medRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory), Dec 14, 2021
Background School closures used to contain the COVID-19 pandemic may have negative impacts on stu... more Background School closures used to contain the COVID-19 pandemic may have negative impacts on students' mental health but credible evidence is scarce. Sweden moved upper-secondary students to remote learning but, as the only country in the OECD, kept schools at lower levers open throughout the pandemic. Methods Using nationwide register data, we estimate the difference in the use of mental healthcare services between upper-and lower-secondary students during the pandemic, and relate this to the same group difference prior to the pandemic. For the main analysis, this difference-indifference approach is applied to the period April-June 2020 when upper-secondary schools were fully closed. We also study the periods July-December 2020 when upper-secondary schools were largely open, and January-March 2021 when they were partially closed. We study the impact on all contacts with hospitals and specialist psychiatric care due to mental and behavioral disorder, as well as prescriptions for antidepressants, insomnia, and ADHD drugs. Findings Compared with expected rates, the use of mental healthcare services among upper-secondary students fell by-3.71 [CI95-5.52 to-1.91] cases per 1000 during April-June 2020, largely due to a reduction in depression and anxiety-related diagnoses (-1.49; CI95 [-2.36 to-0.63]) and prescriptions (-1.80; CI95 [-2.93 to-0.68]). This reduction in the use of mental healthcare services corresponds to a 4.36% CI95 [-6.47 to-2.25]) decrease compared to the level prior to the pandemic. The decrease compared to expected rates persists through July-December 2020 (-3.55%; CI95 [-5.38 to-1.71]) and January-March 2021 (-5.23%; CI95 [-7.24 to-3.21]). The reduction is stronger among students in the 2 nd (-5.06%; CI95 [-8.02 to-2.09]) and 3 rd (-4.86%; CI95 [-8.19 to-1.53]) year of upper-secondary school. The decrease is concentrated to students who was not in contact with mental healthcare services earlier in the academic year (-16.70%; CI95 [-22.20 to-11.20]). The relative reduction is largest for unplanned care (-13.88%; CI95 [-19.35 to-8.42]) and care at emergency units (-18.19%; CI95 [-26.44 to-9.92]). Interpretation Closing upper-secondary schools in Sweden reduced use of mental healthcare services. There is no indication of this being due to reduced accessibility. In a setting with no strict lockdown, moving to online teaching for a limited period did not worsen mental health among students in upper-secondary schools.
This paper examines the long-run determinants of the evolution of top income shares. Using a newl... more This paper examines the long-run determinants of the evolution of top income shares. Using a newly assembled panel of 16 developed countries over the entire twentieth century, we find that financial development disproportionately boosts top incomes. This effect appears to be particularly strong during the early stages of a country's development. Economic growth is strongly pro-rich which is inconsistent with globalized labor markets determining the incomes of elites. Furthermore, international trade is not associated with increases in top incomes on average, but is so in Anglo-Saxon countries. Finally, tax progressivity has a significant negative effect on top income shares whereas government spending has no such clear impact on inequality.
This paper studies determinants of income inequality using a newly assembled panel of 16 countrie... more This paper studies determinants of income inequality using a newly assembled panel of 16 countries over the entire twentieth century. We focus on three groups of income earners: the rich (P99-100), the upper middle class (P90-99), and the rest of the population (P0-90). The results show that periods of high economic growth disproportionately increases the top percentile income share at the expense of the rest of the top decile. Financial development is also pro-rich and the outbreak of banking crises is associated with reduced income shares of the rich. Trade openness has no clear distributional impact (if anything openness reduces top shares). Government spending, however, is negative for the upper middle class and positive for the nine lowest deciles but does not seem to affect the rich. Finally, tax progressivity reduces top income shares and when accounting for real dynamic effects the impact can be important over time.
We document a substantial decline in the cognitive and social interactive abilities of new teache... more We document a substantial decline in the cognitive and social interactive abilities of new teachers. Using matched student-teacher data we then estimate the causal impact of teachers' abilities on student achievement. Teachers' abilities have a negligible impact on average student achievement but this hides important heterogeneities: An increase in teachers' social (cognitive) abilities reduce (increase) the achievement gap between high and low aptitude students. We also find strong positive effects of male teachers' own GPA, uniform across students, but not for female teachers. These heterogeneities highlight the potential for policies aimed at student-teacher matching, and gender specific selection into teaching.
Due to underlying technological and organizational differences, industries differ in their need f... more Due to underlying technological and organizational differences, industries differ in their need for external finance. Since services provided by the financial sector are largely immobile across countries, the pattern of industrial specialization should be influenced by the degree of financial development. We find this effect to be strong. In fact, the financial sector has greater impact on industrial specialization among OECD countries than differences in human and physical capital. We also show that the causality indeed run from the financial sector to specialization. Further, financial sectors are a source of comparative advantage in a way consistent with the Hecksher-Ohlin-Vanek model. Results on which aspects of financial systems that are of importance for specialization and comparative advantage are also presented.
We document a signiÖcant increase in the sorting of workers by cognitive and noncognitive skills ... more We document a signiÖcant increase in the sorting of workers by cognitive and noncognitive skills across Swedish Örms between 1986 and 2008. The weight of the evidence suggests that the increase in sorting is due to stronger complementarities between worker skills and technology. In particular, a large fraction of the increase can be explained by the expansion of the ICT sector and a reallocation of engineers across Örms. We also Önd evidence of increasing assortative matching, in the sense that workers who are particularly skilled in their respective educational groups are more likely to work in the same Örms. Changes in sorting pattens and skill gradients can account for a about half of the increase in between-Örm wage dispersion.
International Journal of Finance & Economics, 2005
The growth effects of international financial liberalization and integration are investigated usi... more The growth effects of international financial liberalization and integration are investigated using the methodology and data developed by Rajan and Zingales (1998). The main result is that industries highly dependent on external financing do not experience higher growth in value added in countries with liberalized financial markets. Liberalization does, however, increase the growth rates of both production and firm creation among externally dependent industries-given that the countries have reached a relatively high level of financial development. These results are consistent both with increased competition and increased outsourcing. Some preliminary evidence point towards the latter explanation.
We study the intergenerational transmission of cognitive and non-cognitive abilities between fath... more We study the intergenerational transmission of cognitive and non-cognitive abilities between fathers and sons using population-wide enlistment data. Measurement error bias in fathers' ability measures is corrected for using two sets of instruments. Results suggest that previous estimates of intergenerational ability correlations are biased downwards; once corrected for, the non-cognitive correlation is close to that of cognitive ability. We also predict mothers' abilities and find the mother-son cognitive ability correlation to be stronger than the father-son correlation. Finally, educational attainment and labor market outcomes of both sons and daughters are strongly related to both parents' cognitive and non-cognitive abilities.
The Institute for Labour Market Policy Evaluation (IFAU) is a research institute under the Swedis... more The Institute for Labour Market Policy Evaluation (IFAU) is a research institute under the Swedish Ministry of Employment, situated in Uppsala. IFAU's objective is to promote, support and carry out scientific evaluations. The assignment includes: the effects of labour market policies, studies of the functioning of the labour market, the labour market effects of educational policies and the labour market effects of social insurance policies. IFAU shall also disseminate its results so that they become accessible to different interested parties in Sweden and abroad. IFAU also provides funding for research projects within its areas of interest. The deadline for applications is October 1 each year. Since the researchers at IFAU are mainly economists, researchers from other disciplines are encouraged to apply for funding. IFAU is run by a Director-General. The institute has a scientific council, consisting of a chairman, the Director-General and five other members. Among other things, the scientific council proposes a decision for the allocation of research grants. A reference group including representatives for employer organizations and trade unions, as well as the ministries and authorities concerned is also connected to the institute.
If protectionist trade policies aim to insure domestic industries against swings in world market ... more If protectionist trade policies aim to insure domestic industries against swings in world market prices, the development of financial markets could lead to trade liberalization. Likewise, trade liberalization could lead to the development of financial markets that help agents diversify the added risks. In this paper, we empirically address the hypothesis that there is a positive interdependence between financial development and liberal trade policies. We find a positive and economically significant relationship between the two, with causation running in both directions. The results are, however, somewhat dependent on the measure of trade policy being used.
Due to underlying technological and organizational differences, industries differ in their need f... more Due to underlying technological and organizational differences, industries differ in their need for external finance. Since services provided by the financial sector are largely immobile across countries, the pattern of industrial specialization should be influenced by the level of financial development. Among OECD countries we find a strong causal effect of the financial sector on industrial specialization. Further, the financial sector is a source of comparative advantage in a way consistent with the Hecksher–Ohlin–Vanek model. Results are also presented on which aspects of financial systems are important for specialization and comparative advantage.
Theories of taste-based discrimination predict that competitive pressures will drive discriminato... more Theories of taste-based discrimination predict that competitive pressures will drive discriminatory behavior out of the market. Using detailed matched employer-employee data, we analyze how firm takeovers and product market competition affect firms' gender composition and gender wage gap. Taking into account several endogeneity concerns while using a difference-indifference framework, we find that the share of female employees increases as a result of an ownership change when product market competition is weak. Furthermore, we find that a takeover reduces the gender wage gap. While the estimated effects are small, the results support the main theoretical predictions.
To reduce the spread of COVID-19, schools closed to an unprecedented degree in the spring of 2020... more To reduce the spread of COVID-19, schools closed to an unprecedented degree in the spring of 2020. To varying extent, students have moved between in-person and remote learning up until the spring of 2021. This chapter surveys the literature on the implications of school closures of primary to upper-secondary schools for virus transmission, student learning, and mental health among children and adolescents in high-income countries. Subject to severe methodological challenges, most studies indicate that the initial school closures at least to some extent contributed to a reduction of virus transmission. However, several studies find that schools could reopen safely, especially when substantial within-school preventive measures were implemented and the general level of transmission was moderate. Student age also matters and keeping schools open for younger students contributes less to overall virus transmission. Most studies find that students learned less and that learning inequalities widened when school closed. These patterns are particularly pronounced for younger students who face more challenges adjusting to remote instruction. Essentially nothing can be said concerning the implications for vocational training. High-quality evidence on the impact on mental health is scarce and the results are mixed, but there are some indications that older students coped better with school closures also in this regard. On balance, closing schools for younger students is less well-motivated than for older students.
The Scandinavian Journal of Economics, Apr 21, 2016
The role of school principals largely resembles that of corporate managers and the leadership the... more The role of school principals largely resembles that of corporate managers and the leadership they provide are often viewed as a crucial component for educational success. We estimate the impact of individual principals on various schooling outcomes, by constructing a principal-school panel data set that allows us to track individual principals as they move between schools. We find that individual principals have a substantive impact on school policies, working conditions and student outcomes. Particularly, students who attend a school with a one standard deviation better principal receive on average 0.12 standard deviations higher test scores. Despite having very rich background information on principals, it is difficult to determine which principal characteristics that form the basis for successful school management. We also find a somewhat mixed picture on what management style characterizes a successful principal. We further show that the scope for principal discretion-for better or for worse-is larger in small schools, in voucher schools and in areas with more school competition.
... 1 Vi är tacksamma för synpunkter och förslag från Mikael Lindahl, Matthew Lindquist, Erik Lin... more ... 1 Vi är tacksamma för synpunkter och förslag från Mikael Lindahl, Matthew Lindquist, Erik Lindqvist, Petter Lundborg, Eva Mörk, Per Pettersson-Lidbom, Peter Thoursie och seminarie-deltagare vid EEEPE i London 2009, Eale/Sole 2010 ... (2008), Lindqvist och Vestman (2010). ...
Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch ge... more Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden. Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen. Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen die in der dort genannten Lizenz gewährten Nutzungsrechte. Terms of use: Documents in EconStor may be saved and copied for your personal and scholarly purposes. You are not to copy documents for public or commercial purposes, to exhibit the documents publicly, to make them publicly available on the internet, or to distribute or otherwise use the documents in public. If the documents have been made available under an Open Content Licence (especially Creative Commons Licences), you may exercise further usage rights as specified in the indicated licence.
medRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory), Dec 14, 2021
Background School closures used to contain the COVID-19 pandemic may have negative impacts on stu... more Background School closures used to contain the COVID-19 pandemic may have negative impacts on students' mental health but credible evidence is scarce. Sweden moved upper-secondary students to remote learning but, as the only country in the OECD, kept schools at lower levers open throughout the pandemic. Methods Using nationwide register data, we estimate the difference in the use of mental healthcare services between upper-and lower-secondary students during the pandemic, and relate this to the same group difference prior to the pandemic. For the main analysis, this difference-indifference approach is applied to the period April-June 2020 when upper-secondary schools were fully closed. We also study the periods July-December 2020 when upper-secondary schools were largely open, and January-March 2021 when they were partially closed. We study the impact on all contacts with hospitals and specialist psychiatric care due to mental and behavioral disorder, as well as prescriptions for antidepressants, insomnia, and ADHD drugs. Findings Compared with expected rates, the use of mental healthcare services among upper-secondary students fell by-3.71 [CI95-5.52 to-1.91] cases per 1000 during April-June 2020, largely due to a reduction in depression and anxiety-related diagnoses (-1.49; CI95 [-2.36 to-0.63]) and prescriptions (-1.80; CI95 [-2.93 to-0.68]). This reduction in the use of mental healthcare services corresponds to a 4.36% CI95 [-6.47 to-2.25]) decrease compared to the level prior to the pandemic. The decrease compared to expected rates persists through July-December 2020 (-3.55%; CI95 [-5.38 to-1.71]) and January-March 2021 (-5.23%; CI95 [-7.24 to-3.21]). The reduction is stronger among students in the 2 nd (-5.06%; CI95 [-8.02 to-2.09]) and 3 rd (-4.86%; CI95 [-8.19 to-1.53]) year of upper-secondary school. The decrease is concentrated to students who was not in contact with mental healthcare services earlier in the academic year (-16.70%; CI95 [-22.20 to-11.20]). The relative reduction is largest for unplanned care (-13.88%; CI95 [-19.35 to-8.42]) and care at emergency units (-18.19%; CI95 [-26.44 to-9.92]). Interpretation Closing upper-secondary schools in Sweden reduced use of mental healthcare services. There is no indication of this being due to reduced accessibility. In a setting with no strict lockdown, moving to online teaching for a limited period did not worsen mental health among students in upper-secondary schools.
This paper examines the long-run determinants of the evolution of top income shares. Using a newl... more This paper examines the long-run determinants of the evolution of top income shares. Using a newly assembled panel of 16 developed countries over the entire twentieth century, we find that financial development disproportionately boosts top incomes. This effect appears to be particularly strong during the early stages of a country's development. Economic growth is strongly pro-rich which is inconsistent with globalized labor markets determining the incomes of elites. Furthermore, international trade is not associated with increases in top incomes on average, but is so in Anglo-Saxon countries. Finally, tax progressivity has a significant negative effect on top income shares whereas government spending has no such clear impact on inequality.
This paper studies determinants of income inequality using a newly assembled panel of 16 countrie... more This paper studies determinants of income inequality using a newly assembled panel of 16 countries over the entire twentieth century. We focus on three groups of income earners: the rich (P99-100), the upper middle class (P90-99), and the rest of the population (P0-90). The results show that periods of high economic growth disproportionately increases the top percentile income share at the expense of the rest of the top decile. Financial development is also pro-rich and the outbreak of banking crises is associated with reduced income shares of the rich. Trade openness has no clear distributional impact (if anything openness reduces top shares). Government spending, however, is negative for the upper middle class and positive for the nine lowest deciles but does not seem to affect the rich. Finally, tax progressivity reduces top income shares and when accounting for real dynamic effects the impact can be important over time.
We document a substantial decline in the cognitive and social interactive abilities of new teache... more We document a substantial decline in the cognitive and social interactive abilities of new teachers. Using matched student-teacher data we then estimate the causal impact of teachers' abilities on student achievement. Teachers' abilities have a negligible impact on average student achievement but this hides important heterogeneities: An increase in teachers' social (cognitive) abilities reduce (increase) the achievement gap between high and low aptitude students. We also find strong positive effects of male teachers' own GPA, uniform across students, but not for female teachers. These heterogeneities highlight the potential for policies aimed at student-teacher matching, and gender specific selection into teaching.
Due to underlying technological and organizational differences, industries differ in their need f... more Due to underlying technological and organizational differences, industries differ in their need for external finance. Since services provided by the financial sector are largely immobile across countries, the pattern of industrial specialization should be influenced by the degree of financial development. We find this effect to be strong. In fact, the financial sector has greater impact on industrial specialization among OECD countries than differences in human and physical capital. We also show that the causality indeed run from the financial sector to specialization. Further, financial sectors are a source of comparative advantage in a way consistent with the Hecksher-Ohlin-Vanek model. Results on which aspects of financial systems that are of importance for specialization and comparative advantage are also presented.
We document a signiÖcant increase in the sorting of workers by cognitive and noncognitive skills ... more We document a signiÖcant increase in the sorting of workers by cognitive and noncognitive skills across Swedish Örms between 1986 and 2008. The weight of the evidence suggests that the increase in sorting is due to stronger complementarities between worker skills and technology. In particular, a large fraction of the increase can be explained by the expansion of the ICT sector and a reallocation of engineers across Örms. We also Önd evidence of increasing assortative matching, in the sense that workers who are particularly skilled in their respective educational groups are more likely to work in the same Örms. Changes in sorting pattens and skill gradients can account for a about half of the increase in between-Örm wage dispersion.
International Journal of Finance & Economics, 2005
The growth effects of international financial liberalization and integration are investigated usi... more The growth effects of international financial liberalization and integration are investigated using the methodology and data developed by Rajan and Zingales (1998). The main result is that industries highly dependent on external financing do not experience higher growth in value added in countries with liberalized financial markets. Liberalization does, however, increase the growth rates of both production and firm creation among externally dependent industries-given that the countries have reached a relatively high level of financial development. These results are consistent both with increased competition and increased outsourcing. Some preliminary evidence point towards the latter explanation.
We study the intergenerational transmission of cognitive and non-cognitive abilities between fath... more We study the intergenerational transmission of cognitive and non-cognitive abilities between fathers and sons using population-wide enlistment data. Measurement error bias in fathers' ability measures is corrected for using two sets of instruments. Results suggest that previous estimates of intergenerational ability correlations are biased downwards; once corrected for, the non-cognitive correlation is close to that of cognitive ability. We also predict mothers' abilities and find the mother-son cognitive ability correlation to be stronger than the father-son correlation. Finally, educational attainment and labor market outcomes of both sons and daughters are strongly related to both parents' cognitive and non-cognitive abilities.
The Institute for Labour Market Policy Evaluation (IFAU) is a research institute under the Swedis... more The Institute for Labour Market Policy Evaluation (IFAU) is a research institute under the Swedish Ministry of Employment, situated in Uppsala. IFAU's objective is to promote, support and carry out scientific evaluations. The assignment includes: the effects of labour market policies, studies of the functioning of the labour market, the labour market effects of educational policies and the labour market effects of social insurance policies. IFAU shall also disseminate its results so that they become accessible to different interested parties in Sweden and abroad. IFAU also provides funding for research projects within its areas of interest. The deadline for applications is October 1 each year. Since the researchers at IFAU are mainly economists, researchers from other disciplines are encouraged to apply for funding. IFAU is run by a Director-General. The institute has a scientific council, consisting of a chairman, the Director-General and five other members. Among other things, the scientific council proposes a decision for the allocation of research grants. A reference group including representatives for employer organizations and trade unions, as well as the ministries and authorities concerned is also connected to the institute.
If protectionist trade policies aim to insure domestic industries against swings in world market ... more If protectionist trade policies aim to insure domestic industries against swings in world market prices, the development of financial markets could lead to trade liberalization. Likewise, trade liberalization could lead to the development of financial markets that help agents diversify the added risks. In this paper, we empirically address the hypothesis that there is a positive interdependence between financial development and liberal trade policies. We find a positive and economically significant relationship between the two, with causation running in both directions. The results are, however, somewhat dependent on the measure of trade policy being used.
Due to underlying technological and organizational differences, industries differ in their need f... more Due to underlying technological and organizational differences, industries differ in their need for external finance. Since services provided by the financial sector are largely immobile across countries, the pattern of industrial specialization should be influenced by the level of financial development. Among OECD countries we find a strong causal effect of the financial sector on industrial specialization. Further, the financial sector is a source of comparative advantage in a way consistent with the Hecksher–Ohlin–Vanek model. Results are also presented on which aspects of financial systems are important for specialization and comparative advantage.
Theories of taste-based discrimination predict that competitive pressures will drive discriminato... more Theories of taste-based discrimination predict that competitive pressures will drive discriminatory behavior out of the market. Using detailed matched employer-employee data, we analyze how firm takeovers and product market competition affect firms' gender composition and gender wage gap. Taking into account several endogeneity concerns while using a difference-indifference framework, we find that the share of female employees increases as a result of an ownership change when product market competition is weak. Furthermore, we find that a takeover reduces the gender wage gap. While the estimated effects are small, the results support the main theoretical predictions.
To reduce the spread of COVID-19, schools closed to an unprecedented degree in the spring of 2020... more To reduce the spread of COVID-19, schools closed to an unprecedented degree in the spring of 2020. To varying extent, students have moved between in-person and remote learning up until the spring of 2021. This chapter surveys the literature on the implications of school closures of primary to upper-secondary schools for virus transmission, student learning, and mental health among children and adolescents in high-income countries. Subject to severe methodological challenges, most studies indicate that the initial school closures at least to some extent contributed to a reduction of virus transmission. However, several studies find that schools could reopen safely, especially when substantial within-school preventive measures were implemented and the general level of transmission was moderate. Student age also matters and keeping schools open for younger students contributes less to overall virus transmission. Most studies find that students learned less and that learning inequalities widened when school closed. These patterns are particularly pronounced for younger students who face more challenges adjusting to remote instruction. Essentially nothing can be said concerning the implications for vocational training. High-quality evidence on the impact on mental health is scarce and the results are mixed, but there are some indications that older students coped better with school closures also in this regard. On balance, closing schools for younger students is less well-motivated than for older students.
The Scandinavian Journal of Economics, Apr 21, 2016
The role of school principals largely resembles that of corporate managers and the leadership the... more The role of school principals largely resembles that of corporate managers and the leadership they provide are often viewed as a crucial component for educational success. We estimate the impact of individual principals on various schooling outcomes, by constructing a principal-school panel data set that allows us to track individual principals as they move between schools. We find that individual principals have a substantive impact on school policies, working conditions and student outcomes. Particularly, students who attend a school with a one standard deviation better principal receive on average 0.12 standard deviations higher test scores. Despite having very rich background information on principals, it is difficult to determine which principal characteristics that form the basis for successful school management. We also find a somewhat mixed picture on what management style characterizes a successful principal. We further show that the scope for principal discretion-for better or for worse-is larger in small schools, in voucher schools and in areas with more school competition.
... 1 Vi är tacksamma för synpunkter och förslag från Mikael Lindahl, Matthew Lindquist, Erik Lin... more ... 1 Vi är tacksamma för synpunkter och förslag från Mikael Lindahl, Matthew Lindquist, Erik Lindqvist, Petter Lundborg, Eva Mörk, Per Pettersson-Lidbom, Peter Thoursie och seminarie-deltagare vid EEEPE i London 2009, Eale/Sole 2010 ... (2008), Lindqvist och Vestman (2010). ...
Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch ge... more Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden. Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen. Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen die in der dort genannten Lizenz gewährten Nutzungsrechte. Terms of use: Documents in EconStor may be saved and copied for your personal and scholarly purposes. You are not to copy documents for public or commercial purposes, to exhibit the documents publicly, to make them publicly available on the internet, or to distribute or otherwise use the documents in public. If the documents have been made available under an Open Content Licence (especially Creative Commons Licences), you may exercise further usage rights as specified in the indicated licence.
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