Enxertos - Alogenos - Doutorado - DANIEL DELUIZ
Enxertos - Alogenos - Doutorado - DANIEL DELUIZ
Enxertos - Alogenos - Doutorado - DANIEL DELUIZ
Centro Biomédico
Faculdade de Odontologia
Rio de Janeiro
2016
Daniel Deluiz Martins
Rio de Janeiro
2016
CATALOGAÇÃO NA FONTE
UERJ/REDE SIRIUS/CBB
CDU
616.314
Autorizo, apenas para fins acadêmicos e científicos, a reprodução total ou parcial desta tese,
desde que citada a fonte.
________________________________________ _________________________
Assinatura Data
Daniel Deluiz Martins
Rio de Janeiro
2016
DEDICATÓRIA
MARTINS, Daniel Deluiz. Behavior of bone block allografts in the maxillary alveolar
reconstruction before and after implants placement: tomographic, histological and
immunohistochemical analysis of the incorporation and remodeling. 2016. 54 f. Tese
(Doutorado em Odontologia) - Faculdade de Odontologia, Universidade do Estado
do Rio de Janeiro, 2016.
Extremely resorbed alveolar ridges may lead to insufficient bone volume for
dental implants placement, as well as jeopardize the final prosthesis in the aesthetic
and functional standpoints. In the last decade, several studies have demonstrated
the application of allogeneic grafts as bone substitutes in the alveolar reconstruction.
Although case reports and case series are well documented in the literature, the use
of the allograft bone requires more well-designed studies to guide the clinical
practice. The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical behavior of bone allograft
blocks before and after implant placement and to investigate its incorporation and
remodeling. In a 53-months period, patients who had indication for maxillary bone
block reconstruction were consecutively included in the study. The trial was divided
into four studies to investigate the following parameters separately: the incorporation
and remodeling; the prevalence of complications and the survival rate of the
implants; histological and tomographic long-termdata; and a pilotstudy. The grafts
showed resorption rates from 13.98% (4 months) to 31.52% (6 months); new bone
formation from 20.79% (4 months) to 27.2% (6 months); presence of bone cells and
absence of inflammatory infiltratehistologically; intense positivity for a physiological
bone activitymarker; 22.14% prevalence of complications; and a implants survival
rate of 94.03%. After a 4 years follow-up with loaded implants, the grafts
demonstrated a reabsorption rate from 2.1 to 7.7%. Histologically, remnants of
allograft tissue were found along with an abundant number of osteocytes, osteoblasts
and vessels. The evaluated parameters showed to be similar to other reconstructive
procedures, demonstrating the viability of allogeneic bone block grafts as an option to
augment thealveolar ridgefor dental implants placement.
INTRODUÇÃO.......................................................................................... 11
INTRODUÇÃO
Enxertos ósseos alógenos vêm sendo utilizados na odontologia por pelo menos
quatro décadas. Nos últimos 20 anos, houve um crescimento significativo
mundialmente na aplicação deste material dado pelo estabelecimento de diretrizes
severas para a seleção dos doadores, para a captação, processamento e
distribuição.22,52,53
Este material é captado de doadores cadáveres ou vivos e eliminam a
necessidade de remoção de tecido ósseo do próprio paciente. O osso é tipicamente
tratado por congelamento, liofilização, irradiação e outras manipulações que
conferem ao material um menor risco de contaminação.20Diferentes formas de
processamento atribuem variadas propriedades e, consequentemente, indicações
clínicas distintas54. O osso homólogo está comumente disponível nas formas de
enxerto mineralizado liofilizado (FDBA – freeze dried bone allograft), liofilizado
desmineralizado (DFDBA – demineralized freeze dried bone allograft) e fresco
ultracongelado (FFB – fresh frozen bone).
Idealmente, enxertos ósseosutilizados nas reconstruções alveolares para futura
reabilitação com implantes osseointegráveis devem apresentar integridade estrutural
suficiente para manter espaço durante o crescimento, consolidação e maturação
óssea. Além disso, devem ser capazes de promover a migração de células no sítio
receptor com o potencial de formar tecido ósseo no interior do enxerto. Apesar de
controversa, outra característica comumente citada na literatura como preferível nos
materiais ósseos enxertados, é que os mesmos devem ser totalmente reabsorvidos,
remodelados e substituídos por osso nativo viável. Como com qualquer técnica ou
material desejável, os enxertos devem apresentar resultados previsíveis e
reproduzíveis.21,55
De acordo com as propriedades das quais enxertos ósseos podem apresentar,
podemos classificá-los em três grupos relacionados ao estímulo para a formação
óssea: osteocondutores, osteoindutores e osteogênicos. Osteocondução refere-se
ao crescimento passivo de tecido mesenquimal e vascular dentro de uma estrutura
de arcabouço proporcionada pelo material do enxerto. Osteoindução, por sua vez,
inclui o recrutamento de células progenitorasproporcionado pelo material de enxerto
com estímulo para diferenciação em células ósseas. Há inicialmente umamigração
17
TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-10, IL-1β no sangue periférico de pacientes enxertados com ambos
os materiais.
Achados histológicos em biópsias de reentradas de cirurgias ortopédicas e
autópsias em quadril e joelho revelam remanescentes dos enxertos frescos
congelados mesmo após longos períodos de tempo (48 meses).43 Relatos
semelhantes foram descritos em reentradas de transplantes ósseos em
98
fêmures. Cirurgias de revisão de quadril de 2 a 27 meses pós-enxertia com tecido
ósseo alógeno também apresentaram achados histológicos com remanescentes do
enxerto em processo de reabsorção, descritos como “osso não-viável”.41Até o
presente momento, não há relatos de achados histológicos em longo prazo de
enxertos alógenos utilizados na odontologia.
O período necessário para a incorporação do osso homólogo não está claro
nas publicações e muitos estudos parecem se utilizar dos dados provenientes do
uso de outros biomateriais.99 Trabalhos que utilizam tempos de espera maiores
supõem que quanto maior o tempo, maior o grau de incorporação dos enxertos.
Porém, a extensão do período de espera para o segundo estágio cirúrgico também
parece implicar em uma maior reabsorção do osso enxertado, o que em casos
extremos pode resultar em quantidade óssea insuficiente para instalação dos
implantes.51
23
2 OBJETIVOS
3 MATERIAL E MÉTODOS
4 RESULTADOS
4.1 Estudo 1
4.2 Estudo 2
4.3 Estudo 3
4.4 Estudo 4
5 DISCUSSÃO
CONCLUSÃO
REFERÊNCIAS
2. Lambert FE, Weber H-P, Susarla SM, Belser UC, Gallucci GO: Descriptive
analysis of implant and prosthodontic survival rates with fixed implant-supported
rehabilitations in the edentulous maxilla. J Periodontol 80: 1220, 2009.
5. Milinkovic I, Cordaro L: Are there specific indications for the different alveolar
bone augmentation procedures for implant placement? A systematic review. Int J
Oral Maxillofac Surg 43: 606, 2014.
9. Misch CM: Maxillary autogenous bone grafting. Oral Maxillofac Surg Clin North
Am 23: 229, 2011.
11. Laurencin C, Khan Y, El-Amin SF: Bone graft substitutes. Expert Rev Med
Devices 3: 49, 2006.
12. Klinge B, Flemmig TF: Tissue augmentation and esthetics (Working Group 3).
Clin Oral Implants Res 20 Suppl 4: 166, 2009.
13. Sodek J, McKee MD: Molecular and cellular biology of alveolar bone. Periodontol
2000 24: 99, 2000.
43
14. Javed A, Chen H, Ghori FY: Genetic and transcriptional control of bone
formation. Oral Maxillofac Surg Clin North Am 22: 283, 2010.
15. Hämmerle CHF, Jung RE: Bone augmentation by means of barrier membranes.
Periodontol 2000 33: 36, 2003.
17. Misch CM: Comparison of intraoral donor sites for onlay grafting prior to implant
placement. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 12: 767, 1997.
18. Andrade MGS, Moreira DC, Dantas DB, Sá CN, Bittencourt TCBDSC de,
Sadigursky M: Pattern of osteogenesis during onlay bone graft healing. Oral Surg
Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 110: 713, 2010.
19. Oh K-C, Cha J-K, Kim C-S, Choi S-H, Chai J-K, Jung U-W: The influence of
perforating the autogenous block bone and the recipient bed in dogs. Part I: a
radiographic analysis. Clin Oral Implants Res 22: 1298, 2011.
20. Deatherage J: Bone materials available for alveolar grafting. Oral Maxillofac Surg
Clin North Am 22: 347, 2010.
21. Zouhary KJ: Bone graft harvesting from distant sites: concepts and techniques.
Oral Maxillofac Surg Clin North Am 22: 301, 2010.
22. Spin-Neto R, Landazuri Del Barrio RA, Pereira LAVD, Marcantonio RAC,
Marcantonio E, Marcantonio E: Clinical similarities and histological diversity
comparing fresh frozen onlay bone blocks allografts and autografts in human
maxillary reconstruction. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res 15: 490, 2013.
25. Sittitavornwong S, Gutta R: Bone graft harvesting from regional sites. Oral
Maxillofac Surg Clin North Am 22: 317, 2010.
27. Waasdorp J, Reynolds DMDMA, Reynolds M a: Allogeneic bone onlay grafts for
alveolar ridge augmentation: a systematic review. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants
25: 525, 2008.
44
28. Lupovici J: Revisiting the hopeless ridge: part I--challenging the gold standard.
Compend Contin Educ Dent 30: 130, 2009.
29. Leonetti J a., Koup R: Localized Maxillary Ridge Augmentation With a Block
Allograft for Dental Implant Placement: Case Reports. Implant Dent 12: 217,
2003.
30. Lyford RH, Mills MP, Knapp CI, Scheyer ET, Mellonig JT: Clinical evaluation of
freeze-dried block allografts for alveolar ridge augmentation: a case series. Int J
Periodontics Restorative Dent 23: 417, 2003.
31. Contar CMM, Sarot JR, Bordini J, Galvão GH, Nicolau GV, Machado MAN:
Maxillary ridge augmentation with fresh-frozen bone allografts. J oral Maxillofac
Surg 67: 1280, 2009.
32. Macedo LGS, Mazzucchelli-Cosmo LA, MacEdo NL, Monteiro ASF, Sendyk WR:
Fresh-frozen human bone allograft in vertical ridge augmentation: Clinical and
tomographic evaluation of bone formation and resorption. Cell Tissue Bank 13:
577, 2012.
35. Gomes KU, Carlini JL, Biron C, Rapoport A, Dedivitis R a: Use of allogeneic bone
graft in maxillary reconstruction for installation of dental implants. J Oral
Maxillofac Surg 66: 2335, 2008.
38. Hawthorne AC, Xavier SP, Okamoto R, Salvador SL, Antunes AA, Salata LA:
Immunohistochemical, tomographic, and histological study on onlay bone graft
remodeling: Part III: Allografts. Clin Oral Implants Res 24: 1164, 2013.
39. Deluiz D, Oliveira LS, Pires FR, Tinoco EMB: Time-dependent changes in fresh-
frozen bone block grafts: tomographic, histologic, and histomorphometric
findings. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res 17: 296, 2015.
45
40. Contar CMM, Sarot JR, Costa MB da, Bordini J, Lima AAS de, Alanis LRA,
Trevilatto PC, Machado MÂN: Fresh-frozen bone allografts in maxillary ridge
augmentation: histologic analysis. J Oral Implantol 37: 223, 2011.
41. Hamer a. J, Suvarna SK, Stockley I: Histologic evidence of cortical allograft bone
incorporation in revision hip surgery. J Arthroplasty 12: 785, 1997.
42. Heekin RD, Engh CA, Vinh T: Morselized allograft in acetabular reconstruction. A
postmortem retrieval analysis. Clin Orthop Relat Res: 184, 1995.
44. Donk S van der, Buma P, Slooff TJJH, Gardeniers JWM, Schreurs BW:
Incorporation of morselized bone grafts: a study of 24 acetabular biopsy
specimens. Clin Orthop Relat Res: 131, 2002.
45. Petrungaro PS, Amar S: Localized Ridge Augmentation with Allogenic Block
Grafts Prior to Implant Placement: Case Reports and Histologic Evaluations.
Implant Dent 14: 139, 2005.
46. Keith JD, Petrungaro P, Leonetti J a, Elwell CW, Zeren KJ, Caputo C, Nikitakis
NG, Schöpf C, Warner MM: Clinical and histologic evaluation of a mineralized
block allograft: results from the developmental period (2001-2004). Int J
Periodontics Restorative Dent 26: 321, 2006.
47. Pendarvis WT, Sandifer JB: Localized ridge augmentation using a block allograft
with subsequent implant placement: a case series. Int J Periodontics Restorative
Dent 28: 509, 2008.
48. Morelli T, Neiva R, Wang H-L: Human histology of allogeneic block grafts for
alveolar ridge augmentation: case report. Int J Periodontics Restorative Dent 29:
649, 2009.
50. Peleg M, Sawatari Y, Marx RN, Santoro J, Cohen J, Bejarano P, Malinin T: Use
of corticocancellous allogeneic bone blocks for augmentation of alveolar bone
defects. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 25: 153, 2010.
53. D’Aloja C, D’Aloja E, Santi E, Franchini M: The use of fresh-frozen bone in oral
surgery: a clinical study of 14 consecutive cases. Blood Transfus 9: 41, 2011.
55. Pape HC, Evans A, Kobbe P: Autologous bone graft: properties and techniques.
J Orthop Trauma 24 Suppl 1: S36, 2010.
57. Urist MR: Bone: formation by autoinduction. Science 150: 893, 1965.
58. Xavier SP, Dias RR, Sehn FP, Kahn A, Chaushu L, Chaushu G: Maxillary sinus
grafting with autograft vs. fresh frozen allograft: a split-mouth histomorphometric
study. Clin Oral Implants Res: 1, 2014.
61. Marx RE, Carlson ER: Tissue banking safety: caveats and precautions for the
oral and maxillofacial surgeon. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 51: 1372, 1993.
64. Keith JD: Localized ridge augmentation with a block allograft followed by
secondary implant placement: a case report. Int J Periodontics Restorative Dent
24: 11, 2004.
67. Bianchini MA, Buttendorf AR, Benfatti C a M, Bez LV, Ferreira CF, Andrade RF
de: The use of freeze-dried bone allograft as an alternative to autogenous bone
graft in the atrophic maxilla: a 3-year clinical follow-up. Int J Periodontics
Restorative Dent 29: 643, 2009.
79. Kim S-G, Park J-S, Lim S-C: Placement of implant after bone graft using J block
allograft. Implant Dent 19: 21, 2010.
80. Contar CMM, Sarot JR, Bordini J, Galvão GH, Nicolau GV, Machado MAN:
Maxillary Ridge Augmentation With Fresh-Frozen Bone Allografts. J Oral
Maxillofac Surg 67: 1280, 2009.
82. Pelegrine AA, Sorgi da Costa CE, Sendyk WR, Gromatzky A: The comparative
analysis of homologous fresh frozen bone and autogenous bone graft,
associated or not with autogenous bone marrow, in rabbit calvaria: a clinical and
histomorphometric study. Cell Tissue Bank 12: 171, 2011.
84. Lee FY, Hazan EJ, Gebhardt MC, Mankin HJ: Experimental model for allograft
incorporation and allograft fracture repair. J Orthop Res 18: 303, 2000.
87. Manson PN: Facial bone healing and bone grafts. A review of clinical physiology.
Clin Plast Surg 21: 331, 1994.
90. Ozaki W, Buchman SR: Volume maintenance of onlay bone grafts in the
craniofacial skeleton: micro-architecture versus embryologic origin. Plast
Reconstr Surg 102: 291, 1998.
49
92. Schwartz Z, Somers A, Mellonig JT, Carnes DL, Dean DD, Cochran DL, Boyan
BD: Ability of commercial demineralized freeze-dried bone allograft to induce new
bone formation is dependent on donor age but not gender. J Periodontol 69: 470,
1998.
93. Costain DJ, Crawford RW: Fresh-frozen vs. irradiated allograft bone in
orthopaedic reconstructive surgery. Injury 40: 1260, 2009.
95. Stevenson S, Li XQ, Martin B: The fate of cancellous and cortical bone after
transplantation of fresh and frozen tissue-antigen-matched and mismatched
osteochondral allografts in dogs. J Bone Joint Surg Am 73: 1143, 1991.
97. Deijkers RL, Bouma GJ, Meer-Prins EM van der, Huysmans PE, Taminiau AH,
Claas FH: Human bone allografts can induce T cells with high affinity for donor
antigens. J Bone Joint Surg Br 81: 538, 1999.
98. Nelissen RG, Bauer TW, Weidenhielm LR, LeGolvan DP, Mikhail WE: Revision
hip arthroplasty with the use of cement and impaction grafting. Histological
analysis of four cases. J Bone Joint Surg Am 77: 412, 1995.
100. Deluiz D, Santos Oliveira L, Ramôa Pires F, Reiner T, Armada L, Nunes MA,
Muniz Barretto Tinoco E: Incorporation and Remodeling of Bone Block Allografts
in the Maxillary Reconstruction: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Clin Implant Dent
Relat Res 19: 180, 2017.
101. Deluiz D, Oliveira L, Fletcher P, Pires FR, Nunes MA, Tinoco EMB: Fresh-
Frozen Bone Allografts in Maxillary Alveolar Augmentation: Analysis of
Complications, Adverse Outcomes, and Implant Survival. J Periodontol 87: 1261,
2016.
102.Deluiz D, Oliveira LS, Fletcher P, Pires FR, Tinoco JM, Tinoco EMB: Histologic
and Tomographic Findings of Bone Block Allografts in a 4 Years Follow-up: A
Case Series. Braz Dent J 27: 775, 2016.
50
103.Landis JR, Koch GG: The measurement of observer agreement for categorical
data. Biometrics 33: 159, 1977.
ANEXO A – Estudo 1
Deluiz, D., Oliveira, L.S., Pires, F.R., Tinoco, E.M.B. Time-dependent changes in
fresh-frozen bone block grafts: tomographic, histologic, and histomorphometric
findings. Clinical Implant Dentistry and Related Research. 2015: 17, 296–306.
ABSTRACT
Background: Bone allografts have shown satisfactory clinical results in alveolar ridge
reconstructions. However, the process of incorporation and the resorption rates of
these grafts are not yet fully understood.
Purpose: The aim of this study was to use computed tomography (CT), histology,
and histomorphometry to assess the time-dependent rates of resorption and
incorporation of fresh-frozen bone allografts.
Results: The graft resorption mean rates were 13.02%±3.86, 32.77%±7.84, and
50.78%±10.43 for the 4-, 6-, and 8-month groups, respectively, and were significantly
different among the three groups. Newly formed bone with osteocytes near the
grafted bone was observed in all three groups. The number of osteocytes was
significantly lower at 4 months. Grafted bone remains were significantly higher in the
shortest period of time. All of the grafts showed large amounts of calcified tissue.
Conclusions: All three groups showed new bone formation and different bone
resorption rates. Graft healing periods of 4 months showed less graft resorption and
seemed to be the most favorable for implant placement. Healing periods of 8 months
showed the largest rate of graft resorption, which could render the grafts unfavorable
for implant placement.
KEY WORDS: allograft, alveolar ridge reconstruction, atrophic maxilla, bone grafting
52
ANEXO B – Estudo 2
Deluiz, D., Santos Oliveira, L., Ramôa Pires, F., Reiner, T., Armada, L., Nunes, M.A.,
Muniz Barretto Tinoco, E. Incorporation and Remodeling of Bone Block Allografts in
the Maxillary Reconstruction: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Clinical Implant Dentistry
and Related Research. 2017: 19, 180–194.
ABSTRACT
Background: Severe alveolar atrophy often presents a challenge for the implant
surgery. The significant lack of bone in the alveolar ridges may compromise the final
restorations both from the aesthetic and functional standpoints.
Objectives: To evaluate the behavior of bone block allografts for the maxillary
augmentation and to investigate its incorporation, remodeling, and implant survival
rates in two different healing time points.
Material and Methods: Sixty-six consecutive patients (52 female/14 male, mean age:
57.9569.06 years old), presenting 113 atrophic alveolar ridges underwent maxillary
augmentation with fresh-frozen allogeneic bone blocks from tibia. Patients were
randomly assigned in two groups: Group 1—patients who would wait 4 months for
implant placement after grafting, and Group 2—patients who would wait 6 months.
Events of infection, suture dehiscence or mucosal perforation were recorded. Cone-
beam computed tomography scans were compared volumetrically between the time
of the grafting surgery and reentry procedure after incorporation. Biopsies were
collected and subjected to histological, histomorphometric and immunehistochemical
analysis.
Results: A total of 305 implants were placed in the reconstructed sites. The mean
resorption rate in Group 1 (13.98%65.59) was significantly lower than Group 2
(31.52%66.31). The amount of calcified tissue, newly formed bone and remaining
graft particles demonstrated no difference between groups. The samples showed
evident immunolabeling for the podoplanin protein in both groups. The implants
cumulative survival rate was 94.76%.
Conclusions: The findings of the present study indicate that there is a significant
difference regarding the resorption of the grafts when waiting 4 or 6 months before
placing the implants, even though no difference was found in the histological,
histomorphometric, and immunohistochemical features. Both 4-month and 6-months
healing times are suitable for the implant placement.
KEY WORDS: alveolar ridge reconstruction, bone allograft, bone augmentation, bone
grafting, edentulous atrophic maxilla, implant survival, randomized controlled trial,
histological analysis
53
ANEXO C – Estudo 3
Deluiz, D., Oliveira, L., Fletcher, P., Pires, F.R., Nunes, M.A., Tinoco, E.M.B. Fresh-
Frozen Bone Allografts in Maxillary Alveolar Augmentation: Analysis of
Complications, Adverse Outcomes, and Implant Survival. Journal of periodontology.
2016: 87, 1261–1267.
ABSTRACT
Background: Success of any bone augmentation procedure is dependent on several
factors. Because complications occur in some cases, the aims of this study are to
analyze adverse events associated with placement of fresh-frozen bone allografts
(FFBAs) during alveolar ridge augmentation and to assess 1-year survival of dental
implants placed in reconstructed sites.
Conclusions: Infection and suture dehiscence are significantly correlated with graft
loss in a maxillary FFBA augmentation. Patients with full-arch grafting reconstructions
lost significantly more implants. Early diagnosis and prompt management of adverse
events seem to be of great importance in prevention of total graft loss.
ANEXO D – Estudo 4
Deluiz, D., Oliveira, L.S., Fletcher, P., Pires, F.R., Tinoco, J.M., Tinoco, E.M.B.
Histologic and Tomographic Findings of Bone Block Allografts in a 4 Years Follow-
up: A Case Series. Brazilian Dental Journal. 2016: 27, 775–780.
ABSTRACT
The aim of this paper is to report histologic and tomographic findings of fresh frozen
bone block allografts bearing dental implants in functional occlusion in a long-term
follow-up. Four patients with implants functionally loaded for 4 years on augmented
ridges requiring additional mucogingival surgery or implant placement were included
in this case series. Cone-beam tomography scans were compared volumetrically
between the baseline (first implant placement) and current images. Biopsies of the
grafts were retrieved and sent to histological analysis. Volumetric reduction of the
grafts varied from 2.1 to 7.7%. Histological evaluation demonstrated well-
incorporated grafts with different degrees of remodeling. While data presented in this
report are from a small sample size and do not allow definitive conclusions, the
biopsies of the grafted sites were very similar to the host’s native bone. Remodeling
of the cortical portion of the allografts seems to take longer than the cancellous
portion. The presence of unincorporated graft remains did not impair the implant
success or the health of the surrounding tissues. This is the first time histologic and
tomographic long term data of bone allograft have been made available in dentistry.