Papers by Alfred/o Bennun
viXra, Sep 1, 2021
El marco estándar de la cosmología requiere evaluar el entrelazamiento cuántico de los bosones Pl... more El marco estándar de la cosmología requiere evaluar el entrelazamiento cuántico de los bosones Planck primordiales en un mismo estado cuántico. Una retroalimentación termodinámica regula volumen comóvil, a través de la ley de Hubble, respondiendo al acoplamiento del flujo de energía primordial con la dimensionalidad impresa al espacio-tiempo. La formación de pares en la que la coherencia entre los mismos estados cuánticos se manifestará en una superposición oscilatoria. Por lo tanto, dos posiciones casi simultáneas desplazan un valor de la longitud de onda. Así, un pequeño tiempo idéntico conforma el espacio-tiempo, separando la distancia-evento entre las interacciones de dos fotones. Por lo tanto, el flujo de energía a nivel microscópico alinea la evolución en fases homogéneas, lo que indica la presencia de un proceso regulador sobre expansión conectado a la edad del universo bajo planitud. La distensión-contracción debida a la interferencia del par de fotones (o de electrones) implica una suma de momentos angulares, en el instante de la re-configuración vectorial de los campos eléctrico y magnético. Por tanto, la longitud de onda transitoria de la superposición de fotones puede caracterizarse por dos estados excluyentes: constructivo (distensión del campo E) o destructivo (contracción del campo E). El entrelazamiento cuántico actúa como un potencial oscilatorio de coherencia-decoherencia disipativa, con conservación de momento entre la masa en reposo y la inercial. Así, moderando el incremento de entropía en función del cuello de botella que es la velocidad de la luz: c, y conservar el balance entre curvaturas abiertas y cerradas, o sea, planitud de la expansión.
Simulation of the dynamics of integration of space-time-energy by
A liquid water state transition to vapor at the physiological parameters is hereby described by a... more A liquid water state transition to vapor at the physiological parameters is hereby described by adenylate cyclase (AC) function in neuronal membranes, across hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions. The cerebral enzymatic reactions involves exceeding ATP as a substrate reacting with polymeric liquid (n=3.4) to produce Pyrophosphate (Pi) and AMP. The closing of the ring to form cAMP releases . The individual molecules by forming entangled pairs, which could not fit into the active site, avoid reentering in a backward reaction. Thus, but still have turnover to free the enzyme from the product to interact with substrate polymeric liquid water, complete its cycle and eludes microscopic reversibility. The latter, vapor state is present at 5% concentration in exhaled air. This physiological state transition allows that the critical point for change of state, for 500ml water within the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) occurs at 36.6oC. The entangled pairs as a whole adopt an entanglement state. Obvio...
Journal of Biological Chemistry, 1969
Page 1. THE JOURNAL OF B~LO~ICAL CHEMISTRY Vol. 243, No. 1, Issue of January 10, pp. 12+137, 1968... more Page 1. THE JOURNAL OF B~LO~ICAL CHEMISTRY Vol. 243, No. 1, Issue of January 10, pp. 12+137, 1968 Printed in USA Partial Resolution of the Enzymes Catalyzing Photophosphorylation III. ACTIVATION OF ADENOSINE ...
Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Enzymology and Biological Oxidation, 1966
The induced acid phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.2) of Euglene gracilis has been solubilized and partially ... more The induced acid phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.2) of Euglene gracilis has been solubilized and partially purified. The enzyme has a wide range of substrate specificity and, as predicted from earlier studies on whole cells, the ratio of its activity at pH 5 to its activity at pH 7 in presence of 5 mM fluoride is I.I for p-nitrophenylphosphate as substrate. The enzyme is competitively inhibited by arsenate and phosphate, but exhibits mixed competitive-non-competitive inhibition with molybdate. The enzyme migrates towards the cathode when electrophoresis is performed on cellulose acetate strips at pH 8.2. Euglena also contains several other acid phosphatases. The two maj or constitutive acid phosphatases, which remain particle-bound after a variety of extraction procedures, differ in their thermal stability from each other and from the induced phosphatase. The ratio of activity at pH 5 to the activity at pH 7 plus 5 mM fluoride for the mixture of these two constitutive enzymes is 15. These observations establish that the increase in acid phosphatase activity occurring in Euglena in response to phosphate deprivation is due to the synthesis of a separate enzyme. The heat of thermal inactivation of the purified induced enzyme is about four times larger than the heat of denaturation computed from the effect of temperature on the rate of reversion of the induced phosphatase in vivo.
Biosystems, 1975
In energy transducing systems the direction of energy transfer is proposed to be maintained by th... more In energy transducing systems the direction of energy transfer is proposed to be maintained by the synchronized turnovers of the conformational change of one protein coupling up to affect another. Catalysis by those systems implies, therefore, that under new space restrictions the groups of the transducing enzyme increase and decrease reactivity between themselves, with activatory and/or inhibitory ligands (H+, H2O, metals, etc.) and with the electron shells of the reactant molecules. The exergonic reaction-dependent turnover of the forms of the enzyme within the transition complexes would be maintained, therefore, under asymmetric phase angles of conformational-dependent reactivity that would effectively restrict the microscopic reversibility of transducing systems. Some well known reactions, such as hemoglobins Bohr effect, can be used to illustrate that microscopic (molecular) interactions subject to thermodynamic equilibria laws may similarly paricipate as driving forces in energy transducing sytems. This would allow the thermodynamic description of the role of proton translocation as that of a modificatory force of the structural parameters of proteins. Similarly, the relationship between the liganded states of hemoglobin and its change in conformation has been used to develop an illustrative model relating changes in oxido-reduction of electron carriers to induced-fit effects leading to a sequence of ATPase forms in transition complexes which become stabilized as high energy intermediates under the constraints imposed by the membrane of energy transducing organelles.
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1974
... ion transport across the membrane, or work). Page 5. 120 Annals New York Academy of Sciences ... more ... ion transport across the membrane, or work). Page 5. 120 Annals New York Academy of Sciences :.d , clox A A A ~p <AS ANQLE OF -A E CONF. AND AG IN ENDERG.-ATParr-EXERG. COUPLINOp FIGURE 2. Diagram of the progress of energy transduction. ...
casanchi.com
... que da el carácter homogéneo al espacio-tiempo. Así, se considera a la longitud de onda de De... more ... que da el carácter homogéneo al espacio-tiempo. Así, se considera a la longitud de onda de De Broglie asociada a temperatura, para dimensionar propiedades del conjunto como presión de radiación, a partir de propiedades cuánticas como la energía de punto cero. ...
Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Biophysics including Photosynthesis, 1965
I. Wide specificity for nucleoside triphosphates was found for light-dependent and light-triggere... more I. Wide specificity for nucleoside triphosphates was found for light-dependent and light-triggered ATPase (ATP phosphohydrolase, EC 3.6.1.3) of isolated chloroplasts. 2. The reported wide specificity of photophosphorylation for nucleoside diphosphates has been confirmed under more rigorous conditions. Similar wide specificity was found for the same compounds as inhibitors of the light-requiring ATPases. 3. The affinity of photophosphorylation for ADP and GDP was found to be similar under conditions optimal for photophosphorylation, but very different under conditions optimal for the light-requiring ATPases. 4. The affinity of the light-requiring ATPases for ADP and GDP as compefitive inhibitors, was found to be identical to the affinity of photophosphorylation for the compounds under the same experimental conditions. 5. Several inhibitors acted similarly on the light-requiring ATPases and on photophosphorylation. 6. A coupling factor, previously reported to be essential for photophosphorylation, was found to be essential also for the light-requiring ATPases. 7. It is suggested that the evidence presented strongly supports the hypothesis that the light-requiring ATPases of chloroplasts share part of the energy-transport path used for ATP production during photophosphorylation.
Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Specialized Section on Biophysical Subjects, 1964
in the triplet state retains electronic excitation energy (65 kcal) long enough to participate in... more in the triplet state retains electronic excitation energy (65 kcal) long enough to participate in radiationless energy transfer, it is likely that this molecule is involved in this type of process. Experiments on the interaction of the triplet states of tyrosine and tryptophan residues with the triplet state of pyridoxamine 5-phosphate in protein conjugates are in progress.
En el horizonte primordial, Era inflacionaria, emerge en primera instancia una partícula Planck, ... more En el horizonte primordial, Era inflacionaria, emerge en primera instancia una partícula Planck, de dimensión inicial de mini-agujero negro, insuflando el espacio-tiempo en 5×10-44 segundos. Por emisión de radiación de cuerpo negro, aumenta sucesivamente el número de fotones y la longitud de onda, sin exceder la velocidad de la luz c. El resto de partículas Planck que van completando la energía total del universo, siguen la misma pauta de comportamiento. El trabajo conjunto y cooperativo de estos estira el espacio en forma exponencial sin violar c. Por lo tanto, los valores Planck tienen el rol delimitante de iniciar la cronología de sucesos...
Kavli Prize, 2024
The choroid plexus epithelium (CPE) generates cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in a mutual exclusive vec... more The choroid plexus epithelium (CPE) generates cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in a mutual exclusive vectorial kinetic according to a potential of hydrophilic-plasma 0mV -60mV to hydrophobic-CSF +4mV. Astrocytes are cells with actin filaments for pulsatile propulsion in the cell’s skeleton, bi-directional transport of ions gradient Na+, which impulses the CSF flux into the lumen along a glial network. Luminal K+ is required for sustained CSF secretion. At ventricular side, the Na+/K+-ATPase releases the Na+. Quantum mechanics microtubules nano scale (10-9m) flow a parallel transportation from the exterior to the nuclei of glucose, nascent Mg2+, O2, etc., and antiparallel of dimers. The microtubule diameter allows a very small number of molecules in a minimal volume to reach a saturation state for enzyme activity. The number of random collisions concatenates Na+/K+ translocation by space at minimal capacitance to operate at maximal voltage. The Doppler shift could tune in with the spin-flip of electrons of a 21 cm line of hydrogen, operating as an antenna for the neuronal membrane action potential state of firing for vectorial networking. Thus, synchronizing the electric potential by a sequence of interneuronal crosstalk could avoid electromagnetic neuronal noises. At the nerve terminal, neurotransmitters are present within 35-50 nm synaptic vesicles that release neurotransmitters that dock and fuse at the base of specialized 10–15 nm cup-shaped lipoproteins. These porosomes range from 15 nm in neurons, astrocytes to 100–180 nm in endocrine and exocrine cells. In striatal neurons adenylyl cyclase (AC) coupled via 7TM receptors via stimulatory or inhibitory receptors (Rs and Ri) on G protein phosphorylation. A dopamine-(DA)-dependent cAMP/PKA interactions with acetylcholine and adenosine signals for DA transients to carry reward-related signals in learning reinforcement. The enthalpies of AC-H-bonds breakdown of intermediates coordinated by Mg2+ and bending and sliding when calmodulin release of Ca2+ to coordinative into hydrophobic box, and release of dimers in the up-hill thermodynamics cycling AMP into cAMP, creating molecular transitions capable to participate in meaningful encoding signals coordinative stages. The Mg-cAMP response element binding (CREB) protein by insertion for DNA H-bond breakdown unzipping into three strands and transcription cycle turnover by coupling to H-bond donor water cluster..
Kavli Prize, 2022
Mg2+ coordinated by negative R groups in oxyHb hydrophilic state, characterizes by mutually exclu... more Mg2+ coordinated by negative R groups in oxyHb hydrophilic state, characterizes by mutually exclusion of hydrophobic state of the deoxyHb. The release of O2 jointly with kosmotropic Mg2+, which by competition for the hydration shells of Na+/K+, maintains the action potential across membrane. The 6×〖10〗^4 neurons of the locus coeruleus with NA-AC long axons reaching almost all brain regions. The latter, explains the integration of the five senses inputs, during significant emotional impact. The brain hypothalamic-7-TM-noradrenaline-receptor-adenylate-cyclase (NA-AC) can mobilize nutritional reserves, without activating a feedback response by the body’s adrenaline. The latter could not cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB). The excess of Mg2+ activates NA-AC in an obligatory step to configure a hydrophilic active site for the water attack by water cluster (H2O)n=3.4 of the MgATP and releases PPi and AMP. The H-bond breakdown configures by mutual exclusion a hydrophobic domain, in response to calmodulin release of Ca2+. The opening of the hydrophobic active site allows release water to cycle the phosphoryl group of AMP into E-cAMP. Mg2+ releases cAMP and hydration shell after 〖10〗^(-15) s to became mixed with water cluster and depolarized into hydrophobic dimers (H_2 O~OH_2 ). The dimers transit a route created from hydrophilic plasma, depleted from hormones, into the hydrophobic synaptic CSF. 7TM-hormonal receptors coordinated to dendrites at the oral cavity allow the hypothalamic-NA-AC with axons across the BBB to modulate the HTPA axis secretions into the capillary arterioles irrigating the oral cavity. The atrophy of the mammalian olfactory bulb lead humans into motor and re-adaptive brain needs. Thus, saliva transitional hormonal communication of infants, also allows the brain itself to improve velocity by myelination of axons. After three years infants show a functional amygdala and hippocampus, but still have under developed parts of the frontal brain. The CREB characterizes implementation of transcription by an Mg-cAMP to opening the double stranded DNA, at specific regions for a switch on-off for RNA synthesis. Insulinotropic CRH inactivated due to a reduced ATP and cAMP, and loss of intracellular calcium oscillations. Emotional learning allows to bypass genetic constrains of the non-mature brain to obtain a self-cognition, which adapts the individuals for family and social links at the unconscious level.
Syntropy Journal, 2023(1):1-22. ISSN 1825-7968., 2023
The choroid plexus epithelium (CPE) generates cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in a mutual exclusive vec... more The choroid plexus epithelium (CPE) generates cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in a mutual exclusive vectorial kinetic
according to a potential of hydrophilic-plasma 0mV -60mV to hydrophobic-CSF +4mV. Astrocytes are cells with
actin filaments for pulsatile propulsion in the cell’s skeleton, bi-directional transport of ions gradient Na+, which
impulses the CSF flux into the lumen along a glial network. Luminal K+ is required for sustained CSF secretion.
At ventricular side, the Na+/K+-ATPase releases the Na+. Quantum mechanics microtubules nano scale (10-9m)
flow a parallel transportation from the exterior to the nuclei of glucose, nascent Mg2+, O2, etc., and antiparallel of
dimers. The microtubule diameter allows a very small number of molecules in a minimal volume to reach a
saturation state for enzyme activity. An increasing in the number of random collisions allows to concatenate
Na+/K+ translocation into nano space at minimal capacitance to operate at maximal voltage. Myelination
discontinuity at the Ranvier nodes allows open systems exchanges with CSF to re-supply the optimal ion
concentration to maintain rapid transmission of the propagation of the action potential. The Doppler shift could
tune in with the spin-flip of electrons of a 21 cm line of hydrogen, operating as an antenna for the neuronal
membrane action potential state of firing for vectorial networking. Thus, synchronizing the electric potential by a
sequence of interneuronal crosstalk could avoid electromagnetic neuronal noises. At the nerve terminal,
neurotransmitters are present within 35-50 nm synaptic vesicles that release neurotransmitters that dock and fuse
at the base of specialized 10–15 nm cup-shaped lipoproteins. These porosomes range from 15 nm in neurons,
astrocytes to 100–180 nm in endocrine and exocrine cells. In striatal neurons adenylyl cyclase (AC) coupled via
7TM receptors via stimulatory or inhibitory receptors (Rs and Ri) on G protein phosphorylation. A dopamine-
(DA)-dependent cAMP/PKA interactions with acetylcholine and adenosine signals for DA transients to carry
reward-related signals in learning reinforcement. The enthalpies of AC-H-bonds breakdown of intermediates
coordinated by Mg2+ and bending and sliding when calmodulin release of Ca2+ to coordinative into hydrophobic
box, and release of dimers in the up-hill thermodynamics cycling AMP into cAMP, creating molecular transitions
capable to participate in meaningful encoding signals coordinative stages. The Mg-cAMP response element binding
(CREB) protein by insertion for DNA H-bond breakdown unzipping into three strands and transcription cycle
turnover by coupling to H-bond donor water cluster.
viXra.org > Biochemistry > viXra:2310.0068, 2023
The development from a hormonal memory based on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HTPA) axis is... more The development from a hormonal memory based on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HTPA) axis is constituted by a complex set of direct influences and feedback interactions, among the components of an adrenal neuroendocrine system that during human nurturing allows hormonal communication, integrating a newborn with his family. The brain hypothalamus functions to regulate the anterior pituitary to develop hormonal (fully emotional) communication that precedes the stage of language development. A pure emotional language constitutes an unconscious, a barrier to self-cognition on the own personality dynamics. This one could be potentiated by Doppler analysis of vector neuronal emotional childhood association to the adult stage to constitute new psyche connectomes. These ones are accessible to psychoanalytic techniques that focus on the study of the psyche, and treatment by using free association to allow healing. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), an endogenous corticoid (internally produced), is the most abundant circulating steroid in humans, which is not required as vitamins, which are only available from food. DHEA is a prohormone derived from cholesterol and pregnenolone that is a precursor of mineralcorticoids (aldosterone, etc.), glucocorticoids (cortisol, etc.) and testosterone and estradiol. Usually a clinical treatment to supplement the level of testosterone or estradiol will produce the desired immediate effect, but thereafter reduce the physiological natural production, as expression of a negative feedback. DHEA might prove to have benefits in treating people diagnosed with certain conditions, such as adrenal insufficiency and lupus. Hence, these ones will respond to a physiological regulation through the attractive sexual pathways. Adolescence increases DHEA levels declining by 75-90% by the time humans hit 75-80 years old associated with a loss of function and increased risk for disease. It impacts quality of life and longevity. DHEA has become a popular anti-aging supplement. A 12 years study of old men found that an increase of 100 μg/dL of DHEA-sulfate solution injected in blood showed a 36% reduced risk of death.
Presented at 69th Annual Meeting, Fed. Am. Soc. Exp. Biol., Anaheim, CA. Abstract Fed. Proc. 44; 922., 1985
Corresponding co-presenter V. De Bari. New York Academy of Sciences, 1st Colloquium in Biological Sciences. November 11,, 1983
Syntropy, 2023
The choroid plexus epithelium (CPE) generates cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in a mutual exclusive vec... more The choroid plexus epithelium (CPE) generates cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in a mutual exclusive vectorial kinetic according to a potential of hydrophilic-plasma 0mV -60mV to hydrophobic-CSF +4mV. Astrocytes are cells with actin filaments for pulsatile propulsion in the cell’s skeleton, bi-directional transport of ions gradient Na+, which impulses the CSF flux into the lumen along a glial network. Luminal K+ is required for sustained CSF secretion. At ventricular side, the Na+/K+-ATPase releases the Na+. Quantum mechanics microtubules nano scale (10-9m) flow a parallel transportation from the exterior to the nuclei of glucose, nascent Mg2+, O2, etc., and antiparallel of dimers. The microtubule diameter allows a very small number of molecules in a minimal volume to reach a saturation state for enzyme activity. An increasing in the number of random collisions allows to concatenate Na+/K+ translocation into nano space at minimal capacitance to operate at maximal voltage. Myelination discontinuity at the Ranvier nodes allows open systems exchanges with CSF to re-supply the optimal ion concentration to maintain rapid transmission of the propagation of the action potential. The Doppler shift could tune in with the spin-flip of electrons of a 21 cm line of hydrogen, operating as an antenna for the neuronal membrane action potential state of firing for vectorial networking. Thus, synchronizing the electric potential by a sequence of interneuronal crosstalk could avoid electromagnetic neuronal noises. At the nerve terminal, neurotransmitters are present within 35-50 nm synaptic vesicles that release neurotransmitters that dock and fuse at the base of specialized 10–15 nm cup-shaped lipoproteins. These porosomes range from 15 nm in neurons, astrocytes to 100–180 nm in endocrine and exocrine cells. In striatal neurons adenylyl cyclase (AC) coupled via 7TM receptors via stimulatory or inhibitory receptors (Rs and Ri) on G protein phosphorylation. A dopamine-(DA)-dependent cAMP/PKA interactions with acetylcholine and adenosine signals for DA transients to carry reward-related signals in learning reinforcement. The enthalpies of AC-H-bonds breakdown of intermediates coordinated by Mg2+ and bending and sliding when calmodulin release of Ca2+ to coordinative into hydrophobic box, and release of dimers in the up-hill thermodynamics cycling AMP into cAMP, creating molecular transitions capable to participate in meaningful encoding signals coordinative stages. The Mg-cAMP response element binding (CREB) protein by insertion for DNA H-bond breakdown unzipping into three strands and transcription cycle turnover by coupling to H-bond donor water cluster.
Uploads
Papers by Alfred/o Bennun
according to a potential of hydrophilic-plasma 0mV -60mV to hydrophobic-CSF +4mV. Astrocytes are cells with
actin filaments for pulsatile propulsion in the cell’s skeleton, bi-directional transport of ions gradient Na+, which
impulses the CSF flux into the lumen along a glial network. Luminal K+ is required for sustained CSF secretion.
At ventricular side, the Na+/K+-ATPase releases the Na+. Quantum mechanics microtubules nano scale (10-9m)
flow a parallel transportation from the exterior to the nuclei of glucose, nascent Mg2+, O2, etc., and antiparallel of
dimers. The microtubule diameter allows a very small number of molecules in a minimal volume to reach a
saturation state for enzyme activity. An increasing in the number of random collisions allows to concatenate
Na+/K+ translocation into nano space at minimal capacitance to operate at maximal voltage. Myelination
discontinuity at the Ranvier nodes allows open systems exchanges with CSF to re-supply the optimal ion
concentration to maintain rapid transmission of the propagation of the action potential. The Doppler shift could
tune in with the spin-flip of electrons of a 21 cm line of hydrogen, operating as an antenna for the neuronal
membrane action potential state of firing for vectorial networking. Thus, synchronizing the electric potential by a
sequence of interneuronal crosstalk could avoid electromagnetic neuronal noises. At the nerve terminal,
neurotransmitters are present within 35-50 nm synaptic vesicles that release neurotransmitters that dock and fuse
at the base of specialized 10–15 nm cup-shaped lipoproteins. These porosomes range from 15 nm in neurons,
astrocytes to 100–180 nm in endocrine and exocrine cells. In striatal neurons adenylyl cyclase (AC) coupled via
7TM receptors via stimulatory or inhibitory receptors (Rs and Ri) on G protein phosphorylation. A dopamine-
(DA)-dependent cAMP/PKA interactions with acetylcholine and adenosine signals for DA transients to carry
reward-related signals in learning reinforcement. The enthalpies of AC-H-bonds breakdown of intermediates
coordinated by Mg2+ and bending and sliding when calmodulin release of Ca2+ to coordinative into hydrophobic
box, and release of dimers in the up-hill thermodynamics cycling AMP into cAMP, creating molecular transitions
capable to participate in meaningful encoding signals coordinative stages. The Mg-cAMP response element binding
(CREB) protein by insertion for DNA H-bond breakdown unzipping into three strands and transcription cycle
turnover by coupling to H-bond donor water cluster.
according to a potential of hydrophilic-plasma 0mV -60mV to hydrophobic-CSF +4mV. Astrocytes are cells with
actin filaments for pulsatile propulsion in the cell’s skeleton, bi-directional transport of ions gradient Na+, which
impulses the CSF flux into the lumen along a glial network. Luminal K+ is required for sustained CSF secretion.
At ventricular side, the Na+/K+-ATPase releases the Na+. Quantum mechanics microtubules nano scale (10-9m)
flow a parallel transportation from the exterior to the nuclei of glucose, nascent Mg2+, O2, etc., and antiparallel of
dimers. The microtubule diameter allows a very small number of molecules in a minimal volume to reach a
saturation state for enzyme activity. An increasing in the number of random collisions allows to concatenate
Na+/K+ translocation into nano space at minimal capacitance to operate at maximal voltage. Myelination
discontinuity at the Ranvier nodes allows open systems exchanges with CSF to re-supply the optimal ion
concentration to maintain rapid transmission of the propagation of the action potential. The Doppler shift could
tune in with the spin-flip of electrons of a 21 cm line of hydrogen, operating as an antenna for the neuronal
membrane action potential state of firing for vectorial networking. Thus, synchronizing the electric potential by a
sequence of interneuronal crosstalk could avoid electromagnetic neuronal noises. At the nerve terminal,
neurotransmitters are present within 35-50 nm synaptic vesicles that release neurotransmitters that dock and fuse
at the base of specialized 10–15 nm cup-shaped lipoproteins. These porosomes range from 15 nm in neurons,
astrocytes to 100–180 nm in endocrine and exocrine cells. In striatal neurons adenylyl cyclase (AC) coupled via
7TM receptors via stimulatory or inhibitory receptors (Rs and Ri) on G protein phosphorylation. A dopamine-
(DA)-dependent cAMP/PKA interactions with acetylcholine and adenosine signals for DA transients to carry
reward-related signals in learning reinforcement. The enthalpies of AC-H-bonds breakdown of intermediates
coordinated by Mg2+ and bending and sliding when calmodulin release of Ca2+ to coordinative into hydrophobic
box, and release of dimers in the up-hill thermodynamics cycling AMP into cAMP, creating molecular transitions
capable to participate in meaningful encoding signals coordinative stages. The Mg-cAMP response element binding
(CREB) protein by insertion for DNA H-bond breakdown unzipping into three strands and transcription cycle
turnover by coupling to H-bond donor water cluster.
The thermodynamic coordination is established by water cluster (H2O)n=3.4 with a successive coordinate change of H-bonds content in the plasticity of proteins and nucleic acids.
The evolutive origin for a conjecture of the water thermodynamic connections for the Earth planet could be traced to: a conjecture that one or more primordial soups, reaching a potential by cycling energy conservation. Thus, evolution could involve the solar/radiation system providing the planetary energy distribution during adaptation and turnover for predominance on time required for reaching variable species adaptation. Thus, the partial dissociation states of the molecules of water from proteins and nucleic acids could be used for overall role to support energy content cycle for many species diversification [ ].
This potential for different states of water association until reaching vapor state allows to overall characterizing life as using widely involving water because is needed a role to operate within the course required to reach irreversible dissipative systems as an energy for evolution to create an arrow of functional organization.
This one functions by Earth rotation periodic substitution of day energy by night function allowing cooling re-establishing a complementary thermodynamics capacity for proteins and nucleic acids by a system of H-bonds turnover [ ] [ ].
The essential role of H-bonds breakdown has been incorporated as a source of enthalpy/free energy from water clusters into the dynamics of protein and nucleic acids, conformational change allows turn-on and turn-off activatory reaction steps for proteins and nucleic acids. Hence, allowing a parameter involving coupling a water cluster as a donor of enthalpy to the system that could be computed as a stationary state for the total cycle.
The evident measure of a decreasing/loss of total number of H-bonds contained in 55.5M (molar) of water concentration have been evaded.
If a radiation object meets the physical characteristics of a black body in thermodynamic equilibrium, the radiation is called blackbody radiation [ ]. Planck's law describes the spectrum of blackbody radiation, which depends solely on the object's temperature. Wien's displacement law determines the most likely frequency of the emitted thermal radiation, and the Stefan–Boltzmann law gives radiant intensity as expressed by M=σT^4 (σ is the Stefan-Boltzmann constant) [ ].
The form of the Stefan–Boltzmann law that includes emissivity is applicable to all matter, provided that matter is in a state of local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE) so that its temperature is well-defined. This is a trivial conclusion, since the emissivity (ε) is defined to be the quantity that makes this equation valid. What is non-trivial is the proposition that ε ≤ 1, which is a consequence of Kirchhoff's law of thermal radiation. To singularize an observer function is enough an arrow of directionality (front vs back) like the lookback on time.
La deshidroepiandrosterona (DHEA), un corticoides endógeno (producido internamente), es el esteroide circulante más abundante en humanos, que no se requiere como las vitaminas, que solo están disponibles en los alimentos. DHEA es una prohormona derivada del colesterol y la pregnenolona que es un precursor de los mineralcorticoides (aldosterona, etc.), glucocorticoides (cortisol, etc.), testosterona y estradiol.
Los niveles de DHEA disminuyen en un 75-90% cuando los humanos alcanzan los 75-80 años. Están asociados con una pérdida de función y un mayor riesgo de enfermedad. Inyectado en la sangre muestra una reducción del riesgo de muerte del 36%. Administrado como un suplemento oral manifiesta mejoras significativas en la calidad de vida y la longevidad.
Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), an endogenous corticoid (internally produced), is the most abundant circulating steroid in humans, which is not required as vitamins, which are only available from food. DHEA is a prohormone derived from cholesterol and pregnenolone that is a precursor of mineralcorticoids (aldosterone, etc.), glucocorticoids (cortisol, etc.), testosterone and estradiol.
DHEA levels declining by 75-90% by the time humans hit 75-80 years old are associated with a loss of function and increased risk for disease. Injected in blood showed a 36% reduced risk of death, given as an oral supplement manifests significant improvements on quality of life and longevity.
The continuous flow of dimers (H2O~OH2) captures heat by increasing the oscillatory kinetic state of the pairing effect. The vapor by reaching the surface of a mirror spontaneously returns to the liquid state, usually used to detect life. State of water (H2O)n=3.4 allows maintaining polarity and surrounds metallic ions in soluble state vs with hidden polarity, which results (H2O)n=3.4 in could not transit across the double layered membrane to the hydrophobic environment and crossing through specific gates.
The authors enhance their discussions with clear illustrations and explicative texts written for researchers, professionals, educators and students alike, which favor its selection as an essential overview of recent medical and scientific advances, allowing the reader to have the satisfaction of finding first-rate accounts of important work.
Comparative studies between immediately obtained adrenal vein samples (AVS) and 15 minutes thereafter show that the stress reactions induced by catheter manipulation had an effect on serum cortisol and aldosterone values. A transient increase in cortisol release from both adrenal glands occurs in the majority of the patients who undergo AVS. This stress reaction can influence the assessment of both the selectivity of the catheterization during the sequential AVS technique and the lateralization of aldosteronoma bearing gland.
The separation of noradrenaline (NA) at brain and adrenaline at blood functions as a homeostatic lame axis by the blood-brain barrier blocking adrenaline feedback in hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HTPA). This leads to postulate an evolution adaptation for the brain dominance over body, which allows a psychoanalytic treatment to function to signal turn-off and return to circadian homeostasis. Decreased glucose could stress the HTPA axis and leads to decreasing metabolites and releasing Mg2+ for integration of the brain-tissue network. Mg2+ changes adenylyl cyclase (AC) from a Ca2+-AC complex to an Mg2+-AC form with responsiveness to NA for short-term memory. The cAMP generated has been postulated for consolidation of long-term memory.
Trigeminocardiac reflex evoked negative effects on hemodynamics which exaggerated by use of beta-blockers and suggesting either a central control or efferent pathways of TCR partly related to adrenergic responses.
Stress-induced cardiomyopathies such as Tako-Tsubo Syndrome primarily affect post-menopausal women, more susceptible than the rest of the population, which have experienced sudden emotional shock. The symptoms mimic a myocardial infarction without a significant occlusion of the coronary arteries. Instead, they display a left ventricular (LV) dysfunction called the “Apical-Ballooning Syndrome”. Some of these patients show high circulating levels of adrenaline, and symptoms respond to treatment with beta- adrenergic blockers.
Heart adrenoceptors are targets of elevated adrenaline during stress, mainly subtype β1, but also: β2, α1, and β3. The first stage of stress decrease the number of adrenoceptor binding sites but with prolonged stress the number of receptors often returns to initial values. Stress can also affect antagonistic muscarinic receptors. The regulation of G protein-coupled receptors comprises desensitization, internalization or down-regulation of receptors. The changes in total receptor number, degradation and gene expression taking together impact heart fine-tuning and functional signaling.
Stress hormones cause structural transitions in erythrocyte membranes and increase microviscosity in the regions of lipid-lipid and protein-lipid interactions. And the perfusion of the isolated rat heart with the Krebs–Henseleit solution containing erythrocytes preincubated with stress hormones sharply decreases the coronary flow rate and rapidly stops it.
The study of adrenaline physiological effects, remain clinically important, a general appreciation of adrenaline for emergency treatment and as an adjunct to local anaesthesia is mandatory for any doctor in clinical practice, because one day he may well use it to save someone’s life.
The turnover between hydrated versus hydrophobic forms of proteins involved in enzyme kinetics requires energy expenditures during the turnover of [ES], changing the enzyme hydration states into its [EP] form. A divalent metal (Mg++) when chelated by a protein loses its hydration sphere. It then releases its hydration (which is incomplete) and shows an intrinsic stronger charge. This is the denominated Mg2+ nascent, which functions by capturing water from Na+ and K+, allowing for sieve effects operating as intermediates of the physical open system.
The dissipative energy potential is controlled within astrocytes by decreasing the number of H-bonds through rapid circulation. This is made possible by decreasing the number of H-bonds to reach the vapor state associated with air breathing, which could also operate through the vomeronasal organ that experiences direct contact with the brain.
The breakdown of MgATP by the Na+/K+ ATPase of MgATP is involved in the release of ADP3-, and Pi2- and nascent Mg2+ that decrease ATP4-. Mg2+ could be the generator of an action potential via the activation of a Na+/K+ ATPase pump, which opens the gates for Na+ in and K+. The free [Mg2+] up-regulates responsiveness of the post synaptic AC (adenylyl cyclase) NA (noradrenaline) released by the long axons of the corpus coerellus into the synaptic junctions, and also contributes to additional up-regulation by increasing the CAMP. The up-regulation of AC by Mg2+ is turned off by Ca+2. Stressors trigger the Mg2+ response, which results in emotional pain.
The zipping-out of DNA by the CAMP results in an Mg2+-CAMP-DNA complex that up-regulates gene expression for every participant in the synthesis of proteins during development, and eventually the formation of long-term memory occurs. Genes that relate to the synthesis of microtubules may participate in the formation of short-term memory. The regenerative capacity of CAMP could be involved in Alzheimer’s treatment by using the vomeronasal pathway to reach specific brain areas.
To singularize an observer function would be a “lookback on time” (front vs back).
NASA had detected a primordial rotational motion for the Milky Way. Hereby extended to the universe could conserve momentum by generating a single sense axis. Thus, the thermodynamic system could be structured and function according to enthalpy (ΔH) generating space and leaving a dissipative state of energy as entropy (ΔS) equated as leaving the equation.
The endergonic transition states of the enzyme adenylate cyclase (AC) are coupled to H-bond breakdown. The process involves a number and strength of R groups on the enzyme within the membrane for operative transition from its hydrophilic stage with an active site, requiring first to coordinate Mg2+ to produce AMP. Enzyme at proline amino acid manifests bending of polypeptide segments capable of self-sliding modified to confront different segment configuration. One of these stages results in H-bond broken. Thus, this new configuration allows the release of nascent Mg2+ to coordinate to Ca2+ and coupling to donor of H-bond water clusters to construct a new configuration of H-bond and could induce a hydrophobic state required to extract water from AMP to cycle to cAMP.
The cAMP Response Element-Binding (CREB) by binding Mg-cAMP by H-bond breakdown could activate by inserting Mg-cAMP into DNA separating the two strands to produce a triple helix oriented to the outside and responding to RNA synthetase for transcription into mRNA. The open DNA by coupling to the H-bond donor activity of the water cluster will return to the initial state to complete turnover.
The Doppler Effect at the circulatory system of blood or CSF synchronizes the transport of glucose, neurotransmitter and ions, required for enthalpy input in the structures of AC and DNA to generate the energy associated by H-bond breakdown to change their structure and affinities.
Regeneration of a new H-bond requires a coupling to a pool or mass action of the water cluster, a spontaneous reactant source 55.5M of H-bonds an irreversible reaction due to the very large difference in the reactant concentrations overcoming any other concentration.
Hence, preventing any tendency for reversal reaction but depending on the flow of the expended donor state into a dimer states an entropy precursor to be exhaled at the oral cavity out of the system.
The blueshift propagation allows inter-neuronal firing over distant brain areas to incorporate the functional firing of selected specific participants in the emergence of the sequence of events that configure the operative interaction between neuronal membrane micro scale and the nano scale of microtubule structures. The latter has the quantum function of antenna emission of radio microwaves that could synchronize the sequence at the molecular level of enzymes, ions and neurotransmitters for the electric potential required for firing.
These compartments form stable a plus to a minus end polarity oriented away or toward the neuronal soma. The CSF flow produces a redshift signal synchronizing events, which allows retraction of dendrites to non-firing positions between the neurons. Synchronization by antenna function of 21 cm line of H in CSF configures a signal to sequence for molecular events responding to nascent Mg2+ to generate Na+/K+ translocation and activation of Na+/K+-ATPase, allowing to progress along the membrane of the voltage involved in the action potential for firing...
Esta línea espectral más fuerte del hidrógeno, presente en la Edad Oscura y detectada por radioastronomía desde las galaxias primordiales. Es también emitida por el agua de todos los tejidos, médicamente aplicada para estudios cerebrales, por resonancia magnética (MRI). Por lo tanto, una imagen oscilante del efecto Doppler de la dinámica de distanciamiento-acortamiento permite la conectividad neuronal por sus frecuencias de espectro de emisión.
Por lo tanto, el ensayo de coherencia a escalas nanométricas o termodinámica de distanciamiento, equivalente a la fuerza de plasticidad del movimiento neuronal para la conectividad eléctrica. Por lo tanto, su medida de interpretación era equivalente al diálogo (crosstalk) entre neuronas y su elucidación se convirtió en un análogo a una sincronización a un nivel quántico.
Las enzimas transmembrana generan la entalpía, acoplada al metabolismo de la glucosa y del clúster de agua (H2O)n=3.4. Los productos CO2 y agua como vapor se exhalan en la boca como entropía. Este modelo integrador permite una perspectiva conjunta de múltiples capas de la realidad, condicionada por la dimensión de la escala.
Así, la métrica de la mecánica cuántica podría mostrar los marcos locales para la superposición del espacio y la simultaneidad. La relación termodinámica del cerebro entre las entradas de glucosa y el proceso de entalpía de la energía metabólica (calor), acoplado homeostáticamente a 36,6 ℃ a la ruptura de puente de H del clúster de agua, que en el flujo de líquido cefalorraquídeo (LCR) en los microtúbulos podría circular en estado líquido como dímeros (H2O~OH2) para disipar la entropía como vapor en la cavidad oral.
Las capas múltiples a escala neuronal manifiestan el espín en función de la antena para la señalización de la dinámica de conectividad del axón, las dendritas, los microtúbulos y la tunelización. El espacio mielinizado es un sistema termodinámico cerrado, que eventualmente tiende al equilibrio entre entalpía y entropía, en el que la energía no puede producir trabajo. En un axón mielinizado, los Nodos de Ranvier permiten “saltar” de un nodo a otro, operando tramos no mielinizados como canales termodinámicamente abiertos.
La termodinámica cuántica permite una secuencia repetitiva de los canales iónicos en el nivel nano de cerrado a abierto, cerrado a abierto, cerrar… Por lo tanto, se conserva un valor máximo de entalpía y la entropía se disipa fuera del sistema, manteniendo el nivel de potencial de acción en estado estacionario. Por lo tanto, los canales de iones podrían volver a suplir las concentraciones de Na+/K+ para la recuperación de una entalpía con una entropía disipativa fuera del sistema.
Por lo tanto, una cinética de asociación multiplicativa mediante la sincronización de la emisión de fotones permite una señalización común para la coherencia funcional multineuronal. Este refuerzo es necesario para operar con un ruido casi nulo, para evitar la asincronía caótica. El efecto involucra una escala nanométrica de espacio y tiempo porque está mediado por fotones que se mueven en una fase líquida: 2.25´109m/s (0.75 c).
Por lo tanto, permitir crosstalk entre neuronas a una velocidad muy alta, integrando el tiempo operativo de los sistemas sincronizando la actividad de los receptores acoplados a la función activadora de la proteína G en las vías insulina/glutamatérgica y catecolaminérgica...
This strongest spectral line of the hydrogen, present in the Dark Ages and by radio astronomy detected from primordial galaxies, is emitted by the water of all tissues, medically applied for brain studies, by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Hence, a Doppler Effect imaging of the distancing dynamics allows neuronal connectivity by their emission spectrum frequencies.
Hence, the assay of nano scales coherence or distancing thermodynamics, equivalent to the plasticity strength of neuronal movement for electric connectivity. Therefore its interpreting measure an equivalent of crosstalk between neurons and its elucidation became an analog to a translation of this unknown process.
The transmembrane enzymes generate the enthalpy, coupled to the metabolism of glucose and water cluster. The products CO2 and water as vapor are exhaled at the mouth as entropy. This integrative model allows a joint perspective of multiple layers of the reality, conditioned by scale dimension.
Thus, the metrics of the quantum mechanics realm could show the locals frames for superposition of space and simultaneity. The brain thermodynamics relationship between inputs of glucose and the enthalpy process of metabolic energy (heat), coupled homeostatically at 36.6℃ to water cluster H-bond breakdown, which in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flow in microtubules could circulate in a liquid state as dimers (H2O~OH2) to dissipate entropy as vapor in the oral cavity.
The multi-layers at neuron scale manifest spin in antenna role to signal connectivity for axon, dendrites, microtubules and tunneling. Myelinated space is a thermodynamic closed system, which eventually tends to equilibrium between enthalpy and entropy in which free energy cannot produce work. At a myelinated axon the Nodes of Ranvier “jumps” from node to node operate the unmyelinated stretches as a nano open space-time system.
Quantic thermodynamic allows a repetitive sequence at the nano level of close to open, close to open, close … Hence, a maximal value of enthalpy is conserved and entropy became dissipated outside the system, maintaining the action potential level in steady state. Hence, the ions channels could refill the Na+/K+ concentrations for an enthalpy increase of potential hilling up for the recovery of higher enthalpy with dissipative entropy out of the system.
Thus, a kinetic of multiplicative association by synchronizing photon emission allows a common signaling for multi-neuronal functional coherence. This reinforcement is required for operating a near null noise, to avoid chaotic asynchrony. The effect involves nano scale of space and time because is mediated by photons moving in a liquid phase: 2.25´109m/s (0.75 c).
Hence, allowing crosstalk between neurons at a very high velocity, integrating the operative time of systems synchronizing the activity of G-protein-linked receptors in the insulin/glutamatergic and catecholaminergic pathways. The nano space maintains a high rate of molecular collisions, maximizing affinity at saturation values by low concentration of hormones, etc.
The structural changes of the transmembrane enzymes coupled to the metabolism of glucose and coupled water cluster H-bond breakdown could reach a high enthalpy to low entropy into the system.
7-transmembrane (7TM)-hormonal receptors with by noradrenaline (NA) bind activate adenylate cyclase (AC). The dendrites at the oral-cavity of NA-AC-Hypothalamic (OC-NA-AC-HT) axis have axons across the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Its function is to modulate the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HTPA) axis and its secretions into the capillary arterioles irrigating the oral cavity. The atrophy of the mammalian olfactory bulb lead humans into motor and re-adaptive brain needs. The cAMP response element binding (CREB) protein via stimulatory or inhibitory receptors (Rs and Ri) on G protein phosphorylation could stimulate signaling rewards during stages of neuronal plasticity, allowing mechanisms for conectomas development. Infants manifest a functional amygdala and hippocampus when still have an under develop frontal brain. Conformational changes release O2 from the 4 Hemes and 2Mg2+ during deoxygenation. Mutual exclusion allows the movement of His β2 143 to the new domain by the confluence of the positive R-groups surrounding the single cavity for 2,3-DPG5- of the deoxyHb structure. Nascent Mg2+ dynamics drive Na+/K+ membrane translocation for electrogenic action potential. The H-bonds breakdown and reconstitution involved in the conformational change, showed the energy flow sequence by mutual exclusion in oxy to deoxyHb, blood-plasma to cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and AC conformational change from hydrophilic to hydrophobic domains. A mechanism by a switch on/off by Mg2+-cAMP coordinative insertion to open DNA in a 3 helix transitory structure with bases pointed externally. The initial 16.33 molarity of (H2O)(n=3.4) by H-bonds exhaustion retains randomness. The kinetics energy of solvation provides a polarity scale for unidirectional unitary sense circulatory flow for the thermogenic transitions dissipation to exclude organismal entropy. The direct link to oral cavity allows an autonomous emotional human brain. The non-polar sides tends at microtubules to generate a coherence water superposition as dimers (H2O~OH2), with kinetic energy when reach the oral cavity is exhaled as a 5% vapor.
El entrelazamiento es una proximidad espacial compartida de partículas, que en el mismo estado cuántico primordial de bosones de Planck, caracteriza la ausencia de un número de restricción para la participación concertada en la energía disipativa en el curso de la expansión. Así, por su máxima coherencia dentro del Big-Bang hace innecesaria la inflación para sincronizar etapas de expansión.
Por lo tanto, respondiendo a la termodinámica, la curvatura de 8E+60 bosones Planck se mueve hacia afuera creando espacio, produciendo oscilaciones hacia afuera con emisión de ondas gravitacionales a la frecuencia más alta, alargándose por el estiramiento del espacio. Esto resultó en un sonido cósmico propagándose por el universo en expansión, que en las últimas etapas, se caracterizó como oscilaciones bariónicas, extendiéndose por el espacio.
La curvatura gravitacional no pudo atraer la radiación térmica como lo hace con los hadrones y la luz de las estrellas. Por lo tanto, está desprovisto de la estructura de curvatura, respondiendo a la atracción gravitacional. Así, la expansión se desplaza hacia la frontera del universo, su entropía se internaliza dilatando los voids que se expanden por enfriamiento y determinan la constante cosmológica. Por lo tanto, cualquier desviación de la suma del momento lineal y angular, por su retroalimentación compensatoria, induce un giro para restaurar el momento angular inicial. La disipación irreversible de los bosones de Planck, por el desacoplamiento de fuerzas, está acoplada a la dispersión interna de la entropía en los voids.
Los agujeros negros cuando pierden energía se evaporan y el espectro térmico irradiado, que resulta de la emisión de entropía como radiación térmica del cuerpo negro, que no puede ser atrapado por la gravedad galáctica. Así, la constante cosmológica permite que el universo relativista de Einstein se vuelva expansivo, disipando la entropía en los voids.
La ley de Hubble muestra la recesión galáctica generando impulso y espacio-tiempo emergente, internalizando la entropía resultante en los voids. La enorme expansión del volumen de los voids produce un efecto de enfriamiento que diluye el calor. Pero su frecuencia permite el tratamiento de conversión paramétrica a la baja (PDC, en inglés), así como también se podría hacer para el origen cinético de la radiación cósmica de fondo (CMB, en inglés). La velocidad de la luz podría estar actuando como un cuello de botella delimitado por la densidad crítica acoplada a la expansión plana.
La presión de retroceso de la expansión sobre los halos de hidrógeno incrementa la masa galáctica inercial, aumentando el impulso y el momento angular, que podría sumarse al de la masa en reposo, aumentando su campo gravitacional. Pero, sin quitar la presión de la radiación térmica en los voids, que contrae los contornos galácticos.
La cuantificación de partículas dentro del período de los hadrones ocurre por la distensión del campo gravitacional, desde el eje de espín (las partículas cuánticas poseen un tipo de momento angular no orbital llamado "espín" y no corresponde al movimiento de giro físico) y el momento angular orbital. Por lo tanto, el movimiento total del sistema, como lo señala la mecánica cuántica, no se puede determinar posición y velocidad al mismo tiempo.