As evident in the qualitative case studies of several major companies operating in the Pittsburgh... more As evident in the qualitative case studies of several major companies operating in the Pittsburgh area with global connections, as well as another international company with ties in the area. All the showcased companies have established high-levels of quality standards and implemented policies on order to remain competitive in an increasingly web-connected environment. Social media and empowered customers have significantly raised customer expectations of quality. Although there are similarities and differences in the approaches taken by management, they share the common goal of delivering a high-quality product and satisfying their customers. The majority of the case study concentrates on how both companies monitor quality, evaluate performance, train employees, and promote continuous improvement in order to achieve best business practices. The review of the literature on global IT outsourcing and analysis of the case studies provide evidence that economic development creates both ...
International Journal of Sustainable Entrepreneurship and Corporate Social Responsibility, 2020
Through a qualitative business case approach, three major manufacturing firms in Pittsburgh, PA w... more Through a qualitative business case approach, three major manufacturing firms in Pittsburgh, PA were reviewed for their eco-friendly sustainability strategic initiatives and products/services. Undoubtedly, use of green best practices are value adding steps for a company may be initially difficult to justify spending the time and resources developing such a process. This is especially true when other core business needs are present, such as driving revenue, product development, and meeting governmental or consumer expectations. However, green and sustainability initiatives may not be currently dictated needs, but many companies feel strongly that charting such a course would be to their stakeholders' mutual advantage. As resources are being consumed more rapidly, it is logical to enact steps to ensure the sustainability of such scare resources. The added benefit of lower input needs greatly improves the companies' stances in their market while also adding to the firms' ov...
Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is a corporate initiative to assess and take responsibility... more Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is a corporate initiative to assess and take responsibility for the company's effects on the environment and impact on social welfare (www.Investopedia.com). The goal of CSR is to embrace responsibility for the company's actions and encourage a positive impact through its activities on the environment, consumers, employees, communities, stakeholders and all others who may also be considered stakeholders. The term generally applies to company efforts that go beyond what may be required by regulators or environmental protection groups. CSR policies function as a built-in, self-regulating mechanism whereby a business monitors and ensures its active compliance with the spirit of the law, ethical standards, and international norms. Corporate social responsibility may also be referred to as "corporate citizenship" and can involve incurring short-term costs that do not provide an immediate financial benefit to the company, but instead...
Advances in Business Information Systems and Analytics, 2015
The nature of SCM research is constantly evolving and must address a variety of concerns like poo... more The nature of SCM research is constantly evolving and must address a variety of concerns like poor service, large inventory levels, and friction among suppliers and manufacturers. Analytical databases and techniques in SCM are an important part of this research. Many researchers and practitioners have depended on secondary data, but given the dynamic nature of global competition, more recent and relevant data must be gathered. These efforts need to be geared to the development of properly managed supply chain relationships and corporate sustainability initiatives that ultimately promote broad-based sustainable development objectives for the good of people, plants, and profits (i.e., triple bottom-line).
In a traditional sense, wireless systems were considered as an auxiliary approach used in regions... more In a traditional sense, wireless systems were considered as an auxiliary approach used in regions where it was difficult to build a connection by using typical wires and cables (Alderete & Gutiérrez, 2014). Firms operating in a competitive and global marketplace are relying more and more on the data that flows throughout their organization. As a means of enhancing supply chain management (SCM), firms are working to improve the integration level with suppliers and clients, materials and inventory regarding the production costs, influence of raw material prices, and the active request for changes by the client (Dharni, 2014; Gupta & Naqvi, 2014; Qrunfleh, Tarafdar, & Ragu-Nathan, 2012; Soon, Mahmood, Yin, Wan, Yuen, & Heng, 2015). Many organizations are seemingly more concerned with the identification of logistic issues as new opportunities arise. Even though changes in commercial activity are an important part of B2B (business-to-business) operations; for the most part, managers toda...
Research Anthology on Strategies for Using Social Media as a Service and Tool in Business, 2021
A significant amount information can be relayed on Facebook, MySpace, and Twitter, but the questi... more A significant amount information can be relayed on Facebook, MySpace, and Twitter, but the question remains whether or not organizations are using this to their advantage, especially in the era of big data. The present study used a sample of working professionals that were knowledgeable in the various options of social networking to test these assumptions. The three hypotheses dealt with the interplay of online social networking, advertising effectiveness, gender and age trends, and remaining the interplay with positive comments of the use of the “like” function and its impacts on consumer behavior, as derived from the review of relevant operations literature and from applying the basic tenants of uses and gratification theory. All three specific research hypotheses were accepted in the null form.
The travel industry has begun to leverage the Internet by mirroring the electronic ticketing syst... more The travel industry has begun to leverage the Internet by mirroring the electronic ticketing systems used by the airlines enabling hotels and tourism institutions in general to develop IT systems similar to American Airlines' Sabre system. These systems initially allowed travel agents to search for flights electronically. Now the customer is empowered to follow the lines of disintermediation and bypass the travel agent entirely. Thus, the travel industry is in a similar phase that manufacturing companies are dealing with, namely more transparent supply chains and flatter organizational structures-a common theme found in conducting e-commerce. Several models are suggested from industry to leverage connections that sell directly to the customer or buy directly from the manufacturer, although they all present potential risks, especially since this direct contact and transparency makes additional customer-partner contact easier and more likely to occur outside the direct control of the companies involved. The most compelling example of this situation is in the travel industry. In essence, the hospitality industries in general (hotels, airlines, car rental companies, and other travel services) are providing information and reservation systems directly to end consumers, entirely bypassing the traditional intermediary of travel agencies.
Encyclopedia of Information Science and Technology, Fourth Edition, 2018
This chapter details the growth of Samsung Electronics Company in its innovative use of automatic... more This chapter details the growth of Samsung Electronics Company in its innovative use of automatic identification and data capture technologies in managing supply chain relationships meet goals of operational efficiency and profitably. Through a combination of web and business literature sources and personal interviews, documentation of the company's successfully implemented supply chain management (SCM) applications as well as technological advancements and development are found in the chapter. SCM systems and IT applications documented at Samsung are designed to help provide assistance to other companies dealing with similar issues.
International Journal of Knowledge-Based Organizations, 2012
Although on the cutting edge of business technologies, RFID proves to be a difficult process to i... more Although on the cutting edge of business technologies, RFID proves to be a difficult process to implement and achieve, despite recent efforts. Two Pittsburgh-based companies were showcased in this case study, namely Mobile Aspects, Inc., a recognized leader in the integration of RFID-related technologies in inventory management processes of large acute care, and Vocollect, Inc., which is especially noted for its voice-recognition software and small hardware platforms used warehousing and partially automated inventory systems. The firms’ goals for implementing inventory management, specific inventory recommendations and changes, comparison of inventory management processes, and selected measures for ensure the quality and security of data transmitted via RFID-based technologies and lessons learned were discussed.
Encyclopedia of Information Science and Technology, Fourth Edition, 2018
Managing supply chain relationships or working with suppliers to meet the goal of waste reduction... more Managing supply chain relationships or working with suppliers to meet the goal of waste reduction are essential functions for successful businesses. There are several disruption risks associated in supply chains, of which few can argue that the disruption of communication, especially product identification and data capture, is the most important potential bottlenecks. It is important in a lean environment to identify potentially disruptive supply chain events for each node in the network. The use of RFID and related IT-intensive technologies can greatly aid management in its quest for more robust and agile supply chains, especially in an offshoring/outsourcing environment.
International Business & Economics Research Journal (IBER), 2011
Much has been written in the recent marketing literature on the perceived importance of moving fr... more Much has been written in the recent marketing literature on the perceived importance of moving from a transaction basis to a long-term relationship basis in terms of personal selling. Since the traditional marketing mix paradigm has dominated marketing philosophy for so long, many perceive there is a marketing shift, especially in service marketing, to the relational marketing paradigm. A sales force from five industries, representing primarily service industries (n=142), were tested on a number of statistical techniques including correlations, stepwise regression, and n-way ANOVA, and yielded no significant trend to support the theoretical paradigm shift.
International Journal of Business Information Systems, 2016
Crowdfunding is a method of raising funds for projects, creative pursuits, peer-topeer lending, a... more Crowdfunding is a method of raising funds for projects, creative pursuits, peer-topeer lending, and charitable causes. The idea of crowdfunding stems from the more encompassing concept of crowdsourcing, which refers not only to the gathering of funds, but to group participation in the convergence of ideas and content creation. Thus, crowdfunding can be considered to be one type of crowdsourcing. The following study examines the crowdfunding behavior of a sample of business professionals located in the service sector of metropolitan Pittsburgh, PA. In general, the empirical findings suggested that smaller goals tend to have better success ratios, while getting the targets achieved tends to attract more donors, especially when a goal is nearly met. Contrary to findings in some previous literature, there appears to be a weak link between respondents' social networking use and familiarity with crowdfunding. Furthermore, respondents' charitable giving habits did not closely link with crowdfunding solicitation behavior. Finally, there was a weak connection between crowdfunding behavior and income, but age did reveal a significant connection.
Advanced Methodologies and Technologies in Business Operations and Management, 2019
Managing supply chain relationships and/or working with suppliers to meet the mutual goals of ope... more Managing supply chain relationships and/or working with suppliers to meet the mutual goals of operational efficiency and profitably can be enhanced through the use of RFID and barcode technologies. It is important in a lean environment to use RFID and related IT-intensive technologies to manage more robust and agile supply chains. The areas of improvement, as demonstrated in a case study of NE Ohio regionally headquartered firms' involvement of positive outcomes from the strategic use of automatic identification and tracking technologies, included successfully implemented applications as well as technological advancements and development.
Journal of Business & Economics Research (JBER), 2011
The key to sustaining a competitive advantage through effective management is working with people... more The key to sustaining a competitive advantage through effective management is working with people. Especially dealing with sport management and marketing, concepts such as organizational culture and reputation are identifying strategic assets that are intangible resources. These concepts form the basis on the strategic theory behind the Resource-based View (RBV) of the firm. Strategic assets are intangible since they are inherently hard to duplicate, since duplication requires the inputs of how an object reacts with all the senses. Intangible assets are, by their very nature, "unknowable" in the purest sense and, thus, difficult to duplicate. In addition, intangible assets are rare in that the variations that will be found within will be profound from owner to owner. The organizational cultures and reputations of the Duke University and the University of Cincinnati were compared, since they have petitions for national level basketball, but radically different organizational cultures. What constitutes organizational culture in one organization will have differences not present in another"s culture, thus allowing for some teams to maintain a sustainable competitive advantage.
VThis document has been reproduced as received from the person Cr organization originating it Min... more VThis document has been reproduced as received from the person Cr organization originating it Minor changes nave been made to improve reproduction quality
International Journal of Logistics Systems and Management, 2007
Effective forecasting with the framework of Supply Chain Management (SCM) requires precise and de... more Effective forecasting with the framework of Supply Chain Management (SCM) requires precise and decisive strategic leadership supportive of the roles of such tools. Traditionally, SCM was mainly a task of logistics, confined to supply chain or purchasing managers. Essential questions were sought within the empirical portions of this study: What is the perception of SCM amongst top management? How is SCM linked to corporate strategy and corporate objectives? Surveys were sent to various manufacturing companies in the Pittsburgh, PA region, resulting in 117 completed surveys, measuring business tendencies and practices in regards to SCM, forecasting, and production and supply constraints. Via Principal-Components Analysis (PCA) and factor analyses, several hypotheses were tested verifying these relationships into constructs generated by theoretical constructs from the literature review. Forecasting, a key and sometimesoverlooked component of SCM, was found to be a significant factor in the overall effectiveness of strategic planning.
Strategically, the use of the Internet is lowering entry costs and removing barriers to entry for... more Strategically, the use of the Internet is lowering entry costs and removing barriers to entry for many businesses. The lowering of barriers has led to a flood of banks entering the industry, ultimately increasing competition and providing increased value to potential customers. However, most of the traditional banking industry has been slow to join the Internet bandwagon. It is therefore imperative that the roles of information technology in new product/service innovation and development be explored, especially within the online financial industries to verify the concepts of innovation and informational connectivity. Due to both the emergent nature of Web-enabled processes within the banking industry, urgency in the business literature to address this type of industry is apparent as well. Once firms have defined their unique activities and choose their position in the market and make their trade-offs, they are ready to choose the fit that drives both their competitive advantage and sustainability. This is the true final test to completing a corporate strategy. After the completion of this stage, firms are able to become leaders in their businesses. Competitive forces addressed by Porter (1996, 1999, 2001) in the rediscovering strategy within the online banking industry suggest that despite a potential shortfall, competition for market share remains fierce within the online banking industry. The future is certain to contain some dynamic times for the online banking industry. Only time will reveal the appearance of the life cycle of the online banking industry.
As evident in the qualitative case studies of several major companies operating in the Pittsburgh... more As evident in the qualitative case studies of several major companies operating in the Pittsburgh area with global connections, as well as another international company with ties in the area. All the showcased companies have established high-levels of quality standards and implemented policies on order to remain competitive in an increasingly web-connected environment. Social media and empowered customers have significantly raised customer expectations of quality. Although there are similarities and differences in the approaches taken by management, they share the common goal of delivering a high-quality product and satisfying their customers. The majority of the case study concentrates on how both companies monitor quality, evaluate performance, train employees, and promote continuous improvement in order to achieve best business practices. The review of the literature on global IT outsourcing and analysis of the case studies provide evidence that economic development creates both ...
International Journal of Sustainable Entrepreneurship and Corporate Social Responsibility, 2020
Through a qualitative business case approach, three major manufacturing firms in Pittsburgh, PA w... more Through a qualitative business case approach, three major manufacturing firms in Pittsburgh, PA were reviewed for their eco-friendly sustainability strategic initiatives and products/services. Undoubtedly, use of green best practices are value adding steps for a company may be initially difficult to justify spending the time and resources developing such a process. This is especially true when other core business needs are present, such as driving revenue, product development, and meeting governmental or consumer expectations. However, green and sustainability initiatives may not be currently dictated needs, but many companies feel strongly that charting such a course would be to their stakeholders' mutual advantage. As resources are being consumed more rapidly, it is logical to enact steps to ensure the sustainability of such scare resources. The added benefit of lower input needs greatly improves the companies' stances in their market while also adding to the firms' ov...
Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is a corporate initiative to assess and take responsibility... more Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is a corporate initiative to assess and take responsibility for the company's effects on the environment and impact on social welfare (www.Investopedia.com). The goal of CSR is to embrace responsibility for the company's actions and encourage a positive impact through its activities on the environment, consumers, employees, communities, stakeholders and all others who may also be considered stakeholders. The term generally applies to company efforts that go beyond what may be required by regulators or environmental protection groups. CSR policies function as a built-in, self-regulating mechanism whereby a business monitors and ensures its active compliance with the spirit of the law, ethical standards, and international norms. Corporate social responsibility may also be referred to as "corporate citizenship" and can involve incurring short-term costs that do not provide an immediate financial benefit to the company, but instead...
Advances in Business Information Systems and Analytics, 2015
The nature of SCM research is constantly evolving and must address a variety of concerns like poo... more The nature of SCM research is constantly evolving and must address a variety of concerns like poor service, large inventory levels, and friction among suppliers and manufacturers. Analytical databases and techniques in SCM are an important part of this research. Many researchers and practitioners have depended on secondary data, but given the dynamic nature of global competition, more recent and relevant data must be gathered. These efforts need to be geared to the development of properly managed supply chain relationships and corporate sustainability initiatives that ultimately promote broad-based sustainable development objectives for the good of people, plants, and profits (i.e., triple bottom-line).
In a traditional sense, wireless systems were considered as an auxiliary approach used in regions... more In a traditional sense, wireless systems were considered as an auxiliary approach used in regions where it was difficult to build a connection by using typical wires and cables (Alderete & Gutiérrez, 2014). Firms operating in a competitive and global marketplace are relying more and more on the data that flows throughout their organization. As a means of enhancing supply chain management (SCM), firms are working to improve the integration level with suppliers and clients, materials and inventory regarding the production costs, influence of raw material prices, and the active request for changes by the client (Dharni, 2014; Gupta & Naqvi, 2014; Qrunfleh, Tarafdar, & Ragu-Nathan, 2012; Soon, Mahmood, Yin, Wan, Yuen, & Heng, 2015). Many organizations are seemingly more concerned with the identification of logistic issues as new opportunities arise. Even though changes in commercial activity are an important part of B2B (business-to-business) operations; for the most part, managers toda...
Research Anthology on Strategies for Using Social Media as a Service and Tool in Business, 2021
A significant amount information can be relayed on Facebook, MySpace, and Twitter, but the questi... more A significant amount information can be relayed on Facebook, MySpace, and Twitter, but the question remains whether or not organizations are using this to their advantage, especially in the era of big data. The present study used a sample of working professionals that were knowledgeable in the various options of social networking to test these assumptions. The three hypotheses dealt with the interplay of online social networking, advertising effectiveness, gender and age trends, and remaining the interplay with positive comments of the use of the “like” function and its impacts on consumer behavior, as derived from the review of relevant operations literature and from applying the basic tenants of uses and gratification theory. All three specific research hypotheses were accepted in the null form.
The travel industry has begun to leverage the Internet by mirroring the electronic ticketing syst... more The travel industry has begun to leverage the Internet by mirroring the electronic ticketing systems used by the airlines enabling hotels and tourism institutions in general to develop IT systems similar to American Airlines' Sabre system. These systems initially allowed travel agents to search for flights electronically. Now the customer is empowered to follow the lines of disintermediation and bypass the travel agent entirely. Thus, the travel industry is in a similar phase that manufacturing companies are dealing with, namely more transparent supply chains and flatter organizational structures-a common theme found in conducting e-commerce. Several models are suggested from industry to leverage connections that sell directly to the customer or buy directly from the manufacturer, although they all present potential risks, especially since this direct contact and transparency makes additional customer-partner contact easier and more likely to occur outside the direct control of the companies involved. The most compelling example of this situation is in the travel industry. In essence, the hospitality industries in general (hotels, airlines, car rental companies, and other travel services) are providing information and reservation systems directly to end consumers, entirely bypassing the traditional intermediary of travel agencies.
Encyclopedia of Information Science and Technology, Fourth Edition, 2018
This chapter details the growth of Samsung Electronics Company in its innovative use of automatic... more This chapter details the growth of Samsung Electronics Company in its innovative use of automatic identification and data capture technologies in managing supply chain relationships meet goals of operational efficiency and profitably. Through a combination of web and business literature sources and personal interviews, documentation of the company's successfully implemented supply chain management (SCM) applications as well as technological advancements and development are found in the chapter. SCM systems and IT applications documented at Samsung are designed to help provide assistance to other companies dealing with similar issues.
International Journal of Knowledge-Based Organizations, 2012
Although on the cutting edge of business technologies, RFID proves to be a difficult process to i... more Although on the cutting edge of business technologies, RFID proves to be a difficult process to implement and achieve, despite recent efforts. Two Pittsburgh-based companies were showcased in this case study, namely Mobile Aspects, Inc., a recognized leader in the integration of RFID-related technologies in inventory management processes of large acute care, and Vocollect, Inc., which is especially noted for its voice-recognition software and small hardware platforms used warehousing and partially automated inventory systems. The firms’ goals for implementing inventory management, specific inventory recommendations and changes, comparison of inventory management processes, and selected measures for ensure the quality and security of data transmitted via RFID-based technologies and lessons learned were discussed.
Encyclopedia of Information Science and Technology, Fourth Edition, 2018
Managing supply chain relationships or working with suppliers to meet the goal of waste reduction... more Managing supply chain relationships or working with suppliers to meet the goal of waste reduction are essential functions for successful businesses. There are several disruption risks associated in supply chains, of which few can argue that the disruption of communication, especially product identification and data capture, is the most important potential bottlenecks. It is important in a lean environment to identify potentially disruptive supply chain events for each node in the network. The use of RFID and related IT-intensive technologies can greatly aid management in its quest for more robust and agile supply chains, especially in an offshoring/outsourcing environment.
International Business & Economics Research Journal (IBER), 2011
Much has been written in the recent marketing literature on the perceived importance of moving fr... more Much has been written in the recent marketing literature on the perceived importance of moving from a transaction basis to a long-term relationship basis in terms of personal selling. Since the traditional marketing mix paradigm has dominated marketing philosophy for so long, many perceive there is a marketing shift, especially in service marketing, to the relational marketing paradigm. A sales force from five industries, representing primarily service industries (n=142), were tested on a number of statistical techniques including correlations, stepwise regression, and n-way ANOVA, and yielded no significant trend to support the theoretical paradigm shift.
International Journal of Business Information Systems, 2016
Crowdfunding is a method of raising funds for projects, creative pursuits, peer-topeer lending, a... more Crowdfunding is a method of raising funds for projects, creative pursuits, peer-topeer lending, and charitable causes. The idea of crowdfunding stems from the more encompassing concept of crowdsourcing, which refers not only to the gathering of funds, but to group participation in the convergence of ideas and content creation. Thus, crowdfunding can be considered to be one type of crowdsourcing. The following study examines the crowdfunding behavior of a sample of business professionals located in the service sector of metropolitan Pittsburgh, PA. In general, the empirical findings suggested that smaller goals tend to have better success ratios, while getting the targets achieved tends to attract more donors, especially when a goal is nearly met. Contrary to findings in some previous literature, there appears to be a weak link between respondents' social networking use and familiarity with crowdfunding. Furthermore, respondents' charitable giving habits did not closely link with crowdfunding solicitation behavior. Finally, there was a weak connection between crowdfunding behavior and income, but age did reveal a significant connection.
Advanced Methodologies and Technologies in Business Operations and Management, 2019
Managing supply chain relationships and/or working with suppliers to meet the mutual goals of ope... more Managing supply chain relationships and/or working with suppliers to meet the mutual goals of operational efficiency and profitably can be enhanced through the use of RFID and barcode technologies. It is important in a lean environment to use RFID and related IT-intensive technologies to manage more robust and agile supply chains. The areas of improvement, as demonstrated in a case study of NE Ohio regionally headquartered firms' involvement of positive outcomes from the strategic use of automatic identification and tracking technologies, included successfully implemented applications as well as technological advancements and development.
Journal of Business & Economics Research (JBER), 2011
The key to sustaining a competitive advantage through effective management is working with people... more The key to sustaining a competitive advantage through effective management is working with people. Especially dealing with sport management and marketing, concepts such as organizational culture and reputation are identifying strategic assets that are intangible resources. These concepts form the basis on the strategic theory behind the Resource-based View (RBV) of the firm. Strategic assets are intangible since they are inherently hard to duplicate, since duplication requires the inputs of how an object reacts with all the senses. Intangible assets are, by their very nature, "unknowable" in the purest sense and, thus, difficult to duplicate. In addition, intangible assets are rare in that the variations that will be found within will be profound from owner to owner. The organizational cultures and reputations of the Duke University and the University of Cincinnati were compared, since they have petitions for national level basketball, but radically different organizational cultures. What constitutes organizational culture in one organization will have differences not present in another"s culture, thus allowing for some teams to maintain a sustainable competitive advantage.
VThis document has been reproduced as received from the person Cr organization originating it Min... more VThis document has been reproduced as received from the person Cr organization originating it Minor changes nave been made to improve reproduction quality
International Journal of Logistics Systems and Management, 2007
Effective forecasting with the framework of Supply Chain Management (SCM) requires precise and de... more Effective forecasting with the framework of Supply Chain Management (SCM) requires precise and decisive strategic leadership supportive of the roles of such tools. Traditionally, SCM was mainly a task of logistics, confined to supply chain or purchasing managers. Essential questions were sought within the empirical portions of this study: What is the perception of SCM amongst top management? How is SCM linked to corporate strategy and corporate objectives? Surveys were sent to various manufacturing companies in the Pittsburgh, PA region, resulting in 117 completed surveys, measuring business tendencies and practices in regards to SCM, forecasting, and production and supply constraints. Via Principal-Components Analysis (PCA) and factor analyses, several hypotheses were tested verifying these relationships into constructs generated by theoretical constructs from the literature review. Forecasting, a key and sometimesoverlooked component of SCM, was found to be a significant factor in the overall effectiveness of strategic planning.
Strategically, the use of the Internet is lowering entry costs and removing barriers to entry for... more Strategically, the use of the Internet is lowering entry costs and removing barriers to entry for many businesses. The lowering of barriers has led to a flood of banks entering the industry, ultimately increasing competition and providing increased value to potential customers. However, most of the traditional banking industry has been slow to join the Internet bandwagon. It is therefore imperative that the roles of information technology in new product/service innovation and development be explored, especially within the online financial industries to verify the concepts of innovation and informational connectivity. Due to both the emergent nature of Web-enabled processes within the banking industry, urgency in the business literature to address this type of industry is apparent as well. Once firms have defined their unique activities and choose their position in the market and make their trade-offs, they are ready to choose the fit that drives both their competitive advantage and sustainability. This is the true final test to completing a corporate strategy. After the completion of this stage, firms are able to become leaders in their businesses. Competitive forces addressed by Porter (1996, 1999, 2001) in the rediscovering strategy within the online banking industry suggest that despite a potential shortfall, competition for market share remains fierce within the online banking industry. The future is certain to contain some dynamic times for the online banking industry. Only time will reveal the appearance of the life cycle of the online banking industry.
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