Background: Neosporosis caused by the protozoan parasite Neospora caninum, is an economically imp... more Background: Neosporosis caused by the protozoan parasite Neospora caninum, is an economically important cause of abortion, stillbirth, low milk yield, reduced weight gain and premature culling in cattle. Consequently, a seroepidemiological study of N. caninum antibodies was conducted in England with 29,782 samples of blood taken from 15,736 cattle from 114 herds visited on three occasions at yearly intervals. Herds were categorised into lower (< 10%) and higher (≥ 10%) median herd seroprevalence. Hierarchical models were run to investigate associations between the sample to positive (S/P) ratio and herd and cattle factors.
Journal of The Acoustical Society of America, 1986
The discrimination of changes in the shapes of sound spectra is reported. The change was always a... more The discrimination of changes in the shapes of sound spectra is reported. The change was always an intensity increment to the 948-Hz component of a multitone complex. First, the ability of naive listeners to learn to discriminate a change in a &amp;amp;quot;regular&amp;amp;quot; background or reference spectrum (equal-level tones equally spaced in logarithmic frequency) was measured as a function of the number of trials. On the average, threshold improved about 10 dB over 3000 trials, with about 50% of the decrease in threshold occurring during the first 750 trials. In a subsequent series of experiments, the overall pattern of spectral shape of the background was varied randomly. Two kinds of perturbations in spectral shape were employed: Randomly choosing the frequencies of the reference spectra and randomly choosing the amplitudes of the components of the reference spectra. The experimental manipulations involved fixing the random spectra across a block of trials, varying the reference spectra from interval to interval of each trial, and providing extensive practice in discriminating specific randomly perturbed reference spectra. The results of the spectrum-learning and random perturbation experiments provide insight into the roles of critical band filtering, sensory variability, and short-term and long-term memory representations in auditory profile analysis. Further, the appropriateness of the generalization of a simple energy detection model is discussed.
International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience, 2008
ATF5 is a bZIP transcription factor that is a member of the ATF/ CREB family. Recent studies have... more ATF5 is a bZIP transcription factor that is a member of the ATF/ CREB family. Recent studies have indicated a role for ATF5 in neural, astrocyte and oligodendrocyte progenitor proliferation. Studies done in vivo and in vitro indicate that ATF5 promotes neuroprogenitor cell proliferation and that down-regulation of ATF5 is necessary for such cells to exit the cell cycle and differentiate. Furthermore, expression of ATF5 is high in glioblastomas where its expression appears to be required for survival. Though existing data shed light on biological functions of ATF5, there is little information regarding mechanisms that govern the induction and maintenance of ATF5 expression in proliferating neuroprogenitors and in tumor cells. Because of its well characterized properties, we chose the developing mouse cerebellum as a model system to address these issues. ATF5 protein is highly expressed by cerebellar granule neuron progenitors (GNPs) in the EGL and expression diminishes as GNPs differentiate into granule neurons. Such expression coincides with regions of Sonic Hedgehog (Shh)-driven proliferative activity in the EGL. We therefore assessed in GNP cultures whether ATF5 might be under the control of Shh, a major GNP mitogen. Without added Shh, both ATF5 expression and GNP proliferation rapidly fell. In Shh-treated cultures, in contrast there was a robust increase in the proportion of ATF5 positive cells. Childhood medulloblastomas are thought to arise largely from GNPs and examination of a number of such tumors revealed high expression of ATF5. In summary, our in vivo and in vitro observations are consistent with the idea that ATF5 plays a required role in cerebellar neuroprogenitor cell proliferation and suggest that Shh signaling is involved in ATF5 regulation in this population. Our findings also suggest a potential role for ATF5 in medulloblastomas.
A new method for the analysis of aggregate disintegration in water was tested using aeolian sedim... more A new method for the analysis of aggregate disintegration in water was tested using aeolian sediment samples. The response of aeolian sedimentary aggregates to wetting and mechanical energy has important implications for the immobilization of aeolian sediments by rainfall and their susceptibility to post-depositional erosion by water. Repeated laser diffraction analysis of a single sample circulating in deionized water provides
Water resources data for the 1997 water year for Wyoming consists of records of stage, discharge ... more Water resources data for the 1997 water year for Wyoming consists of records of stage, discharge and water quality of streams; stage and contents of lakes and reservoirs, and water levels and water quality of ground water. Volume 2 of this report contains water levels records for 82 wells.
With the advent of laparoscopic surgery and the recognition that gastroesophageal reflux disease ... more With the advent of laparoscopic surgery and the recognition that gastroesophageal reflux disease often requires lifelong medication, patients with normal resting sphincter characteristics are now being considered for surgery. The outcome of these patients after fundoplication is unknown and formed the basis of this study. The study population consisted of 123 patients undergoing laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication between 1992 and 1996. All patients had increased esophageal acid exposure on 24-hour esophageal pH monitoring. Patients were divided into those with a normal (n = 36) and those with a structurally defective (n = 87) lower esophageal sphincter (LES), based on LES resting pressure (normal >6 mm Hg), overall length (normal >2 cm), and abdominal length (normal > 1 cm), and their outcomes were assessed. Each group was subsequently divided into patients presenting with a primary symptom that was "typical" (heartburn, regurgitation, or dysphagia) or "atypical" (gastric, respiratory, or chest pain) of gastroesophageal reflux, and outcome was assessed. Median duration of follow-up was 18 months after surgery. Overall, laparoscopic fundoplication was successful in relieving symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux in 90% of patients. Patients with a typical primary symptom had an excellent outcome irrespective of the resting status of the LES (95% and 97%, respectively). Atypical primary symptoms were significantly more common in patients with a normal LES (29%) than in those with a structurally defective LES (10%; P
Background: Neosporosis caused by the protozoan parasite Neospora caninum, is an economically imp... more Background: Neosporosis caused by the protozoan parasite Neospora caninum, is an economically important cause of abortion, stillbirth, low milk yield, reduced weight gain and premature culling in cattle. Consequently, a seroepidemiological study of N. caninum antibodies was conducted in England with 29,782 samples of blood taken from 15,736 cattle from 114 herds visited on three occasions at yearly intervals. Herds were categorised into lower (< 10%) and higher (≥ 10%) median herd seroprevalence. Hierarchical models were run to investigate associations between the sample to positive (S/P) ratio and herd and cattle factors.
Journal of The Acoustical Society of America, 1986
The discrimination of changes in the shapes of sound spectra is reported. The change was always a... more The discrimination of changes in the shapes of sound spectra is reported. The change was always an intensity increment to the 948-Hz component of a multitone complex. First, the ability of naive listeners to learn to discriminate a change in a &amp;amp;quot;regular&amp;amp;quot; background or reference spectrum (equal-level tones equally spaced in logarithmic frequency) was measured as a function of the number of trials. On the average, threshold improved about 10 dB over 3000 trials, with about 50% of the decrease in threshold occurring during the first 750 trials. In a subsequent series of experiments, the overall pattern of spectral shape of the background was varied randomly. Two kinds of perturbations in spectral shape were employed: Randomly choosing the frequencies of the reference spectra and randomly choosing the amplitudes of the components of the reference spectra. The experimental manipulations involved fixing the random spectra across a block of trials, varying the reference spectra from interval to interval of each trial, and providing extensive practice in discriminating specific randomly perturbed reference spectra. The results of the spectrum-learning and random perturbation experiments provide insight into the roles of critical band filtering, sensory variability, and short-term and long-term memory representations in auditory profile analysis. Further, the appropriateness of the generalization of a simple energy detection model is discussed.
International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience, 2008
ATF5 is a bZIP transcription factor that is a member of the ATF/ CREB family. Recent studies have... more ATF5 is a bZIP transcription factor that is a member of the ATF/ CREB family. Recent studies have indicated a role for ATF5 in neural, astrocyte and oligodendrocyte progenitor proliferation. Studies done in vivo and in vitro indicate that ATF5 promotes neuroprogenitor cell proliferation and that down-regulation of ATF5 is necessary for such cells to exit the cell cycle and differentiate. Furthermore, expression of ATF5 is high in glioblastomas where its expression appears to be required for survival. Though existing data shed light on biological functions of ATF5, there is little information regarding mechanisms that govern the induction and maintenance of ATF5 expression in proliferating neuroprogenitors and in tumor cells. Because of its well characterized properties, we chose the developing mouse cerebellum as a model system to address these issues. ATF5 protein is highly expressed by cerebellar granule neuron progenitors (GNPs) in the EGL and expression diminishes as GNPs differentiate into granule neurons. Such expression coincides with regions of Sonic Hedgehog (Shh)-driven proliferative activity in the EGL. We therefore assessed in GNP cultures whether ATF5 might be under the control of Shh, a major GNP mitogen. Without added Shh, both ATF5 expression and GNP proliferation rapidly fell. In Shh-treated cultures, in contrast there was a robust increase in the proportion of ATF5 positive cells. Childhood medulloblastomas are thought to arise largely from GNPs and examination of a number of such tumors revealed high expression of ATF5. In summary, our in vivo and in vitro observations are consistent with the idea that ATF5 plays a required role in cerebellar neuroprogenitor cell proliferation and suggest that Shh signaling is involved in ATF5 regulation in this population. Our findings also suggest a potential role for ATF5 in medulloblastomas.
A new method for the analysis of aggregate disintegration in water was tested using aeolian sedim... more A new method for the analysis of aggregate disintegration in water was tested using aeolian sediment samples. The response of aeolian sedimentary aggregates to wetting and mechanical energy has important implications for the immobilization of aeolian sediments by rainfall and their susceptibility to post-depositional erosion by water. Repeated laser diffraction analysis of a single sample circulating in deionized water provides
Water resources data for the 1997 water year for Wyoming consists of records of stage, discharge ... more Water resources data for the 1997 water year for Wyoming consists of records of stage, discharge and water quality of streams; stage and contents of lakes and reservoirs, and water levels and water quality of ground water. Volume 2 of this report contains water levels records for 82 wells.
With the advent of laparoscopic surgery and the recognition that gastroesophageal reflux disease ... more With the advent of laparoscopic surgery and the recognition that gastroesophageal reflux disease often requires lifelong medication, patients with normal resting sphincter characteristics are now being considered for surgery. The outcome of these patients after fundoplication is unknown and formed the basis of this study. The study population consisted of 123 patients undergoing laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication between 1992 and 1996. All patients had increased esophageal acid exposure on 24-hour esophageal pH monitoring. Patients were divided into those with a normal (n = 36) and those with a structurally defective (n = 87) lower esophageal sphincter (LES), based on LES resting pressure (normal >6 mm Hg), overall length (normal >2 cm), and abdominal length (normal > 1 cm), and their outcomes were assessed. Each group was subsequently divided into patients presenting with a primary symptom that was "typical" (heartburn, regurgitation, or dysphagia) or "atypical" (gastric, respiratory, or chest pain) of gastroesophageal reflux, and outcome was assessed. Median duration of follow-up was 18 months after surgery. Overall, laparoscopic fundoplication was successful in relieving symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux in 90% of patients. Patients with a typical primary symptom had an excellent outcome irrespective of the resting status of the LES (95% and 97%, respectively). Atypical primary symptoms were significantly more common in patients with a normal LES (29%) than in those with a structurally defective LES (10%; P
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