals such as enhancing its role in international relations and through its strategic partnership in Asia and Indo-Pacific strategy, it seeks to change China's behavior. On the other hand, challenges such as the Ukraine crisis have increased the pressure on the EU to review its Indo-Pacific strategy and harmonize it with the exclusive and anti-China US-led indo-Pacific strategy.
The sun of China's might has cast a dragon shadow over Europe. While China's economic influence i... more The sun of China's might has cast a dragon shadow over Europe. While China's economic influence in the world has been largely discussed-either in terms of its immediate neighbors in Asia, or in its strained but complementary relations with the US-its European vision has been kept in the dark. Considering the increasing involvement of China in international relations, this paper seeks to answer the following research question: What does the Chinese engagement with Central and Eastern European Countries-such as the one under China-CEEC 17+1 initiative-entail for the European security? To answer the mentioned question, we hypothesize that the involvement of China in the region has negatively affected EU's efforts to promote policy coherence and to form a common foreign and defense policy, and therefore, the EU has begun securitizing China to limit its influence in the region. Guided by these objectives, this study employs a qualitative research design using official EU and Chinese policy reports and statistics. Given the security dimension of China's involvement in Europe, Buzan's Regional Security Complex theory was adopted as the study's conceptual framework. The research findings suggest that China (through China-CEEC cooperation) has enjoyed direct access to sensitivesecurity sectors, and differences over the direction of EU project have exacerbated the EU's difficulty to mount a coherent response.
The paper is concerned with some aspects of politeness in the request act by the pragmatic connot... more The paper is concerned with some aspects of politeness in the request act by the pragmatic connotations of syntactic structures in Hindi and Persian. Considering the role of politeness as an explanation for the deviation from the Grice's cooperative principle, the main question of the paper is whether Leech's maxims of politeness operate on the syntagmatic and paradigmatic relations and whether there is any hierarchy in their manner of application. To answer the abovementioned question the main hypothesis of the research posits that Leech's maxims of politeness have a structure of hierarchy in both Persian and Hindi. Considering the Pandharipandes' (1979) hierarchy of the degree of politeness proposed for Hindi, this paper aims to develop a similar hierarchy of the degree of politeness for Persian and to analyze the Leech's maxims operating in the respective hierarchies of politeness. The general theoretical framework adopted for the present study is based on Lakoff (1972), and Leech (1980). Whereas the findings of this research indicate a hierarchy in Hindi and Persian at the syntagmatic planewith regard to their respective Leech's maxims,no such hierarchyis detectable for paradigmatic relationwhichholds good for all types of social situations.
Journal of Literature, Languages and Linguistics, 2018
Error analysis is the tool to discover the cognitive processing every learner goes through in ord... more Error analysis is the tool to discover the cognitive processing every learner goes through in order to learn the second language. In our study, we examine the situation for Persian learners of Hausa. The results showed both transfer and inter-lingual errors. After analyzing the inter-lingual errors, we encountered with a distinct type of error, tense compounding error. Therefore, we could build up further the cognitive processing to see where and how this error occurs. From the teaching perspective, we analyzed the areas where errors occur more frequently and we introduced some teaching strategies to facilitate students learning. Furthermore, we contrasted the phonological system between Persian and Hausa to interpret the phonological errors and to find ways to deal with these errors. Keywords: cognitive processing, teaching, inter-lingual errors, error analysis, phonology, Persian, Hausa, Afro-Asiatic language
Iran and China are getting closer day by day, from economic to political to social relations. Sin... more Iran and China are getting closer day by day, from economic to political to social relations. Since media plays a significant role in shaping norms, social relations, and values in society, it is not a neutral medium to propagate information only. Social and political elites, as well as political fractions, use media to shape public opinion with the least cost. Therefore, this paper attempts to answer the question as to which ideologies, social and political thoughts Iranian football headline-writers attempt to convey to the wider public in Iran. To answer this question the main hypothesis of the paper posits that Iranian political and social elites are conveying a much more economic dimension of China, downplaying the political dimension of China, including the mounting political oppression inside China and Hong Kong, and the dramatic situation of Chinese Muslims. This paper approaches the abovementioned question under the framework of critical discourse analysis proposed by Norman...
This paper aims to explore how the cognitive system of Tok Pisin operates compared to that of ind... more This paper aims to explore how the cognitive system of Tok Pisin operates compared to that of indigenous languages in the Oceania, namely Samoan and Fijian. The main question in this study seeks to determine whether cognitive conceptualization of Tok Pisin, despite being a pidgin, follows the same patterns found in Oceanic languages. The hypothesis tested is that cognitive conceptualization depends on the physical and cultural settings and that, therefore, Tok Pisin follows similar cognitive conceptualization as other languages in the Oceania. Drawing on the works of cognitive semantic scholars such as Talmy and Evans, this study sets out to assess the effect of pidgin formation on the cognitive level. For this goal, we proceed by juxtaposing predicate maker, temporal terms, cardinal directions, alienable/inalienable division, body-part terms as well as spatial prepositions in Tok Pisin and two Oceanic languages, namely, Fijian and Samoan. This paper argues that, despite some remarkable similarities between the Oceanic languages and Tok Pisin on the cognitive level, there are some divergent points as well. These findings, it is hoped, will reflect the Pacific Islanders' world view, the way they perceive and interact with reality.
One of the intriguing features of language interaction with society and culture is the position o... more One of the intriguing features of language interaction with society and culture is the position of certain words as sacred within that society. Thus, it is important to analyze the social process through which sacred words present their particular features. In this paper, we show how sacred words gain their symbolic prominence. Furthermore, we propose a cognitive-semantic model based on the hypothesis of historic automaticity chain that explains well the reason behind the loss of semantics of the sacred words. In this paper, we compare some sacred words across many Indo-European languages and analyze how the very same sacred words lost ground to other words and became almost empty of semantics and word origin, while still preserving the symbolic notion. This study brings the notion of abstraction to the sacred word framework and clarifies the ways the mind processes sacred semantics. In order to support our hypothesis, we performed two small-scale psycho-linguistic experiments and t...
Negative prefixing has always been an important and intriguing morphological process, through whi... more Negative prefixing has always been an important and intriguing morphological process, through which adjectives are formed in many different languages. However, there are limits to negative prefixing. In this study, we introduce the novel concept of Polarity Flexibility, through which the limitations for the negative prefixing are accounted for. Furthermore, we conducted an experiment to investigate whether the PF is an active cognitive process. The results of the experiment confirm our hypothesis and the fact that Polarity Flexibility does indeed influence the cognitive processing. In our study, we introduce the notion of the syntactic arrangement which influences the negative prefixing. Therefore, we compare Russian, Persian, Spanish and English in negative prefixing to show how much the cognitive processes are influenced by the syntactic formations. Russian as a representative of Slavic languages brings an important insight into the way syntax plays role in the semantic-cognitive ...
Iran and China are getting closer day by day, from economic to political to social relations. Sin... more Iran and China are getting closer day by day, from economic to political to social relations. Since media plays a significant role in shaping norms, social relations, and values in society, it is not a neutral medium to propagate information only. Social and political elites, as well as political fractions, use media to shape public opinion with the least cost. Therefore, this paper attempts to answer the question as to which ideologies, social and political thoughts Iranian football headline-writers attempt to convey to the wider public in Iran. To answer this question the main hypothesis of the paper posits that Iranian political and social elites are conveying a much more economic dimension of China, downplaying the political dimension of China, including the mounting political oppression inside China and Hong Kong, and the dramatic situation of Chinese Muslims. This paper approaches the abovementioned question under the framework of critical discourse analysis proposed by Norman Fairclough (1989). With regards to the methodology of the paper, a qualitative approach has been adopted, availing itself of different headlines of Iranian sport. Findings of the paper indicate that elites in Iran are proposing to the public a much rosier image of china due to closer political and economic ties between the two countries.
While Iran possesses one of the biggest gas reserves in the world, Iranian media debate about gas... more While Iran possesses one of the biggest gas reserves in the world, Iranian media debate about gas export has been concentrated around the gas pipe line strategy. On the other hand, Iran is not even yet a gas export country despite having such big gas reserves and this begs the question as to why Iran has not been successful in providing European Union with gas. Our research deals with this question and explains the future prospect of Iran-European Union cooperation in energy sector. Our main hypothesis in this research is then formulated as follows: Iranian media has been mostly captured by pro-pipe line officials who see great fortune in the possible economic benefits for them in this. However, for petroleum products, as long as Iran enjoys good relationship with Europe, it can play an important role in the oil sector. In fact, we will show that the linguistic aspect is vital as it help depict a different picture for the general public, bringing about different expectation among the youth and nationalists. Finally, we also discuss the LNG gas export possibility and the economic reasoning behind its future exploitation in Iran.
Proverbs help us understand how the society works at large and what are the main concerns regardi... more Proverbs help us understand how the society works at large and what are the main concerns regarding the environment, people-to-people exchange and notions of liberty, freedom and values. In some cultures such as the Iranian one, the way one uses proverbs depends on the generation one finds herself in. Generation-gap provides opportunity to transfer some abstract and complicated concepts, not available in modern life, through the use of proverbs. From childhood, by hearing proverbs from parents and grand-parents, children begin grasping some important national and even religious concepts. In order to represent a rather international, holistic view and not language-specific, we analyzed further Polish, French and Spanish proverbs, whenever deemed necessary. The present paper through cognitive-semantic and content analysis aims to reveal the implied systems of value, ethics and morality realized through proverbs. The results clearly indicate that proverbs cover different systems of values through elements such as artifacts, animals, human body parts and even imaginary, nature-derived elements.
Kosovo celebrated its independence in 2008, and many in the Balkans were eager to see finally pea... more Kosovo celebrated its independence in 2008, and many in the Balkans were eager to see finally peace replacing war into the war-torn region. Iranian civil rights movement also shares some interesting features with the Kosovo case. In this paper, we will show how these similarities are being used in Iranian political system. We will investigate the direct correlates between these two cases as well, especially in the case of Diaspora. In the Kosovo case, however, the path to independence has not been as easy and clear as was hoped for in the beginning. Many countries still refuse to recognize Kosovo as an independent state. Among them are even some European Union members. In this study, we explain the reasons behind the lengthy and difficult process of independence. We also investigate role of identity crisis and its direct link to the independence path. In fact, ethnic Albanians were expecting a reunion with their historical homeland in Albania and this mismatch between expectations and reality made it even harder for them to live inside the not yet well-defined new country, Kosovo. On the other hand, language and religious barriers between ethnic Serbs and Albanians in Kosovo keep alive tensions and hostilities in the region. Furthermore, we investigate the way European Union and Kosovo Diaspora play an important role for the future independent country.
This paper deals with the ideological and cultural positioning of Iranian poet Rajdeep Singh in h... more This paper deals with the ideological and cultural positioning of Iranian poet Rajdeep Singh in his famous poem “La paz que venga con fuerza”. We adopt the emerging branch of linguistics, called cognitive analysis, and we also develop a semantic map in order to uncover the great ocean of metaphors in the poem. He is one of the few Middle-Eastern poets who write primarily in Spanish and English, leading the poetical new wave in Iran. One of the goals of the present study is to expose some of the implied meanings and ideological stances the poet adopted concerning the peace and also the linguistic choices he used to twist meanings and create environment for mystic thoughts. The present analysis disposes of different cognitive tools which, after being applied, show clearly how the poet aesthetically used different macro-structural and micro-structures devices to deliver his sincere call for the inner peace in the modern life.
Negative prefixing has always been an important and intriguing morphological process, through whi... more Negative prefixing has always been an important and intriguing morphological process, through which adjectives are formed in many different languages. However, there are limits to negative prefixing. In this study, we introduce the novel concept of Polarity Flexibility, through which the limitations for the negative prefixing are accounted for. Furthermore, we conducted an experiment to investigate whether the PF is an active cognitive process. The results of the experiment confirm our hypothesis and the fact that Polarity Flexibility does indeed influence the cognitive processing. In our study, we introduce the notion of the syntactic arrangement which influences the negative prefixing. Therefore, we compare Russian, Persian, Spanish and English in negative prefixing to show how much the cognitive processes are influenced by the syntactic formations. Russian as a representative of Slavic languages brings an important insight into the way syntax plays role in the semantic-cognitive context.
Learning Spanish is becoming increasingly popular in Iran, and more than ever before, students ar... more Learning Spanish is becoming increasingly popular in Iran, and more than ever before, students are applying for Spanish courses in university. However, the lack of a good model accountable for the differences of the sound system between Spanish and Persian hinders students' language progress. In this comparative study, differences and similarities of the sound system between the two languages are explained and the implications of introducing learners with these similarities and distinctions are discussed in depth. Furthermore, some other sources of errors, including the prior English knowledge of some of the Persian learners, are pointed out and some strategies to get over the difficulties related to the distinctions between Persian and Spanish are introduced. One of the main goals of this paper is to guide teachers to set up the curriculum in a way that students begin with areas of commonalities, and thereafter, they should be guided through the areas of distinctions between the two languages.
Word formation is an important part of the morphology and vocabulary building. However, the syste... more Word formation is an important part of the morphology and vocabulary building. However, the systematic study of the word formation has not been widely enough and there were few studies which looked at the religious words and their formation. In this study, we looked at the word formation of a limited class of words, but significant in their cultural and religious importance. The question of why some religious words across many different languages are apparently similar is responded here. In fact, we proposed the mirroring effect as a systematic way of word formation which particularly affects the words in religious framework. Our framework in the natural morphology and the results are therefore applied cross-linguistically to other languages. This study therefore shed light on the field of morphology and semantics and solves some of the problems regarding the observed similarity of words and word formation processes across languages. Introduction Languages are classified based on their morphology and morphology itself is derived from word formation. Therefore, having a clear way about the word formation can help clarify some of the phenomenon observed across languages. Lieber (1992) investigates the morphology and processes of word formation which he tries to derive their rules through the syntax. In fact, he considers the same processes of syntax are responsible for word formation in the morphological level. Singh (2018) investigates the inflectional morphology and introduces the novel concept of basket verb as a cognitive storehouse for the whole sentence in mind before constructing the phonological final form. Dressler (2005) goes through the natural morphology in order to derive rules of word formation. In the natural morphological level, morphological rules are considered rather cognitively simple, elementary and universally preferred. We also consider the natural morphology as one of the best paradigms to account for the apparent diverse rules of word formation across languages. In fact, in our study, we also work on the natural morphological level since we believe that words are derived from thoughts and there is no reason to make the thoughts more complex by imposing a very limited and complex rule on them. Corbett (2010) investigates the derivational morphology through the canonical typology. Though the results are promising in terms of explaining the derivational word formation, still the application is reserved to derivational morphology exclusively. Singh (2018) works on the learning processes that affect Persian learners of Hausa language which clarifies some morphological formations such as compound building, not known in a normal first language acquisition. Schmid, Fitschen, and Heid (2004) propose a computational model for German word formation which covers both derivational as well as inflectional morphology. Though the proposed model words for German word formation, it still cannot bring adequate explanation of cross-linguistic similarities of some words which are related semantically. In fact, it is hard to explain by a computational model the traceability of words and the justification for the apparent modified words. Booij (2010) looks through the interplay between phonology and morphology, and investigates the morphology based on the parallel architecture and construction grammar. Again the similarities between syntactic and morphological processes are highlighted, but the fact that words often act as if there was no rules is less emphasized. Singh (2018) investigates the role of language interaction in the language change by proposing a mathematical model which can predict some of the change. The point he makes is important as it shows that morphological processes are also influenced by the outside languages under special conditions. Ravid (1990) studies the new word formation devices in Modern Hebrew and focuses on devices which are more productive. He shows that despite the apparent differences, the new devices still follow the main aspects of the older devices. It is significant as it shows that speakers do not invent from nothing a whole new system, and the interconnectivity between word formation devices is an important point. Olsen (1999) investigates the morphological processes in Armenian, which is an Indo-European language and goes through words which are cognates with other IE languages to show how Armenian possesses an interesting and independent morphological position among Indo-European languages. The fact that in that study the word formation is stressed is important since what we also try to prove is that word formation is an important, semantically loaded process which is in many regards independent of syntax. Malkiel (1954) points out to the importance of studying word formation while having etymology as an essential component of the study. In fact, what we also follow is the same principle of essential relatedness of morphology with etymology. Clark (1998) investigates the process of word formation in the framework of language acquisition where the morphological
Error analysis is the tool to discover the cognitive processing every learner goes through in ord... more Error analysis is the tool to discover the cognitive processing every learner goes through in order to learn the second language. In our study, we examine the situation for Persian learners of Hausa. The results showed both transfer and inter-lingual errors. After analyzing the inter-lingual errors, we encountered with a distinct type of error, tense compounding error. Therefore, we could build up further the cognitive processing to see where and how this error occurs. From the teaching perspective, we analyzed the areas where errors occur more frequently and we introduced some teaching strategies to facilitate students learning. Furthermore, we contrasted the phonological system between Persian and Hausa to interpret the phonological errors and to find ways to deal with these errors. Cognitive processing approach to errors African languages are the cultural heritage of African peoples and tribes. Therefore, many scholars have worked on the description and explanation of special features found in these languages. Green (2007) investigates the syntactic structure of Hausa, from a generative perspective, analyzing the underlying structures in Hausa. Block and Cameron (2002) investigate the concept of globalization and the way it influences the teaching. They propose a novel idea of transformationalism as a response to hyper-globalization, facilitating teaching by putting forward a more conciliatory and localized concept of teaching. This is important as we will show in this paper that focusing on the local level, while having the bigger picture in mind, can work best for language teaching and in our case, teaching of Hausa. Wiley (1980) enquires into teaching of African languages in the USA. He carries out an investigation as to how the African language teaching should be and which languages are better to choose to receive the funding, taking into consideration of the diversity of African languages across the continent. We choose Hausa as it is such a powerful and widely-spoken language in the northern Nigeria and throughout Niger, having many more speakers in the neighboring countries. Furthermore, Asian and Middle-Eastern countries are developing ties with Nigeria, the future economic powerhouse of Africa, making urgent the need to study the language in order to better understand the cultural aspect, and form stronger economic ties with the Africa on the whole. Mugane (2010) discusses the difficulty and differences of teaching an African language compared to the well-studied and well-described languages, presenting facts that help understand the reasons behind less enrollments in the African studies in universities and some solutions to such problems. While Mugane shows the problematic parts of teaching African languages, Swahili in particular, the situation is more dire in our case as Hausa has a complete different syntactic structure and it is a Chadic language. Mori and Sanuth (2018) investigate the situation when American learners of Yoruba, in study abroad program in Nigeria, were confronted with the reality of outside classroom everyday language use. They discuss the significance of taking into consideration of geopolitical and socio-historical contexts surrounding the target language. Yoruba is another widely spoken language in Nigeria, besides Hausa. However, Hausa has the prominent status of lingua franca in the countries across much of the Western Africa. Therefore, by choosing Hausa, we aim to facilitate a better future interaction between our students and the communities in Western Africa for different purposes. Hawkins and Mori (2018) investigate the significance of the properties associated with the prefix 'trans' and carries out an enquiry about the nature of language in the framework of movement, being partly invented and reconstituted again. McIntyre (2006) investigates the Hausa verbal compounds, where he analyzes four types of verbal compound, modeling the Hausa verbal system, while taking into consideration the semantics related to the verbal compounds. Gauthier, Besacier, and Voisin (2016) present a model for automatic speech recognition based on the vowel duration for Hausa and Wolof. Despite facing limited resources and Hausa specific features, the model works well, looking at the vowel length contrasts. Keshavarz and Abubakar (2017) investigate the pronunciation problems encountered by Hausa speakers of English, showing where a tonal language speaker faces problems, trying to learn English. Jaggar (2007) investigates the indefinite NP-marking in Hausa, especially under the scope of negation, which is different from other languages. Součková (2011) carries out an investigation about the pluractionality in hausa, which is an inflectional component showing that the verb contains the semantics of diverse and repeated actions.
Kaav International Journal of English, Literature and Linguistics, 2024
In this contribution we will discuss the demandingness objection with regard to Kant's ethics. Wh... more In this contribution we will discuss the demandingness objection with regard to Kant's ethics. While in the literature there has been an emphasis on this issue with regard to imperfect duties, our main goal is to show Kantian ethics has resources to resort to in the case of the demandingness objection with regard to both perfect and imperfect duties. We consider different possible components of a moral theory which can lead to demandingness introduced by Scheffler. While we concur with Kantian critics that the stringent content of Kantian ethics may be a source of demandingness, we show that Kantian ethics has resources to respond to over demandingness objection arisen from other components. For this purpose we discuss Kant's notion of "Vorsatz" (intention), accompanied by the device of Flouting, introduced by Grice in his Conversational Implicatures.
When bankrupt firms are sold, they are often repurchased by their former owner or manager. These ... more When bankrupt firms are sold, they are often repurchased by their former owner or manager. These insiders are by default better informed than outsiders about the true value of the firm or its assets, so other potential buyers must worry about overpaying if they win. The presence of insiders may thus have a chilling effect on the bidding. We ask how insiders should be treated in bankruptcy sales: Should they be allowed to submit bids? If so, under what conditions? We derive properties of an optimal sale procedure and show that it must be biased against insiders. Specifically, it should be harder for insiders to win with low bids than for outsiders. We show that the ''market tests'' that are routinely required in bankruptcy sales are suboptimal since they treat all potential buyers alike and forgo the benefits of biasing the procedure against insiders.
International Journal of Computer Applications, 2012
Mobile ad hoc network is dynamic in nature and vulnerable for several attacks to be arising in it... more Mobile ad hoc network is dynamic in nature and vulnerable for several attacks to be arising in it. Mobile nodes frequently disconnect and join the network; they can arbitrarily moves from one place to another. There are several attacks in MANET. One of the attacks is Black hole attack, it is a kind of active attack, it drops the entire incoming packet between one source and destination. Black Hole nodes or Black Holes actually send a fake RREP packet and advertise itself as the shortest route is found. Sender starts transmitting packets to Black Hole, But packet do not reach the destination node on account of this attack and data packets are also lost .In our work we tried to secure the AODV protocol, so that it can withstand the attack by adding an IDS_node to AODV protocol. We have seen that packet drop ratio is decreased by desirable amount. This will help to improve the performance of Mobile Ad hoc network and decrease the Packet loss ratio, which increased due to the attack. There are lots of detection and defense mechanisms to eliminate the intruder that carry out the Black Hole attack. In this paper, we simulated the attack in various wireless ad-hoc network scenarios and have tried to find a response system in simulations.
China-EU relations are expanding fast. While the relationship between EU and China was initially ... more China-EU relations are expanding fast. While the relationship between EU and China was initially more of a transactional and pragmatic type with the supremacy of trade, it has gradually shifted toward a strategic and comprehensive one. In this regard, this article sought to answer the following questions: what is the driving force behind the EU-China partnership and what are the obstacles to its further development? The research hypothesis states that a common view of the world order, multilateralism and common economic interests have led to the signing of the strategic partnership between the EU and China. On the other hand, internal divisions within the EU, the China’s Belt and Road Initiative, market economy status of China, and the impact of transatlantic relations and the Ukraine crisis are among the challenges the partnership faces. In this study, qualitative method and statistical analysis were carried out within the theoretical framework of Keohane and Nye’s complex interdependence. The results indicate that the European Union has defined a special type of strategic partnership with an emphasis on fluidity of business sectors and geography in order to achieve strategic goals such as enhancing its role in international relations and through its strategic partnership in Asia and Indo-Pacific strategy, it seeks to change China's behavior. On the other hand, challenges such as the Ukraine crisis have increased the pressure on the EU to review its Indo-Pacific strategy and harmonize it with the exclusive and anti-China US-led indo-Pacific strategy.
The sun of China's might has cast a dragon shadow over Europe. While China's economic influence i... more The sun of China's might has cast a dragon shadow over Europe. While China's economic influence in the world has been largely discussed-either in terms of its immediate neighbors in Asia, or in its strained but complementary relations with the US-its European vision has been kept in the dark. Considering the increasing involvement of China in international relations, this paper seeks to answer the following research question: What does the Chinese engagement with Central and Eastern European Countries-such as the one under China-CEEC 17+1 initiative-entail for the European security? To answer the mentioned question, we hypothesize that the involvement of China in the region has negatively affected EU's efforts to promote policy coherence and to form a common foreign and defense policy, and therefore, the EU has begun securitizing China to limit its influence in the region. Guided by these objectives, this study employs a qualitative research design using official EU and Chinese policy reports and statistics. Given the security dimension of China's involvement in Europe, Buzan's Regional Security Complex theory was adopted as the study's conceptual framework. The research findings suggest that China (through China-CEEC cooperation) has enjoyed direct access to sensitivesecurity sectors, and differences over the direction of EU project have exacerbated the EU's difficulty to mount a coherent response.
The paper is concerned with some aspects of politeness in the request act by the pragmatic connot... more The paper is concerned with some aspects of politeness in the request act by the pragmatic connotations of syntactic structures in Hindi and Persian. Considering the role of politeness as an explanation for the deviation from the Grice's cooperative principle, the main question of the paper is whether Leech's maxims of politeness operate on the syntagmatic and paradigmatic relations and whether there is any hierarchy in their manner of application. To answer the abovementioned question the main hypothesis of the research posits that Leech's maxims of politeness have a structure of hierarchy in both Persian and Hindi. Considering the Pandharipandes' (1979) hierarchy of the degree of politeness proposed for Hindi, this paper aims to develop a similar hierarchy of the degree of politeness for Persian and to analyze the Leech's maxims operating in the respective hierarchies of politeness. The general theoretical framework adopted for the present study is based on Lakoff (1972), and Leech (1980). Whereas the findings of this research indicate a hierarchy in Hindi and Persian at the syntagmatic planewith regard to their respective Leech's maxims,no such hierarchyis detectable for paradigmatic relationwhichholds good for all types of social situations.
Journal of Literature, Languages and Linguistics, 2018
Error analysis is the tool to discover the cognitive processing every learner goes through in ord... more Error analysis is the tool to discover the cognitive processing every learner goes through in order to learn the second language. In our study, we examine the situation for Persian learners of Hausa. The results showed both transfer and inter-lingual errors. After analyzing the inter-lingual errors, we encountered with a distinct type of error, tense compounding error. Therefore, we could build up further the cognitive processing to see where and how this error occurs. From the teaching perspective, we analyzed the areas where errors occur more frequently and we introduced some teaching strategies to facilitate students learning. Furthermore, we contrasted the phonological system between Persian and Hausa to interpret the phonological errors and to find ways to deal with these errors. Keywords: cognitive processing, teaching, inter-lingual errors, error analysis, phonology, Persian, Hausa, Afro-Asiatic language
Iran and China are getting closer day by day, from economic to political to social relations. Sin... more Iran and China are getting closer day by day, from economic to political to social relations. Since media plays a significant role in shaping norms, social relations, and values in society, it is not a neutral medium to propagate information only. Social and political elites, as well as political fractions, use media to shape public opinion with the least cost. Therefore, this paper attempts to answer the question as to which ideologies, social and political thoughts Iranian football headline-writers attempt to convey to the wider public in Iran. To answer this question the main hypothesis of the paper posits that Iranian political and social elites are conveying a much more economic dimension of China, downplaying the political dimension of China, including the mounting political oppression inside China and Hong Kong, and the dramatic situation of Chinese Muslims. This paper approaches the abovementioned question under the framework of critical discourse analysis proposed by Norman...
This paper aims to explore how the cognitive system of Tok Pisin operates compared to that of ind... more This paper aims to explore how the cognitive system of Tok Pisin operates compared to that of indigenous languages in the Oceania, namely Samoan and Fijian. The main question in this study seeks to determine whether cognitive conceptualization of Tok Pisin, despite being a pidgin, follows the same patterns found in Oceanic languages. The hypothesis tested is that cognitive conceptualization depends on the physical and cultural settings and that, therefore, Tok Pisin follows similar cognitive conceptualization as other languages in the Oceania. Drawing on the works of cognitive semantic scholars such as Talmy and Evans, this study sets out to assess the effect of pidgin formation on the cognitive level. For this goal, we proceed by juxtaposing predicate maker, temporal terms, cardinal directions, alienable/inalienable division, body-part terms as well as spatial prepositions in Tok Pisin and two Oceanic languages, namely, Fijian and Samoan. This paper argues that, despite some remarkable similarities between the Oceanic languages and Tok Pisin on the cognitive level, there are some divergent points as well. These findings, it is hoped, will reflect the Pacific Islanders' world view, the way they perceive and interact with reality.
One of the intriguing features of language interaction with society and culture is the position o... more One of the intriguing features of language interaction with society and culture is the position of certain words as sacred within that society. Thus, it is important to analyze the social process through which sacred words present their particular features. In this paper, we show how sacred words gain their symbolic prominence. Furthermore, we propose a cognitive-semantic model based on the hypothesis of historic automaticity chain that explains well the reason behind the loss of semantics of the sacred words. In this paper, we compare some sacred words across many Indo-European languages and analyze how the very same sacred words lost ground to other words and became almost empty of semantics and word origin, while still preserving the symbolic notion. This study brings the notion of abstraction to the sacred word framework and clarifies the ways the mind processes sacred semantics. In order to support our hypothesis, we performed two small-scale psycho-linguistic experiments and t...
Negative prefixing has always been an important and intriguing morphological process, through whi... more Negative prefixing has always been an important and intriguing morphological process, through which adjectives are formed in many different languages. However, there are limits to negative prefixing. In this study, we introduce the novel concept of Polarity Flexibility, through which the limitations for the negative prefixing are accounted for. Furthermore, we conducted an experiment to investigate whether the PF is an active cognitive process. The results of the experiment confirm our hypothesis and the fact that Polarity Flexibility does indeed influence the cognitive processing. In our study, we introduce the notion of the syntactic arrangement which influences the negative prefixing. Therefore, we compare Russian, Persian, Spanish and English in negative prefixing to show how much the cognitive processes are influenced by the syntactic formations. Russian as a representative of Slavic languages brings an important insight into the way syntax plays role in the semantic-cognitive ...
Iran and China are getting closer day by day, from economic to political to social relations. Sin... more Iran and China are getting closer day by day, from economic to political to social relations. Since media plays a significant role in shaping norms, social relations, and values in society, it is not a neutral medium to propagate information only. Social and political elites, as well as political fractions, use media to shape public opinion with the least cost. Therefore, this paper attempts to answer the question as to which ideologies, social and political thoughts Iranian football headline-writers attempt to convey to the wider public in Iran. To answer this question the main hypothesis of the paper posits that Iranian political and social elites are conveying a much more economic dimension of China, downplaying the political dimension of China, including the mounting political oppression inside China and Hong Kong, and the dramatic situation of Chinese Muslims. This paper approaches the abovementioned question under the framework of critical discourse analysis proposed by Norman Fairclough (1989). With regards to the methodology of the paper, a qualitative approach has been adopted, availing itself of different headlines of Iranian sport. Findings of the paper indicate that elites in Iran are proposing to the public a much rosier image of china due to closer political and economic ties between the two countries.
While Iran possesses one of the biggest gas reserves in the world, Iranian media debate about gas... more While Iran possesses one of the biggest gas reserves in the world, Iranian media debate about gas export has been concentrated around the gas pipe line strategy. On the other hand, Iran is not even yet a gas export country despite having such big gas reserves and this begs the question as to why Iran has not been successful in providing European Union with gas. Our research deals with this question and explains the future prospect of Iran-European Union cooperation in energy sector. Our main hypothesis in this research is then formulated as follows: Iranian media has been mostly captured by pro-pipe line officials who see great fortune in the possible economic benefits for them in this. However, for petroleum products, as long as Iran enjoys good relationship with Europe, it can play an important role in the oil sector. In fact, we will show that the linguistic aspect is vital as it help depict a different picture for the general public, bringing about different expectation among the youth and nationalists. Finally, we also discuss the LNG gas export possibility and the economic reasoning behind its future exploitation in Iran.
Proverbs help us understand how the society works at large and what are the main concerns regardi... more Proverbs help us understand how the society works at large and what are the main concerns regarding the environment, people-to-people exchange and notions of liberty, freedom and values. In some cultures such as the Iranian one, the way one uses proverbs depends on the generation one finds herself in. Generation-gap provides opportunity to transfer some abstract and complicated concepts, not available in modern life, through the use of proverbs. From childhood, by hearing proverbs from parents and grand-parents, children begin grasping some important national and even religious concepts. In order to represent a rather international, holistic view and not language-specific, we analyzed further Polish, French and Spanish proverbs, whenever deemed necessary. The present paper through cognitive-semantic and content analysis aims to reveal the implied systems of value, ethics and morality realized through proverbs. The results clearly indicate that proverbs cover different systems of values through elements such as artifacts, animals, human body parts and even imaginary, nature-derived elements.
Kosovo celebrated its independence in 2008, and many in the Balkans were eager to see finally pea... more Kosovo celebrated its independence in 2008, and many in the Balkans were eager to see finally peace replacing war into the war-torn region. Iranian civil rights movement also shares some interesting features with the Kosovo case. In this paper, we will show how these similarities are being used in Iranian political system. We will investigate the direct correlates between these two cases as well, especially in the case of Diaspora. In the Kosovo case, however, the path to independence has not been as easy and clear as was hoped for in the beginning. Many countries still refuse to recognize Kosovo as an independent state. Among them are even some European Union members. In this study, we explain the reasons behind the lengthy and difficult process of independence. We also investigate role of identity crisis and its direct link to the independence path. In fact, ethnic Albanians were expecting a reunion with their historical homeland in Albania and this mismatch between expectations and reality made it even harder for them to live inside the not yet well-defined new country, Kosovo. On the other hand, language and religious barriers between ethnic Serbs and Albanians in Kosovo keep alive tensions and hostilities in the region. Furthermore, we investigate the way European Union and Kosovo Diaspora play an important role for the future independent country.
This paper deals with the ideological and cultural positioning of Iranian poet Rajdeep Singh in h... more This paper deals with the ideological and cultural positioning of Iranian poet Rajdeep Singh in his famous poem “La paz que venga con fuerza”. We adopt the emerging branch of linguistics, called cognitive analysis, and we also develop a semantic map in order to uncover the great ocean of metaphors in the poem. He is one of the few Middle-Eastern poets who write primarily in Spanish and English, leading the poetical new wave in Iran. One of the goals of the present study is to expose some of the implied meanings and ideological stances the poet adopted concerning the peace and also the linguistic choices he used to twist meanings and create environment for mystic thoughts. The present analysis disposes of different cognitive tools which, after being applied, show clearly how the poet aesthetically used different macro-structural and micro-structures devices to deliver his sincere call for the inner peace in the modern life.
Negative prefixing has always been an important and intriguing morphological process, through whi... more Negative prefixing has always been an important and intriguing morphological process, through which adjectives are formed in many different languages. However, there are limits to negative prefixing. In this study, we introduce the novel concept of Polarity Flexibility, through which the limitations for the negative prefixing are accounted for. Furthermore, we conducted an experiment to investigate whether the PF is an active cognitive process. The results of the experiment confirm our hypothesis and the fact that Polarity Flexibility does indeed influence the cognitive processing. In our study, we introduce the notion of the syntactic arrangement which influences the negative prefixing. Therefore, we compare Russian, Persian, Spanish and English in negative prefixing to show how much the cognitive processes are influenced by the syntactic formations. Russian as a representative of Slavic languages brings an important insight into the way syntax plays role in the semantic-cognitive context.
Learning Spanish is becoming increasingly popular in Iran, and more than ever before, students ar... more Learning Spanish is becoming increasingly popular in Iran, and more than ever before, students are applying for Spanish courses in university. However, the lack of a good model accountable for the differences of the sound system between Spanish and Persian hinders students' language progress. In this comparative study, differences and similarities of the sound system between the two languages are explained and the implications of introducing learners with these similarities and distinctions are discussed in depth. Furthermore, some other sources of errors, including the prior English knowledge of some of the Persian learners, are pointed out and some strategies to get over the difficulties related to the distinctions between Persian and Spanish are introduced. One of the main goals of this paper is to guide teachers to set up the curriculum in a way that students begin with areas of commonalities, and thereafter, they should be guided through the areas of distinctions between the two languages.
Word formation is an important part of the morphology and vocabulary building. However, the syste... more Word formation is an important part of the morphology and vocabulary building. However, the systematic study of the word formation has not been widely enough and there were few studies which looked at the religious words and their formation. In this study, we looked at the word formation of a limited class of words, but significant in their cultural and religious importance. The question of why some religious words across many different languages are apparently similar is responded here. In fact, we proposed the mirroring effect as a systematic way of word formation which particularly affects the words in religious framework. Our framework in the natural morphology and the results are therefore applied cross-linguistically to other languages. This study therefore shed light on the field of morphology and semantics and solves some of the problems regarding the observed similarity of words and word formation processes across languages. Introduction Languages are classified based on their morphology and morphology itself is derived from word formation. Therefore, having a clear way about the word formation can help clarify some of the phenomenon observed across languages. Lieber (1992) investigates the morphology and processes of word formation which he tries to derive their rules through the syntax. In fact, he considers the same processes of syntax are responsible for word formation in the morphological level. Singh (2018) investigates the inflectional morphology and introduces the novel concept of basket verb as a cognitive storehouse for the whole sentence in mind before constructing the phonological final form. Dressler (2005) goes through the natural morphology in order to derive rules of word formation. In the natural morphological level, morphological rules are considered rather cognitively simple, elementary and universally preferred. We also consider the natural morphology as one of the best paradigms to account for the apparent diverse rules of word formation across languages. In fact, in our study, we also work on the natural morphological level since we believe that words are derived from thoughts and there is no reason to make the thoughts more complex by imposing a very limited and complex rule on them. Corbett (2010) investigates the derivational morphology through the canonical typology. Though the results are promising in terms of explaining the derivational word formation, still the application is reserved to derivational morphology exclusively. Singh (2018) works on the learning processes that affect Persian learners of Hausa language which clarifies some morphological formations such as compound building, not known in a normal first language acquisition. Schmid, Fitschen, and Heid (2004) propose a computational model for German word formation which covers both derivational as well as inflectional morphology. Though the proposed model words for German word formation, it still cannot bring adequate explanation of cross-linguistic similarities of some words which are related semantically. In fact, it is hard to explain by a computational model the traceability of words and the justification for the apparent modified words. Booij (2010) looks through the interplay between phonology and morphology, and investigates the morphology based on the parallel architecture and construction grammar. Again the similarities between syntactic and morphological processes are highlighted, but the fact that words often act as if there was no rules is less emphasized. Singh (2018) investigates the role of language interaction in the language change by proposing a mathematical model which can predict some of the change. The point he makes is important as it shows that morphological processes are also influenced by the outside languages under special conditions. Ravid (1990) studies the new word formation devices in Modern Hebrew and focuses on devices which are more productive. He shows that despite the apparent differences, the new devices still follow the main aspects of the older devices. It is significant as it shows that speakers do not invent from nothing a whole new system, and the interconnectivity between word formation devices is an important point. Olsen (1999) investigates the morphological processes in Armenian, which is an Indo-European language and goes through words which are cognates with other IE languages to show how Armenian possesses an interesting and independent morphological position among Indo-European languages. The fact that in that study the word formation is stressed is important since what we also try to prove is that word formation is an important, semantically loaded process which is in many regards independent of syntax. Malkiel (1954) points out to the importance of studying word formation while having etymology as an essential component of the study. In fact, what we also follow is the same principle of essential relatedness of morphology with etymology. Clark (1998) investigates the process of word formation in the framework of language acquisition where the morphological
Error analysis is the tool to discover the cognitive processing every learner goes through in ord... more Error analysis is the tool to discover the cognitive processing every learner goes through in order to learn the second language. In our study, we examine the situation for Persian learners of Hausa. The results showed both transfer and inter-lingual errors. After analyzing the inter-lingual errors, we encountered with a distinct type of error, tense compounding error. Therefore, we could build up further the cognitive processing to see where and how this error occurs. From the teaching perspective, we analyzed the areas where errors occur more frequently and we introduced some teaching strategies to facilitate students learning. Furthermore, we contrasted the phonological system between Persian and Hausa to interpret the phonological errors and to find ways to deal with these errors. Cognitive processing approach to errors African languages are the cultural heritage of African peoples and tribes. Therefore, many scholars have worked on the description and explanation of special features found in these languages. Green (2007) investigates the syntactic structure of Hausa, from a generative perspective, analyzing the underlying structures in Hausa. Block and Cameron (2002) investigate the concept of globalization and the way it influences the teaching. They propose a novel idea of transformationalism as a response to hyper-globalization, facilitating teaching by putting forward a more conciliatory and localized concept of teaching. This is important as we will show in this paper that focusing on the local level, while having the bigger picture in mind, can work best for language teaching and in our case, teaching of Hausa. Wiley (1980) enquires into teaching of African languages in the USA. He carries out an investigation as to how the African language teaching should be and which languages are better to choose to receive the funding, taking into consideration of the diversity of African languages across the continent. We choose Hausa as it is such a powerful and widely-spoken language in the northern Nigeria and throughout Niger, having many more speakers in the neighboring countries. Furthermore, Asian and Middle-Eastern countries are developing ties with Nigeria, the future economic powerhouse of Africa, making urgent the need to study the language in order to better understand the cultural aspect, and form stronger economic ties with the Africa on the whole. Mugane (2010) discusses the difficulty and differences of teaching an African language compared to the well-studied and well-described languages, presenting facts that help understand the reasons behind less enrollments in the African studies in universities and some solutions to such problems. While Mugane shows the problematic parts of teaching African languages, Swahili in particular, the situation is more dire in our case as Hausa has a complete different syntactic structure and it is a Chadic language. Mori and Sanuth (2018) investigate the situation when American learners of Yoruba, in study abroad program in Nigeria, were confronted with the reality of outside classroom everyday language use. They discuss the significance of taking into consideration of geopolitical and socio-historical contexts surrounding the target language. Yoruba is another widely spoken language in Nigeria, besides Hausa. However, Hausa has the prominent status of lingua franca in the countries across much of the Western Africa. Therefore, by choosing Hausa, we aim to facilitate a better future interaction between our students and the communities in Western Africa for different purposes. Hawkins and Mori (2018) investigate the significance of the properties associated with the prefix 'trans' and carries out an enquiry about the nature of language in the framework of movement, being partly invented and reconstituted again. McIntyre (2006) investigates the Hausa verbal compounds, where he analyzes four types of verbal compound, modeling the Hausa verbal system, while taking into consideration the semantics related to the verbal compounds. Gauthier, Besacier, and Voisin (2016) present a model for automatic speech recognition based on the vowel duration for Hausa and Wolof. Despite facing limited resources and Hausa specific features, the model works well, looking at the vowel length contrasts. Keshavarz and Abubakar (2017) investigate the pronunciation problems encountered by Hausa speakers of English, showing where a tonal language speaker faces problems, trying to learn English. Jaggar (2007) investigates the indefinite NP-marking in Hausa, especially under the scope of negation, which is different from other languages. Součková (2011) carries out an investigation about the pluractionality in hausa, which is an inflectional component showing that the verb contains the semantics of diverse and repeated actions.
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Papers by Rajdeep Singh
concentrated around the gas pipe line strategy. On the other hand, Iran is not even yet a gas export country despite
having such big gas reserves and this begs the question as to why Iran has not been successful in providing European
Union with gas. Our research deals with this question and explains the future prospect of Iran-European Union
cooperation in energy sector. Our main hypothesis in this research is then formulated as follows: Iranian media has
been mostly captured by pro-pipe line officials who see great fortune in the possible economic benefits for them in
this. However, for petroleum products, as long as Iran enjoys good relationship with Europe, it can play an important
role in the oil sector. In fact, we will show that the linguistic aspect is vital as it help depict a different picture for the
general public, bringing about different expectation among the youth and nationalists. Finally, we also discuss the
LNG gas export possibility and the economic reasoning behind its future exploitation in Iran.
environment, people-to-people exchange and notions of liberty, freedom and values. In some cultures such as the
Iranian one, the way one uses proverbs depends on the generation one finds herself in. Generation-gap provides
opportunity to transfer some abstract and complicated concepts, not available in modern life, through the use of
proverbs. From childhood, by hearing proverbs from parents and grand-parents, children begin grasping some
important national and even religious concepts. In order to represent a rather international, holistic view and not
language-specific, we analyzed further Polish, French and Spanish proverbs, whenever deemed necessary. The
present paper through cognitive-semantic and content analysis aims to reveal the implied systems of value, ethics and
morality realized through proverbs. The results clearly indicate that proverbs cover different systems of values
through elements such as artifacts, animals, human body parts and even imaginary, nature-derived elements.
into the war-torn region. Iranian civil rights movement also shares some interesting features with the Kosovo case. In
this paper, we will show how these similarities are being used in Iranian political system. We will investigate the
direct correlates between these two cases as well, especially in the case of Diaspora. In the Kosovo case, however,
the path to independence has not been as easy and clear as was hoped for in the beginning. Many countries still
refuse to recognize Kosovo as an independent state. Among them are even some European Union members. In this
study, we explain the reasons behind the lengthy and difficult process of independence. We also investigate role of
identity crisis and its direct link to the independence path. In fact, ethnic Albanians were expecting a reunion with
their historical homeland in Albania and this mismatch between expectations and reality made it even harder for
them to live inside the not yet well-defined new country, Kosovo. On the other hand, language and religious barriers
between ethnic Serbs and Albanians in Kosovo keep alive tensions and hostilities in the region. Furthermore, we
investigate the way European Union and Kosovo Diaspora play an important role for the future independent country.
“La paz que venga con fuerza”. We adopt the emerging branch of linguistics, called cognitive analysis, and we
also develop a semantic map in order to uncover the great ocean of metaphors in the poem. He is one of the few
Middle-Eastern poets who write primarily in Spanish and English, leading the poetical new wave in Iran. One of
the goals of the present study is to expose some of the implied meanings and ideological stances the poet adopted
concerning the peace and also the linguistic choices he used to twist meanings and create environment for mystic
thoughts. The present analysis disposes of different cognitive tools which, after being applied, show clearly how
the poet aesthetically used different macro-structural and micro-structures devices to deliver his sincere call for
the inner peace in the modern life.
concentrated around the gas pipe line strategy. On the other hand, Iran is not even yet a gas export country despite
having such big gas reserves and this begs the question as to why Iran has not been successful in providing European
Union with gas. Our research deals with this question and explains the future prospect of Iran-European Union
cooperation in energy sector. Our main hypothesis in this research is then formulated as follows: Iranian media has
been mostly captured by pro-pipe line officials who see great fortune in the possible economic benefits for them in
this. However, for petroleum products, as long as Iran enjoys good relationship with Europe, it can play an important
role in the oil sector. In fact, we will show that the linguistic aspect is vital as it help depict a different picture for the
general public, bringing about different expectation among the youth and nationalists. Finally, we also discuss the
LNG gas export possibility and the economic reasoning behind its future exploitation in Iran.
environment, people-to-people exchange and notions of liberty, freedom and values. In some cultures such as the
Iranian one, the way one uses proverbs depends on the generation one finds herself in. Generation-gap provides
opportunity to transfer some abstract and complicated concepts, not available in modern life, through the use of
proverbs. From childhood, by hearing proverbs from parents and grand-parents, children begin grasping some
important national and even religious concepts. In order to represent a rather international, holistic view and not
language-specific, we analyzed further Polish, French and Spanish proverbs, whenever deemed necessary. The
present paper through cognitive-semantic and content analysis aims to reveal the implied systems of value, ethics and
morality realized through proverbs. The results clearly indicate that proverbs cover different systems of values
through elements such as artifacts, animals, human body parts and even imaginary, nature-derived elements.
into the war-torn region. Iranian civil rights movement also shares some interesting features with the Kosovo case. In
this paper, we will show how these similarities are being used in Iranian political system. We will investigate the
direct correlates between these two cases as well, especially in the case of Diaspora. In the Kosovo case, however,
the path to independence has not been as easy and clear as was hoped for in the beginning. Many countries still
refuse to recognize Kosovo as an independent state. Among them are even some European Union members. In this
study, we explain the reasons behind the lengthy and difficult process of independence. We also investigate role of
identity crisis and its direct link to the independence path. In fact, ethnic Albanians were expecting a reunion with
their historical homeland in Albania and this mismatch between expectations and reality made it even harder for
them to live inside the not yet well-defined new country, Kosovo. On the other hand, language and religious barriers
between ethnic Serbs and Albanians in Kosovo keep alive tensions and hostilities in the region. Furthermore, we
investigate the way European Union and Kosovo Diaspora play an important role for the future independent country.
“La paz que venga con fuerza”. We adopt the emerging branch of linguistics, called cognitive analysis, and we
also develop a semantic map in order to uncover the great ocean of metaphors in the poem. He is one of the few
Middle-Eastern poets who write primarily in Spanish and English, leading the poetical new wave in Iran. One of
the goals of the present study is to expose some of the implied meanings and ideological stances the poet adopted
concerning the peace and also the linguistic choices he used to twist meanings and create environment for mystic
thoughts. The present analysis disposes of different cognitive tools which, after being applied, show clearly how
the poet aesthetically used different macro-structural and micro-structures devices to deliver his sincere call for
the inner peace in the modern life.