Papers by Muhammad Usman Saleem
This study is an effort to investigate the spatial-temporal variability of the modified refractiv... more This study is an effort to investigate the spatial-temporal variability of the modified refractivity gradient at the 700 hPa pressure level over Pakistan and its neighbouring regions of Afghanistan, India, Iran and the Arabian Sea using the remote sensing data of the AQUA (AIRX3STM) satellite from 2008 to 2012. Trapping conditions only found in December were spread over Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan) with an average value of −182.042 M/Km and showing Leptokurtic distributions. The lowest monthly average value super-refractive conditions existed in the autumn season with a strong monthly correlation (>0.91 M/Km). A very high monthly correlation (0.9 M/Km) was found for the super-refractive conditions over the whole time period. The largest spatial and temporal normal conditions appeared in January with the average value for normal conditions being 132.72 M/Km (found over Zabul, Afghanistan) with Leptokurtic distributions. During May normal conditions were the smallest in spatial extent over Pakistan, India and Afghanis-tan, showing Platykurtic distributions. Sub-refractive conditions mostly prevailed at all times. The probability for extreme sub-refractive conditions was very high in 2008-2012. The highest average sub-refractive conditions appeared in the winter and autumn seasons (spread around Quetta and Kalam, Pakistan). The highest monthly average sub-refractive conditions with a value of 1,265,188 M/Km were found in January and spread around the Sarbaz River Iran. Correlations for the existence of sub-refractive conditions varied from 0.8 M/Km (moderate strong) to 0.4 M/Km during the autumn to winter season. Permanent super-refractive conditions existed over Balu-chistan from February to September.
This study was an effort to calculate geographic coordinates, solar horizontal and equatorial coo... more This study was an effort to calculate geographic coordinates, solar horizontal and equatorial coo-ridnates, direction of Qibla, sizes of Earth and Sun through gnomon (a vertical stick casting shadow). Gnomon has been used in history for remote navigations, astronomical and geodetic measurements. Geographic coordinates were found out with accuracy of less than 0.19 decimal degree from gnomon. Sun's horizontal and equatorial coordinates were calculated and analyzed with US Navy Observatory and NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory. These coordinates were less than 0.01 decimal degree different from coordinates provided by US Navy and following same daily trend with time. Through spherical triangle, direction of Qibla was found out. And it came out less than 0.18 decimal degree different from its value, used in Lahore. Radius of the earth measured from gnomon using concepts of Al Buruni was 1.45 km different from its true value. Using geometrical technique of similar and concurrent triangles, size of the sun was calculated and it was 1,651,088.776 km. Investigation of systematic and random errors in each calculation was the part of this research.
Using the techniques of remote sensing and
geographic information system, this study is an effort... more Using the techniques of remote sensing and
geographic information system, this study is an effort to
detect the urbanization in the Lahore (Pakistan) since
1992-2010. Two Landsat TM images from 1992 to 2010
have been used to investigate the urbanization in Lahore.
Using unsupervised classification, we have maked classes
of land cover in each image. Using Erdas imagine 9.2
urban change detection over Lahore has been
investigated. The results of change detection indicate that
urbanization in Shahdera, Kala Shah Kako, Kamoki,
Sheikhopura, Bharia Town and D.H.A regions of Lahore
has increased over 20% since 1992-2010. Band
differencing, Red-Green bands differencing techniques
verify the results of change detection and confirmed these
pockets as intensely urbanized areas since 1992. Maps in
Arc GIS 9.3 show these changes in the images. To
overcome this urbanization this study also guide us about
the Karol,Mohalanwal, Kot Radha Kishan , Kasur etc are
the regions where the new residents can be make.
A.I.R or Artificial intelligence robot is a machine
which can be operated in two modes: manual an... more A.I.R or Artificial intelligence robot is a machine
which can be operated in two modes: manual and automatic.
This machine is specially designed to suit the needs for both
domestic and industrial purposes. A.I.R can be control and
operated within 10m of radius. A.I.R can detect obstacles
within distance of 1.5m. Then it will search the path without
obstacles. For automatics mode, it has been programed in such
a way, that we can define a line for its path then it will be
follow this path throughout its journey. Through the
concentration of smoke with in its domains, A.I.R can detect
the location where the smoke occurred. Its can transmit videos
to the receiver station through the camera installed on it. This
video can be investigated on a laptop. Manual control can be
done with the help of receiver.
This paper mainly describes how to make
a potable homemade tool to calculate the Horizontal
coord... more This paper mainly describes how to make
a potable homemade tool to calculate the Horizontal
coordinates of Celestial bodies like sun. The sun alti-
tude and azimuth are the functions of the earth motion
around the sun. They are functionally varied through-
out the year. The conversion of these coordinates to
equatorial coordinates has also described. Direction of
Holy Kaaba with the help of this tool has been calcu-
lated for the study area Lahore Pakistan. Mathematical
techniques of Concurrent and Similarity has used to cal-
culate the diameter of the sun. With the assumption of
the sun is a spherical in shape the volume of the sun
disk has been calculated. The complete description to
make this tool is also the part of this paper.
LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing, 2015
Atmospheric ducts are of great importance to study. These ducts tend to
bend radio signals. The a... more Atmospheric ducts are of great importance to study. These ducts tend to
bend radio signals. The applications based on radio signal propagation
through atmosphere are subjected to errors and inaccuracies. These
applications may include satellite pointing, RADAR detection, location
identification, etc. In this study formation of tropospheric ducts and
propagation of RF signals through these ducts have been investigated
over Pakistan, India, Afghanistan & related countries using satellitesensed
data during January 2009 to December 2012. Existence of ducts
over large areas in Pakistan is found in different months. We have
discussed ducts seasons (spring, summer, autumn, winter) in the study.
Large ducts have been found in the month of November followed by
March and April. The month of October is found with minimum ducts.
Most ducts occur over south eastern parts of Pakistan. This study has also
dealt with types of ducts with respect to wave propagation. Mostly super
refractive ducts exist in all months over study period. Normal and sub
refractive ducts are seen only in the month of October. This study deal
also with the permanent ducts exited over study area.
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Papers by Muhammad Usman Saleem
geographic information system, this study is an effort to
detect the urbanization in the Lahore (Pakistan) since
1992-2010. Two Landsat TM images from 1992 to 2010
have been used to investigate the urbanization in Lahore.
Using unsupervised classification, we have maked classes
of land cover in each image. Using Erdas imagine 9.2
urban change detection over Lahore has been
investigated. The results of change detection indicate that
urbanization in Shahdera, Kala Shah Kako, Kamoki,
Sheikhopura, Bharia Town and D.H.A regions of Lahore
has increased over 20% since 1992-2010. Band
differencing, Red-Green bands differencing techniques
verify the results of change detection and confirmed these
pockets as intensely urbanized areas since 1992. Maps in
Arc GIS 9.3 show these changes in the images. To
overcome this urbanization this study also guide us about
the Karol,Mohalanwal, Kot Radha Kishan , Kasur etc are
the regions where the new residents can be make.
which can be operated in two modes: manual and automatic.
This machine is specially designed to suit the needs for both
domestic and industrial purposes. A.I.R can be control and
operated within 10m of radius. A.I.R can detect obstacles
within distance of 1.5m. Then it will search the path without
obstacles. For automatics mode, it has been programed in such
a way, that we can define a line for its path then it will be
follow this path throughout its journey. Through the
concentration of smoke with in its domains, A.I.R can detect
the location where the smoke occurred. Its can transmit videos
to the receiver station through the camera installed on it. This
video can be investigated on a laptop. Manual control can be
done with the help of receiver.
a potable homemade tool to calculate the Horizontal
coordinates of Celestial bodies like sun. The sun alti-
tude and azimuth are the functions of the earth motion
around the sun. They are functionally varied through-
out the year. The conversion of these coordinates to
equatorial coordinates has also described. Direction of
Holy Kaaba with the help of this tool has been calcu-
lated for the study area Lahore Pakistan. Mathematical
techniques of Concurrent and Similarity has used to cal-
culate the diameter of the sun. With the assumption of
the sun is a spherical in shape the volume of the sun
disk has been calculated. The complete description to
make this tool is also the part of this paper.
bend radio signals. The applications based on radio signal propagation
through atmosphere are subjected to errors and inaccuracies. These
applications may include satellite pointing, RADAR detection, location
identification, etc. In this study formation of tropospheric ducts and
propagation of RF signals through these ducts have been investigated
over Pakistan, India, Afghanistan & related countries using satellitesensed
data during January 2009 to December 2012. Existence of ducts
over large areas in Pakistan is found in different months. We have
discussed ducts seasons (spring, summer, autumn, winter) in the study.
Large ducts have been found in the month of November followed by
March and April. The month of October is found with minimum ducts.
Most ducts occur over south eastern parts of Pakistan. This study has also
dealt with types of ducts with respect to wave propagation. Mostly super
refractive ducts exist in all months over study period. Normal and sub
refractive ducts are seen only in the month of October. This study deal
also with the permanent ducts exited over study area.
geographic information system, this study is an effort to
detect the urbanization in the Lahore (Pakistan) since
1992-2010. Two Landsat TM images from 1992 to 2010
have been used to investigate the urbanization in Lahore.
Using unsupervised classification, we have maked classes
of land cover in each image. Using Erdas imagine 9.2
urban change detection over Lahore has been
investigated. The results of change detection indicate that
urbanization in Shahdera, Kala Shah Kako, Kamoki,
Sheikhopura, Bharia Town and D.H.A regions of Lahore
has increased over 20% since 1992-2010. Band
differencing, Red-Green bands differencing techniques
verify the results of change detection and confirmed these
pockets as intensely urbanized areas since 1992. Maps in
Arc GIS 9.3 show these changes in the images. To
overcome this urbanization this study also guide us about
the Karol,Mohalanwal, Kot Radha Kishan , Kasur etc are
the regions where the new residents can be make.
which can be operated in two modes: manual and automatic.
This machine is specially designed to suit the needs for both
domestic and industrial purposes. A.I.R can be control and
operated within 10m of radius. A.I.R can detect obstacles
within distance of 1.5m. Then it will search the path without
obstacles. For automatics mode, it has been programed in such
a way, that we can define a line for its path then it will be
follow this path throughout its journey. Through the
concentration of smoke with in its domains, A.I.R can detect
the location where the smoke occurred. Its can transmit videos
to the receiver station through the camera installed on it. This
video can be investigated on a laptop. Manual control can be
done with the help of receiver.
a potable homemade tool to calculate the Horizontal
coordinates of Celestial bodies like sun. The sun alti-
tude and azimuth are the functions of the earth motion
around the sun. They are functionally varied through-
out the year. The conversion of these coordinates to
equatorial coordinates has also described. Direction of
Holy Kaaba with the help of this tool has been calcu-
lated for the study area Lahore Pakistan. Mathematical
techniques of Concurrent and Similarity has used to cal-
culate the diameter of the sun. With the assumption of
the sun is a spherical in shape the volume of the sun
disk has been calculated. The complete description to
make this tool is also the part of this paper.
bend radio signals. The applications based on radio signal propagation
through atmosphere are subjected to errors and inaccuracies. These
applications may include satellite pointing, RADAR detection, location
identification, etc. In this study formation of tropospheric ducts and
propagation of RF signals through these ducts have been investigated
over Pakistan, India, Afghanistan & related countries using satellitesensed
data during January 2009 to December 2012. Existence of ducts
over large areas in Pakistan is found in different months. We have
discussed ducts seasons (spring, summer, autumn, winter) in the study.
Large ducts have been found in the month of November followed by
March and April. The month of October is found with minimum ducts.
Most ducts occur over south eastern parts of Pakistan. This study has also
dealt with types of ducts with respect to wave propagation. Mostly super
refractive ducts exist in all months over study period. Normal and sub
refractive ducts are seen only in the month of October. This study deal
also with the permanent ducts exited over study area.