Estonska Sovjetska Socijalistička Republika
Estonska Sovjetska Socijalistička Republika (estonski: Eesti Nõukogude Sotsialistlik Vabariik; ruski: Эстонская Советская Социалистическая Республика), skraćeno Estonska SSR ili ESSR, bila je administrativna jedinica bivšeg Sovjetskog Saveza[1][2] koja je obuhvaćala teritorij današnje Estonije, a postojala je formalno od 1940. do 1941. te od 1944. do 1991. godine. Estonska SSR formalno je utemeljena kao nasljednica Republike Estonije 21. srpnja 1940. godine, nedugo nakon sovjetske invazije i okupacije u jeku Drugog svjetskog rata. Nakon postavljanja marionetske staljinističke vlade,[3] koja je uživala podršku Crvene armije, na čelo Estonije, nezakonito imenovani premijer Johannes Vares proglasio je Estoniju dijelom Sovjetskog Saveza, a Estonska SSR je i formalno postala savezna republika Sovjetskog Saveza 6. kolovoza 1940. godine.[4][5] Sovjetska okupacija nakratko je prekinuta 1941. godine kada su Nijemci okupirali Estoniju i upravljali njome u sklopu Reichskommissariata Ostland do 1944. godine, kada je Sovjetski Savez ponovo preuzeo kontrolu nad Estonijom.
Većina svjetskih zemalja[6] nikada nije de iure priznala sovjetsku okupaciju Estonije (i ostalih baltičkih republika) te su samo de facto priznavali sovjetsku upravu ili ju nisu uopće priznavali.[7][8] Estonska vlada u egzilu bila je ta koja je uživala priznanje većine svjetskih država te je ona formalno predstavljala Estoniju na međunarodnoj sceni, mada u izrazito ograničenom kapacitetu.[9][10] Ova politika nepriznavanja omogućila je Estoncima da se pozivaju na načelo pravnog kontiniuteta estonskog suvereniteta prema kojem je Estonija, de iure, ostala suverena zemlja u periodu od 1940. do 1991. godine.[11]
Dana 16. studenog 1988. godine, Estonska SSR postala je prva savezna republika koja je proglasila nezavisnost od centralne vlasti u Moskvi. Dana 30. ožujka 1990. godine, novoizabrani parlament proglasio je da je Republika Estonija bila protuzakonito okupirana od 1940. godine i formalno proglasio početak prijelaznog perioda do potpune obnove estonskog suvereniteta. Korištenje svih sovjetskih simbola kao i naziva Estonska SSR formalno je dokinuto 8. svibnja 1990. godine. Estonija je 20. kolovoza 1991. godine formalno proglasila obnovu punog suvereniteta, koji je Sovjetski Savez priznao 6. rujna iste godine.
Reference
uredi- ↑ Hough, Jerry F (1997). Democratization and revolution in the USSR, 1985–1991. Brookings Institution Press. str. 214. ISBN 0-8157-3749-1.
- ↑ „Republic, definition 3”. Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary. Merriam-Webster Online. 2009. Pristupljeno 2009-06-09.
- ↑ Ronen, Yaël (2011). Transition from Illegal Regimes Under International Law. Cambridge University Press. str. 17. ISBN 978-0-521-19777-9.
- ↑ The Baltic States: Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania (Postcommunist States and Nations) David J. Smith from Front Matter ISBN 0-415-28580-1
- ↑ Estonia: Identity and Independence: Jean-Jacques Subrenat, David Cousins, Alexander Harding, Richard C. Waterhouse on Page 246. ISBN 90-420-0890-3
- ↑ Mälksoo, Lauri (2003). Illegal annexation and state continuity: the case of the incorporation of the Baltic states by the USSR. M. Nijhoff Publishers. str. 76. ISBN 978-90-411-2177-6. »incorporation into the Soviet Union in 1940 took place against the will of the population, and was never recognized de jure by most countries«
- ↑ Hiden, John; Vahur Made; David J. Smith (2008). The Baltic question during the Cold War. Routledge. str. 209. ISBN 978-0-415-37100-1.
- ↑ Aust, Anthony (2005). Handbook of International Law. Cambridge University Press. str. 26. ISBN 0-521-82349-8.
- ↑ Diplomats Without a Country: Baltic Diplomacy, International Law, and the Cold War by James T. McHugh, James S. Pacy, Page 2. ISBN 0-313-31878-6
- ↑ „President of the Republic at the State Dinner hosted by President T. E. Mary McAleese and Dr. Martin McAleese”. President. 14 April 2008. Arhivirano iz originala na datum December 23, 2015. Pristupljeno 18 October 2015. »" ... we are thankful that Ireland never recognised the illegal annexation of Estonia by the Soviet Union after the Second World War. We will never forget John McEvoy, Estonia’s honorary consul in Dublin from 1938 to 1960."«
- ↑ David James Smith, Estonia: independence and European integration, Routledge, 2001, ISBN 0-415-26728-5, pXIX
Literatura
uredi- Glavni izvori
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- Misiunas, Romuald J.; Taagepera, Rein (1993). The Baltic States, years of dependence, 1940–1990. University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-08228-1.
- Wettig, Gerhard (2008). Stalin and the Cold War in Europe. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-0-7425-5542-6.
- Dodatna literatura
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- Kareda, Endel (1949). Estonia in the Soviet Grip: Life and Conditions under Soviet Occupation 1947–1949. London: Boreas.
- Kukk, Mare (1993). Political opposition in Soviet Estonia 1940–1987. Journal of Baltic Studies 24 (4), 369–384.
- Kulu, Hill (2003). Residence and migration in post-war Soviet Estonia: the case of Russian-born Estonians. Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie 94 (5), 576–588.
- Kurman, George (1977). Literary censorship in general and in Soviet Estonia. Journal of Baltic Studies 8 (1), 3–15.
- Mander, Ülo, Palang, Hannes (1994). Changes of landscape structure in Estonia during the Soviet period. GeoJournal 33 (1), 45–54.
- Mettam, Collin W. and Stephen Wyn Williams (2001). A colonial perspective on population migration in Soviet Estonia. Journal of Baltic Studies 27 (1), 133–150.
- Mettam, Colin W. and Stephen Wyn Williams (1998). Internal colonialism and cultural division of labour in the Soviet Republic of Estonia. Nations and Nationalism 4 (3), 363–388.
- Parming, Tonu (1972). „Population Changes in Estonia, 1935–1970”. Population Studies 26 (1): 53–78. DOI:10.2307/2172800. ISSN 0032-4728. JSTOR 2172800. PMID 11630555.
- Parming, Tonu (1980). „Population Processes and the Nationality Issue in the Soviet Baltic”. Soviet Studies 32 (3): 398–414. DOI:10.1080/09668138008411309. ISSN 0038-5859. JSTOR 151170.
- Parming, Tõnu and Elmar Järvesoo (eds.). A Case Study of a Soviet Republic: The Estonian SSR. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1978.
- Rebas, Hain (2005). Dependence and opposition. Problems in Soviet Estonian historiography in the late 1940s and early 1950s. Journal of Baltic Studies 36 (4), 423–448.
- Taagepera, Rein (1980). „Soviet Collectivization of Estonian Agriculture: The Deportation Phase”. Soviet Studies 32 (3): 379–97. DOI:10.1080/09668138008411308. ISSN 0038-5859. JSTOR 151169.
- Taagepera, Rein. Estonia: Return to Independence. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1993. ISBN 0-8133-1703-7.
- Tammaru, Tiit (2002). Universal and Specific Features of Urbanization in Estonia under Socialism: The Empirical Evidence of the Sources of Urban and Rural Population Growth. The Professional Geographer 54 (4), 544–556.
- Virkkunen, Joni (1999).
