Nutricao Pro Saude
Nutricao Pro Saude
Nutricao Pro Saude
de criar um pântano.
Mas um pântano
sempre atrai moscas.”
ANTOINE BÉCHAMP
Isto é particularmente
relevante em um contexto em
que somente 12% da população
apresentam os marcadores de
Saúde em níveis que demonstram
Saúde metabólica1.
» HARMONIA PSICOEMOCIONAL:
isto envolve aprender a ajustar a
carga diária de estresse a qual você
se submete. Se a corda do violão está
muito frouxa, ele não toca. Mas se
está apertada demais, pode arrebentar.
» LONGEVIDADE: o envelhecimento
é o acúmulo do dano molecular
na estrutura de tecidos e órgãos.
Este dano é acumulativo e gradativamente
leva à redução de qualidade de todas
as suas funções - assim como
crescente vulnerabilidade à morte.
Esta deterioração aumenta o risco de doenças
também - principalmente as neurodegenerativas.
Alguns cientistas denominam o processo de
envelhecimento como uma doença em si.
Embora experimentar o declínio e a morte
inegavelmente faça parte da experiência humana,
isto não diminui o valor das descobertas e dos
desenvolvimentos de estratégias nutricionais,
otimização do sono, prática regular de
atividade física, equilíbrio do estresse e outros
fundamentos aqui descritos para, não apenas
ampliar o tempo de vida, mas, principalmente,
elevar de modo substancial a qualidade de vida e
produtividade no momento em que estivermos
atravessando nossos últimos anos por aqui.
Se a Saúde acaba,
a vida termina.
MELHOR QUALiDADE
EMAGRECiMENTO8
DO SONO9
REDUÇÃO NA REDUÇÃO NA
GORDURA iNFLAMAÇÃO
DO FÍGADO13 SiSTÊMiCA14
Encontrará também
algumas das estatísticas
mais importantes sobre o
consumo de calorias líquidas
(refrigerantes, sucos,
achocolatados, iogurtes etc.)
e obesidade - nos adultos
e nas crianças.
Micronutrientes
+ DE 98% da população
norte-americana não consome
as quantidades recomendadas
de potássio, essa porcentagem
certamente é parecida no Brasil32.
O potássio é um mineral indispensável
para inúmeras funções vitais,
incluindo regular a pressão arterial,
algo de enorme importância, visto que
a pressão alta é uma condição grave
que afeta grande parcela da população.
Micronutrientes são considerados
ESSENCIAIS pela ciência, pois o organismo
não é capaz de sintetizá-los e, portanto,
precisam ser diariamente ingeridos através
da nutrição - seja através dos alimentos,
seja através dos suplementos.
Ocorre que a estatística demonstra que a
maioria das pessoas tem dificuldade em se
alimentar preenchendo todas as necessidades
de seu organismo.
a própolis , a cúrcuma ,
48 49
Aproximadamente
20% do corpo é feito
dos aminoácidos da
proteína - não apenas
músculos, mas também
órgãos, pele, unha,
cabelos, enzimas,
neurotransmissores,
hormônios...
e compulsões alimentares
por calorias vazias, permitir
emagrecimento de forma saudável 55
Proteína é elemento
pró-longevidade60.
A melhor proteína
é aquela que sua digestão
aceita e consegue digerir
sem efeitos colaterais.
Isto significa que, por melhor que seja a proteína
do ovo, se seu organismo tem rejeição a este
alimento, esta não será uma boa fonte para você,
e insistir em seu consumo pode gerar gases,
desconforto e até problemas de Saúde. É preciso
prestar atenção naquilo que sua individualidade
aceita, independentemente de suas preferências
de paladar ou de sua filosofia alimentar.
CISTEÍNA
GLICINA E COLÁGENO
A concentração de minerais
nos alimentos depende da
disponibilidade destes elementos
no solo e pode variar muito
conforme a região.
FERRO
SELÊNIO
Busque consumir 1 a 2
castanhas-do-Pará diariamente.
Peixes e frutos do mar
algumas vezes por semana.
Uma boa quantidade total diária
de selênio é de 300 mcg para
homens e 240 mcg para mulheres,
sendo a dosagem de suplemento
entre 40 e 60 mcg, na forma
de selenometionina.
MAGNÉSIO
POTÁSSIO
ZINCO
Busque as quantidades de
32 mg por dia. Para suplementar,
a melhor forma é o zinco quelado
(bisglicinato), 25 mg, tomado
junto de uma refeição.
Vitaminas
» VITAMINAS HIDROSSOLÚVEIS:
são solúveis em água, como as do
complexo B e a vitamina C. Estas
quase não são estocadas no organismo
e, se consumidas em excesso,
são rapidamente excretadas pela
urina, por isso precisam ser ingeridas
diariamente em boas quantidades.
» VITAMINAS LIPOSSOLÚVEIS:
são aquelas solúveis em gorduras,
como as vitaminas A, D, E e K. Assim
como outras classes de nutrientes,
precisam de gordura para serem
absorvidas e metabolizadas.
Elas não são excretadas rapidamente do corpo e
tendem a se acumular, principalmente no fígado e
em tecidos gordurosos, para uso futuro. Por isso,
algumas pessoas preferem suplementar altas
doses uma vez por semana ou por mês
(o que não consideramos ideal).
VITAMINA A E BETACAROTENO
» As principais fontes de
betacaroteno são abóbora,
batata-doce, cenoura, espinafre,
mamão, manga, tangerina e laranja.
A vitamina C é um nutriente
muito delicado e se degrada
facilmente nos métodos de
processamento de alimentos
ou mesmo no cozimento e no
armazenamento. Portanto,
só encontramos boas
quantidades em alimentos
frescos e não processados.
Mas, independentemente da
região e do período, em nosso
estilo de vida moderno, utilizamos
roupas, passamos muito tempo
em ambientes fechados, em locais
sombreados por edifícios, usamos
filtro solar e evitamos o sol forte.
VITAMINA E
VITAMINA K2
» Doença » Síndrome do
cardiovascular intestino irritável e
doença inflamatória
» Diabetes tipo 2 do intestino
» Obesidade » Artrite
» Síndrome » Depressão
metabólica
» Quadros
» Doenças neurodegenerativos
autoimunes como Alzheimer
Por outro lado, vários estudos clínicos mostraram
que a diminuição da proporção ômega 6 : ômega 3
protege contra doenças crônicas e degenerativas.
Este é um dos motivos da suplementação com
ômega 3 do óleo de peixe propiciar tantos benefícios
para as Saúdes cardiovascular e cerebral.
COMPOSTOS BIOATIVOS
E EXTRATOS BOTÂNICOS
Os benefícios de uma
suplementação bem feita podem
contribuir muito para a Saúde.
A Saúde é o seu
melhor investimento.
Preserve-se.
Só você pode decidir
ser saudável.
1. Joana Araújo, Jianwen Cai, June Stevens. Prevalence of Optimal Metabolic Health
in American Adults: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2009–2016.
Metabolic Syndrome and Related Disorders, 2018; DOI: 10.1089/met.2018.0105. 2.
Rippe JM, Crossley S, Ringer R. Obesity as a chronic disease: modern medical and
lifestyle management. J Am Diet Assoc. 1998 Oct;98(10 Suppl 2):S9-15. doi: 10.1016/
s0002-8223(98)00704-4. PMID: 9787730. 3. Soy M, Keser G, Atagündüz P, Tabak F,
Atagündüz I, Kayhan S. Cytokine storm in COVID-19: pathogenesis and overview of
anti-inflammatory agents used in treatment. Clin Rheumatol. 2020;39(7):2085-
2094. doi:10.1007/s10067-020-05190-5. 4. Oronsky B, Larson C, Hammond TC,
Oronsky A, Kesari S, Lybeck M, Reid TR. A Review of Persistent Post-COVID Syndrome
(PPCS). Clin Rev Allergy Immunol. 2021 Feb 20:1–9. doi: 10.1007/s12016-021-
08848-3. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 33609255; PMCID: PMC7896544. 5. Akhtar S,
Das JK, Ismail T, Wahid M, Saeed W, Bhutta ZA. Nutritional perspectives for the
prevention and mitigation of COVID-19. Nutr Rev. 2021 Feb 11;79(3):289-300. doi:
10.1093/nutrit/nuaa063. PMID: 33570583; PMCID: PMC7454773. 6. OMS 2020
diseases report: NCBI: Our World in Data: The Lancet. 7. Stice E, Burger KS, Yokum
S. Relative ability of fat and sugar tastes to activate reward, gustatory, and
somatosensory regions. Am J Clin Nutr. 2013 Dec;98(6):1377-84. doi: 10.3945/
ajcn.113.069443. Epub 2013 Oct 16. PMID: 24132980; PMCID: PMC3831532. 8. Hu
T, Mills KT, Yao L, et al. Effects of low-carbohydrate diets versus low-fat diets on
metabolic risk factors: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials. Am J
Epidemiol. 2012;176 Suppl 7(Suppl 7):S44-S54. doi:10.1093/aje/kws264. 9. Binks H,
E Vincent G, Gupta C, Irwin C, Khalesi S. Effects of Diet on Sleep: A Narrative Review.
Nutrients. 2020;12(4):936. Published 2020 Mar 27. doi:10.3390/nu12040936. 10.
Reichelt AC, Stoeckel LE, Reagan LP, Winstanley CA, Page KA. Dietary influences on
cognition. Physiol Behav. 2018;192:118-126. doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2018.02.052.
11. Schwarz NA, Rigby BR, La Bounty P, Shelmadine B, Bowden RG. A review of weight
control strategies and their effects on the regulation of hormonal balance. J Nutr
Metab. 2011;2011:237932. doi:10.1155/2011/237932. 12. Cao C, Xiao Z, Wu Y, Ge
C. Diet and Skin Aging-From the Perspective of Food Nutrition. Nutrients.
2020;12(3):870. Published 2020 Mar 24. doi:10.3390/nu12030870. 13. Perdomo CM,
Frühbeck G, Escalada J. Impact of Nutritional Changes on Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver
Disease. Nutrients. 2019;11(3):677. Published 2019 Mar 21. doi:10.3390/
nu11030677. 14. Ricker MA, Haas WC. Anti-Inflammatory Diet in Clinical Practice: A
Review. Nutr Clin Pract. 2017 Jun;32(3):318-325. doi: 10.1177/0884533617700353.
Epub 2017 Mar 28. PMID: 28350517. 15. Wu D, Lewis ED, Pae M, Meydani SN.
Nutritional Modulation of Immune Function: Analysis of Evidence, Mechanisms, and
Clinical Relevance. Front. 16. Freeman CR, Zehra A, Ramirez V, Wiers CE, Volkow ND,
Wang GJ. Impact of sugar on the body, brain, and behavior. Front Biosci (Landmark
Ed). 2018 Jun 1;23:2255-2266. doi: 10.2741/4704. PMID: 29772560. 17. Avena NM,
Rada P, Hoebel BG. Evidence for sugar addiction: behavioral and neurochemical
effects of intermittent, excessive sugar intake. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2008;32(1):20-
39. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2007.04.019. 18. Santesso N, Akl EA, Bianchi M, Mente
A, Mustafa R, Heels-Ansdell D, Schünemann HJ. Effects of higher- versus lower-
protein diets on health outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Clin
Nutr. 2012 Jul;66(7):780-8. doi: 10.1038/ejcn.2012.37. Epub 2012 Apr 18. PMID:
22510792; PMCID: PMC3392894. 19. Lattimer JM, Haub MD. Effects of dietary fiber
and its components on metabolic health. Nutrients. 2010;2(12):1266-1289.
doi:10.3390/nu2121266. 20. Hu Y, Hu FB, Manson JE. Marine Omega-3
Supplementation and Cardiovascular Disease: An Updated Meta-Analysis of 13
Randomized Controlled Trials Involving 127 477 Participants. J Am Heart Assoc. 2019
Oct;8(19):e013543. doi: 10.1161/JAHA.119.013543. Epub 2019 Sep 30. PMID:
31567003; PMCID: PMC6806028. 21. van den Broek TJ, Kremer BHA, Marcondes
Rezende M, et al. The impact of micronutrient status on health: correlation network
analysis to understand the role of micronutrients in metabolic-inflammatory
processes regulating homeostasis and phenotypic flexibility. Genes Nutr. 2017;12:5.
Published 2017 Feb 8. doi:10.1186/s12263-017-0553-7. 22. Bailey RL, West KP Jr,
Black RE. The epidemiology of global micronutrient deficiencies. Ann Nutr Metab.
2015;66 Suppl 2:22-33. doi: 10.1159/000371618. Epub 2015 Jun 2. PMID: 26045325.
23. R. Micha, S. Khatibzadeh, P. Shi, S. Fahimi, S. Lim, K.G. Andrews, et al. Global,
regional, and national consumption levels of dietary fats and oils in 1990 and 2010: a
systematic analysis including 266 country-specific nutrition surveys. BMJ, 348
(2014), p. g2272. 24. Rodrigues da Silva Sfredo, J. ((IFMT - CAMPUS CONFRESA)).
MAGNÉSIO: BENEFÍCIOS E DANOS CAUSADOS NO ORGANISMO. 53º Congresso
Brasileiro de Quimica. Rio de Janeiro/RJ, de 14 a 18 de outubro de 2013. ISBN: 978-85-
85905-06-4. 25. Kirkland AE, Sarlo GL, Holton KF. The Role of Magnesium in
Neurological Disorders. Nutrients. 2018;10(6):730. Published 2018 Jun 6. doi:10.3390/
nu10060730. 26. Rosique-Esteban N, Guasch-Ferré M, Hernández-Alonso P, Salas-
Salvadó J. Dietary Magnesium and Cardiovascular Disease: A Review with Emphasis
in Epidemiological Studies. Nutrients. 2018;10(2):168. Published 2018 Feb 1.
doi:10.3390/nu10020168. 27. Benninga MA; MENA Infant Constipation Study Group,
Vandenplas Y. The Magnesium-Rich Formula for Functional Constipation in Infants: a
Randomized Comparator-Controlled Study. Pediatr Gastroenterol Hepatol Nutr.
2019;22(3):270-281. doi:10.5223/pghn.2019.22.3.270. 28. Veronese N,
Watutantrige-Fernando S, Luchini C, Solmi M, Sartore G, Sergi G, Manzato E,
Barbagallo M, Maggi S, Stubbs B. Effect of magnesium supplementation on glucose
metabolism in people with or at risk of diabetes: a systematic review and meta-
analysis of double-blind randomized controlled trials. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2016
Dec;70(12):1354-1359. doi: 10.1038/ejcn.2016.154. Epub 2016 Aug 17. Erratum in:
Eur J Clin Nutr. 2016 Dec;70(12 ):1463. PMID: 27530471. 29. Bailey RL, Dodd KW,
Goldman JA, Gahche JJ, Dwyer JT, Moshfegh AJ, Sempos CT, Picciano MF. Estimation
of total usual calcium and vitamin D intakes in the United States. J Nutr. 2010
Apr;140(4):817-22. doi: 10.3945/jn.109.118539. Epub 2010 Feb 24. PMID: 20181782;
PMCID: PMC2838624. 30. McLean E, Cogswell M, Egli I, Wojdyla D, de Benoist B.
Worldwide prevalence of anaemia, WHO Vitamin and Mineral Nutrition Information
System, 1993-2005. Public Health Nutr. 2009 Apr;12(4):444-54. doi: 10.1017/
S1368980008002401. Epub 2008 May 23. PMID: 18498676. 31. Luiz Claudio
Gonçalves de Castro. O sistema endocrinológico vitamina D. Arq. Bras. Endocrinol
Metab 55 (8) Nov 2011. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0004-27302011000800010. 32.
Cogswell ME, Zhang Z, Carriquiry AL, Gunn JP, Kuklina EV, Saydah SH, Yang Q,
Moshfegh AJ. Sodium and potassium intakes among US adults: NHANES 2003-2008.
Am J Clin Nutr. 2012 Sep;96(3):647-57. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.112.034413. Epub 2012
Aug 1. PMID: 22854410; PMCID: PMC3417219. 33. GODWIN KO. Skin, hair and nail in
protein malnutrition. World Rev Nutr Diet. 1961;3:103-28. PMID: 13963281. 34.
Matty AJ. Nutrition, hormones and growth. Fish Physiol Biochem. 1986 Oct;2(1-
4):141-50. doi: 10.1007/BF02264082. PMID: 24233176. 35. https://repository.
rothamsted.ac.uk/item/8q077/evidence-of-decreasing-mineral-density-in-
wheat-grain-over-the-last-160-years. 36. Oliveira RS, Galvão HC, de Campos MCR,
Eller CB, Pearse SJ, Lambers H. Mineral nutrition of campos rupestres plant species
on contrasting nutrient-impoverished soil types. New Phytol. 2015 Feb;205(3):1183-
1194. doi: 10.1111/nph.13175. Epub 2014 Nov 26. PMID: 25425486. 37. White CM,
Pasupuleti V, Roman YM, Li Y, Hernandez AV. Oral turmeric/curcumin effects on
inflammatory markers in chronic inflammatory diseases: A systematic review and
meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Pharmacol Res. 2019 Aug;146:104280.
doi: 10.1016/j.phrs.2019.104280. Epub 2019 May 20. PMID: 31121255. 38. Serban
MC, Sahebkar A, Dragan S, Stoichescu-Hogea G, Ursoniu S, Andrica F, Banach M. A
systematic review and meta-analysis of the impact of Spirulina supplementation on
plasma lipid concentrations. Clin Nutr. 2016 Aug;35(4):842-51. doi: 10.1016/j.
clnu.2015.09.007. Epub 2015 Sep 25. PMID: 26433766. 39. Bito, T.; Okumura, E.;
Fujishima, M.; Watanabe, F. Potential of Chlorella as a Dietary Supplement to Promote
Human Health. Nutrients 2020, 12, 2524. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12092524. 40.
Hussein G, Sankawa U, Goto H, Matsumoto K, Watanabe H. Astaxanthin, a carotenoid
with potential in human health and nutrition. J Nat Prod. 2006 Mar;69(3):443-9. doi:
10.1021/np050354+. PMID: 16562856. 41. Silveira MAD, Teles F, Berretta AA,
Sanches TR, Rodrigues CE, Seguro AC, Andrade L. Effects of Brazilian green propolis
on proteinuria and renal function in patients with chronic kidney disease: a randomized,
double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. BMC Nephrol. 2019 Apr 25;20(1):140. doi:
10.1186/s12882-019-1337-7. PMID: 31023272; PMCID: PMC6485062. 42. Soleimani
D, Rezaie M, Rajabzadeh F, Gholizadeh Navashenaq J, Abbaspour M, Miryan M,
Razmpour F, Ranjbar G, Rezvani R, Jarahi L, Hashemy SI, Goshayeshi L, Nematy M.
Protective effects of propolis on hepatic steatosis and fibrosis among patients with
nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) evaluated by real-time two-dimensional
shear wave elastography: A randomized clinical trial. Phytother Res. 2021
Mar;35(3):1669-1679. doi: 10.1002/ptr.6937. Epub 2020 Nov 9. PMID: 33166032. 43.
Kim HS, Hong JT, Kim Y, Han SB. Stimulatory Effect of β-glucans on Immune Cells.
Immune Netw. 2011;11(4):191-195. doi:10.4110/in.2011.11.4.191. 44. Morton RW,
Murphy KT, McKellar SR, Schoenfeld BJ, Henselmans M, Helms E, Aragon AA, Devries
MC, Banfield L, Krieger JW, Phillips SM. A systematic review, meta-analysis and meta-
regression of the effect of protein supplementation on resistance training-induced
gains in muscle mass and strength in healthy adults. Br J Sports Med. 2018
Mar;52(6):376-384. doi: 10.1136/bjsports-2017-097608. Epub 2017 Jul 11. Erratum
in: Br J Sports Med. 2020 Oct;54(19):e7. PMID: 28698222; PMCID: PMC5867436. 45.
de Miranda RB, Weimer P, Rossi RC. Effects of hydrolyzed collagen supplementation
on skin aging: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Dermatol. 2021 Mar 20.
doi: 10.1111/ijd.15518. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 33742704. 46. Gombart AF, Pierre
A, Maggini S. A Review of Micronutrients and the Immune System-Working in
Harmony to Reduce the Risk of Infection. Nutrients. 2020;12(1):236. Published 2020
Jan 16. doi:10.3390/nu12010236. 47. Simonetto M, Infante M, Sacco RL, Rundek T,
Della-Morte D. A Novel Anti-Inflammatory Role of Omega-3 PUFAs in Prevention and
Treatment of Atherosclerosis and Vascular Cognitive Impairment and Dementia.
Nutrients. 2019 Sep;11(10). DOI: 10.3390/nu11102279. PMID: 31547601; PMCID:
PMC6835717. 48. Jalali M, Ranjbar T, Mosallanezhad Z, Mahmoodi M, Moosavian SP,
Ferns GA, Jalali R, Sohrabi Z. Effect of Propolis Intake on Serum C-Reactive Protein
(CRP) and Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF- ) Levels in Adults: A Systematic Review
and Meta-Analysis of Clinical Trials. Complement Ther Med. 2020 May;50:102380.
doi: 10.1016/j.ctim.2020.102380. Epub 2020 Mar 23. PMID: 32444060. 49.
Amirhossein Sahebkar, Maria-Corina Serban, Sorin Ursoniu, Maciej Banach.Effect of
curcuminoids on oxidative stress: A systematic review and meta-analysis of
randomized controlled trials.Journal of Functional Foods,Volume 18,2015,Pages
898-909.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2015.01.005. 50. Blumberg JB, Camesano TA,
Cassidy A, et al. Cranberries and their bioactive constituents in human health. Adv
Nutr. 2013;4(6):618-632. Published 2013 Nov 6. doi:10.3945/an.113.004473. 51.
Morton RW, Murphy KT, McKellar SR, Schoenfeld BJ, Henselmans M, Helms E, Aragon
AA, Devries MC, Banfield L, Krieger JW, Phillips SM. A systematic review, meta-
analysis and meta-regression of the effect of protein supplementation on resistance
training-induced gains in muscle mass and strength in healthy adults. Br J Sports
Med. 2018 Mar;52(6):376-384. doi: 10.1136/bjsports-2017-097608. Epub 2017 Jul
11. Erratum in: Br J Sports Med. 2020 Oct;54(19):e7. PMID: 28698222; PMCID:
PMC5867436. 52. Jäger R, Kerksick CM, Campbell BI, Cribb PJ, Wells SD, Skwiat TM,
Purpura M, Ziegenfuss TN, Ferrando AA, Arent SM, Smith-Ryan AE, Stout JR, Arciero
PJ, Ormsbee MJ, Taylor LW, Wilborn CD, Kalman DS, Kreider RB, Willoughby DS,
Hoffman JR, Krzykowski JL, Antonio J. International Society of Sports Nutrition
Position Stand: protein and exercise. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2017 Jun 20;14:20. doi:
10.1186/s12970-017-0177-8. PMID: 28642676; PMCID: PMC5477153. 53. Paddon-
Jones D, Westman E, Mattes RD, Wolfe RR, Astrup A, Westerterp-Plantenga M.
Protein, weight management, and satiety. Am J Clin Nutr. 2008 May;87(5):1558S-
1561S. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/87.5.1558S. PMID: 18469287. 54. Pedersen AN, Kondrup J,
Børsheim E. Health effects of protein intake in healthy adults: a systematic literature
review. Food Nutr Res. 2013;57:10.3402/fnr.v57i0.21245. Published 2013 Jul 30.
doi:10.3402/fnr.v57i0.21245. 55. Moon J, Koh G. Clinical Evidence and Mechanisms
of High-Protein Diet-Induced Weight Loss. J Obes Metab Syndr. 2020;29(3):166-
173. doi:10.7570/jomes20028. 56. Wu G. Dietary protein intake and human health.
Food Funct. 2016 Mar;7(3):1251-65. doi: 10.1039/c5fo01530h. PMID: 26797090. 57.
Wirth J, Hillesheim E, Brennan L. The Role of Protein Intake and its Timing on Body
Composition and Muscle Function in Healthy Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-
Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. J Nutr. 2020 Jun 1;150(6):1443-1460. doi:
10.1093/jn/nxaa049. PMID: 32232404. 58. Veldhorst M, Smeets A, Soenen S,
Hochstenbach-Waelen A, Hursel R, Diepvens K, Lejeune M, Luscombe-Marsh N,
Westerterp-Plantenga M. Protein-induced satiety: effects and mechanisms of
different proteins. Physiol Behav. 2008 May 23;94(2):300-7. doi: 10.1016/j.
physbeh.2008.01.003. Epub 2008 Jan 12. PMID: 18282589. 59. Devries MC,
Sithamparapillai A, Brimble KS, Banfield L, Morton RW, Phillips SM. Changes in Kidney
Function Do Not Differ between Healthy Adults Consuming Higher - Compared with
Lower- or Normal-Protein Diets: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Nutr.
2018 Nov 1;148(11):1760-1775. doi: 10.1093/jn/nxy197. PMID: 30383278; PMCID:
PMC6236074. 60. Baum JI, Kim IY, Wolfe RR. Protein Consumption and the Elderly:
What Is the Optimal Level of Intake?. Nutrients. 2016;8(6):359. Published 2016 Jun
8. doi:10.3390/nu8060359. 61. Daly JM, Reynolds J, Sigal RK, Shou J, Liberman MD.
Effect of dietary protein and amino acids on immune function. Crit Care Med. 1990
Feb;18(2 Suppl):S86-93. PMID: 2105184. 62. Millward DJ, Jackson AA. Protein/
energy ratios of current diets in developed and developing countries compared with
a safe protein/energy ratio: implications for recommended protein and amino acid
intakes. Public Health Nutr. 2004 May;7(3):387-405. doi: 10.1079/PHN2003545.
PMID: 15153271. 63. Wu G, Fanzo J, Miller DD, Pingali P, Post M, Steiner JL, Thalacker-
Mercer AE. Production and supply of high-quality food protein for human
consumption: sustainability, challenges, and innovations. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2014
Aug;1321:1-19. doi: 10.1111/nyas.12500. PMID: 25123207. 64. Li P, Yin YL, Li D, Kim
SW, Wu G. Amino acids and immune function. Br J Nutr. 2007 Aug;98(2):237-52. doi:
10.1017/S000711450769936X. Epub 2007 Apr 3. PMID: 17403271. 65. Millward DJ,
Jackson AA. Protein/energy ratios of current diets in developed and developing
countries compared with a safe protein/energy ratio: implications for recommended
protein and amino acid intakes. Public Health Nutr. 2004 May;7(3):387-405. doi:
10.1079/PHN2003545. PMID: 15153271. 66. Wu G, Fanzo J, Miller DD, Pingali P, Post
M, Steiner JL, Thalacker-Mercer AE. Production and supply of high-quality food
protein for human consumption: sustainability, challenges, and innovations. Ann N Y
Acad Sci. 2014 Aug;1321:1-19. doi: 10.1111/nyas.12500. PMID: 25123207. 67.
Rajagopal V Sekhar, Sanjeet G Patel, Anuradha P Guthikonda, Marvin Reid, Ashok
Balasubramanyam, George E Taffet, Farook Jahoor, Deficient synthesis of glutathione
underlies oxidative stress in aging and can be corrected by dietary cysteine and
glycine supplementation–, The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Volume 94,
Issue 3, September 2011, Pages 847–853, https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.110.003483.
68. Zheng W, Zhang QE, Cai DB, Yang XH, Qiu Y, Ungvari GS, Ng CH, Berk M, Ning YP,
Xiang YT. N-acetylcysteine for major mental disorders: a systematic review and
meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2018
May;137(5):391-400. doi: 10.1111/acps.12862. Epub 2018 Feb 18. PMID: 29457216.
69. Yolland CO, Hanratty D, Neill E, Rossell SL, Berk M, Dean OM, Castle DJ, Tan EJ,
Phillipou A, Harris AW, Barreiros AR, Hansen A, Siskind D. Meta-analysis of randomised
controlled trials with N-acetylcysteine in the treatment of schizophrenia. Aust N Z J
Psychiatry. 2020 May;54(5):453-466. doi: 10.1177/0004867419893439. Epub 2019
Dec 11. PMID: 31826654. 70. Lee TM, Lee KM, Lee CY, Lee HC, Tam KW, Loh EW.
Effectiveness of N-acetylcysteine in autism spectrum disorders: A meta-analysis of
randomized controlled trials. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2021 Feb;55(2):196-206. doi:
10.1177/0004867420952540. Epub 2020 Sep 8. PMID: 32900213. 71. Deepmala,
Slattery J, Kumar N, Delhey L, Berk M, Dean O, Spielholz C, Frye R. Clinical trials of
N-acetylcysteine in psychiatry and neurology: A systematic review. Neurosci
Biobehav Rev. 2015 Aug;55:294-321. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.04.015. Epub
2015 May 6. PMID: 25957927. 72. Fernandes BS, Dean OM, Dodd S, Malhi GS, Berk M.
N-Acetylcysteine in depressive symptoms and functionality: a systematic review
and meta-analysis. J Clin Psychiatry. 2016 Apr;77(4):e457-66. doi: 10.4088/
JCP.15r09984. PMID: 27137430. 73. Clemente Plaza N, Reig García-Galbis M,
Martínez-Espinosa RM. Effects of the Usage of l-Cysteine (l-Cys) on Human Health.
Molecules. 2018;23(3):575. Published 2018 Mar 3. doi:10.3390/molecules23030575.
74. Minich DM, Brown BI. A Review of Dietary (Phyto)Nutrients for Glutathione
Support. Nutrients. 2019 Sep 3;11(9):2073. doi: 10.3390/nu11092073. PMID:
31484368; PMCID: PMC6770193. 75. Matilla B, Mauriz JL, Culebras JM, González-
Gallego J, González P. La glicina: un nutriente antioxidante protector celular [Glycine:
a cell-protecting anti-oxidant nutrient]. Nutr Hosp. 2002 Jan-Feb;17(1):2-9. Spanish.
PMID: 11939124. 76. Enrique Meléndez-Hevia, Patricia de Paz-Lugo, Guillermo
Sánchez,Glycine can prevent and fight virus invasiveness by reinforcing the
extracellular matrix,Journal of Functional Foods,Volume 76,2021,104318,ISSN 1756-
4646,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2020.104318. 77. Alves A, Bassot A, Bulteau AL,
Pirola L, Morio B. Glycine Metabolism and Its Alterations in Obesity and Metabolic
Diseases. Nutrients. 2019;11(6):1356. Published 2019 Jun 16. doi:10.3390/
nu11061356. 78. Cruzat V, Macedo Rogero M, Noel Keane K, Curi R, Newsholme P.
Glutamine: Metabolism and Immune Function, Supplementation and Clinical
Translation. Nutrients. 2018;10(11):1564. Published 2018 Oct 23. doi:10.3390/
nu10111564. 79. Schaffer S, Kim HW. Effects and Mechanisms of Taurine as a
Therapeutic Agent. Biomol Ther (Seoul). 2018;26(3):225-241. doi:10.4062/
biomolther.2017.251. 80. Schuller-Levis, G.B., Park, E. Taurine and Its Chloramine:
Modulators of Immunity. Neurochem Res 29, 117–126 (2004). https://doi.
org/10.1023/B:NERE.0000010440.37629.17. 81. Bureau MH, Olsen RW. Taurine acts
on a subclass of GABAA receptors in mammalian brain in vitro. Eur J Pharmacol. 1991
May 25;207(1):9-16. doi: 10.1016/s0922-4106(05)80031-8. PMID: 1655497. 82.
Wójcik OP, Koenig KL, Zeleniuch-Jacquotte A, Costa M, Chen Y. The potential
protective effects of taurine on coronary heart disease. Atherosclerosis.
2010;208(1):19-25. doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2009.06.002. 83. Vaeth M,
Eckstein M, Shaw PJ, et al. Store-Operated Ca(2+) Entry in Follicular T Cells Controls
Humoral Immune Responses and Autoimmunity. Immunity. 2016;44(6):1350-1364.
doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2016.04.013. 84. Bailey RL, Dodd KW, Goldman JA, Gahche JJ,
Dwyer JT, Moshfegh AJ, Sempos CT, Picciano MF. Estimation of total usual calcium
and vitamin D intakes in the United States. J Nutr. 2010 Apr;140(4):817-22. doi:
10.3945/jn.109.118539. Epub 2010 Feb 24. PMID: 20181782; PMCID: PMC2838624.
85. Cronin SJF, Woolf CJ, Weiss G, Penninger JM. The Role of Iron Regulation in
Immunometabolism and Immune-Related Disease. Front Mol Biosci. 2019;6:116.
Published 2019 Nov 22. doi:10.3389/fmolb.2019.00116. 86. http://apps.who.int/iris/
bitstream/handle/10665/43894/9789241596657_eng.
pdf;jsessionid=FAA433E592EE06113C66F2940B75EB08?sequence=1. 87. Rosângela
Maria Souza de Camargo, Rosângela Alves Pereira, Edna Massae Yokoo , Janine Schirmer.
Factors associated with iron deficiency in pregnant women seen at a public prenatal
care servisse. Original Articles • Rev. Nutr. 26 (4) • Aug 2013 • https://doi.org/10.1590/
S1415-52732013000400007. 88. Huang Z, Rose AH, Hoffmann PR. The role of
selenium in inflammation and immunity: from molecular mechanisms to therapeutic
opportunities. Antioxid Redox Signal. 2012;16(7):705-743. doi:10.1089/
ars.2011.4145. 89. de Baaij JH, Hoenderop JG, Bindels RJ. Magnesium in man:
implications for health and disease. Physiol Rev. 2015 Jan;95(1):1-46. doi: 10.1152/
physrev.00012.2014. PMID: 25540137. 90. Galland L. Magnesium and immune
function: an overview. Magnesium. 1988;7(5-6):290-9. PMID: 3075245. 91. Cogswell
ME, Zhang Z, Carriquiry AL, Gunn JP, Kuklina EV, Saydah SH, Yang Q, Moshfegh AJ.
Sodium and potassium intakes among US adults: NHANES 2003-2008. Am J Clin
Nutr. 2012 Sep;96(3):647-57. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.112.034413. Epub 2012 Aug 1. PMID:
22854410; PMCID: PMC3417219. 92. Wessels I, Rolles B, Rink L. The Potential Impact
of Zinc Supplementation on COVID-19 Pathogenesis. Front Immunol. 2020;11:1712.
Published 2020 Jul 10. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2020.01712. 93. Mora JR, Iwata M, von
Andrian UH. Vitamin effects on the immune system: vitamins A and D take centre
stage. Nat Rev Immunol. 2008;8(9):685-698. doi:10.1038/nri2378. 94. Bendich A,
Langseth L. The health effects of vitamin C supplementation: a review. J Am Coll Nutr.
1995 Apr;14(2):124-36. doi: 10.1080/07315724.1995.10718484. Erratum in: J Am Coll
Nutr 1995 Aug;14(4):398. Erratum in: J Am Coll Nutr 1995 Jun;14(3):218. PMID:
7790686. 95. University of California - Riverside. “More than half the world’s
population gets insufficient vitamin D, says biochemist.” ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily,
19 July 2010. <www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/07/100715172042.htm>. 96.
Strange RC, Shipman KE, Ramachandran S. Metabolic syndrome: A review of the role
of vitamin D in mediating susceptibility and outcome. World J Diabetes. 2015;6(7):896-
911. doi:10.4239/wjd.v6.i7.896. 97. Bikle DD. Vitamin D metabolism, mechanism of
action, and clinical applications. Chem Biol. 2014;21(3):319-329. doi:10.1016/j.
chembiol.2013.12.016. 98. Shioi A, Morioka T, Shoji T, Emoto M. The Inhibitory Roles
of Vitamin K in Progression of Vascular Calcification. Nutrients. 2020;12(2):583.
Published 2020 Feb 23. doi:10.3390/nu12020583. 99. Pawlak R, Parrott SJ, Raj S,
Cullum-Dugan D, Lucus D. How prevalent is vitamin B(12) deficiency among
vegetarians? Nutr Rev. 2013 Feb;71(2):110-7. doi: 10.1111/nure.12001. Epub 2013
Jan 2. PMID: 23356638. 100. Pawlak R, Lester SE, Babatunde T. The prevalence of
cobalamin deficiency among vegetarians assessed by serum vitamin B12: a review
of literature. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2014 May;68(5):541-8. doi: 10.1038/ejcn.2014.46. Epub
2014 Mar 26. Erratum in: Eur J Clin Nutr. 2016 Jul;70(7):866. PMID: 24667752. 101.
Mashayekh-Amiri S, Delavar MA, Bakouei F, Faramarzi M, Esmaeilzadeh S. The impact
of myo-inositol supplementation on sleep quality in pregnant women: a randomized,
double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2020 Sep
15:1-9. doi: 10.1080/14767058.2020.1818225. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 32933356.
102. Santamaria A, Giordano D, Corrado F, Pintaudi B, Interdonato ML, Vieste GD,
Benedetto AD, D’Anna R. One-year effects of myo-inositol supplementation in
postmenopausal women with metabolic syndrome. Climacteric. 2012
Oct;15(5):490-5. doi: 10.3109/13697137.2011.631063. Epub 2011 Dec 23. PMID:
22192068. 103. Hernández-Camacho JD, Bernier M, López-Lluch G, Navas P.
Coenzyme Q10 Supplementation in Aging and Disease. Front Physiol. 2018;9:44.
Published 2018 Feb 5. doi:10.3389/fphys.2018.00044.