Monitoramento Da Corrosao Interna de Dutos PDF
Monitoramento Da Corrosao Interna de Dutos PDF
Monitoramento Da Corrosao Interna de Dutos PDF
ESCOLA DE QUMICA
2012
Rio de Janeiro
FEVEREIRO/2012
Rio de Janeiro
ii
Aprovado por:
_______________________________________________________
ALVARO AUGUSTO OLIVEIRA MAGALHES, D. Sc. PETROBRAS/CENPES
_______________________________________________________
JLIA CNDIDA AFONSO MARTINS D. Sc. INPI
_______________________________________________________
LEILA YONE REZNIK , D. Sc. - EQ/UFRJ
Orientado por:
_______________________________________________________________
SIMONE LOUISE DELARUE CEZAR BRASIL, D. Sc. - EQ/UFRJ
_______________________________________________________
ESTEVO FREIRE, D.Sc. - EQ/UFRJ
iii
iv
DEDICATRIA
Deus.
Aos meus pais, La M. Erthal e Paulo F. Da S. Moreira, por tudo que me propiciaram e
pelo
exemplo de vida e carter.
AGRADECIMENTOS
vi
The internal monitoring of pipelines has great importance on the guarantee of oil and
gas transport systems integrity. The most used monitoring and inspection techniques of
pipelines are: weight loss coupons, electrical resistance probes, non-intrusive
techniques, residues and fluid analysis, instrumented pigs and guided waves the latter
when it is not possible to use the pig. This thesis has the aim at introducing a
prospective study of internal corrosion monitoring within earthy pipelines. In order to
that, searches were made on patents data base USPTO, INPI and ESPACENET using
key-words previously chosen. By the analysis of published patents and applied ones it
could be identified the main owners of technologies in the area of internal corrosion
monitoring/inspection as well as the main segment technological trends. The results
observed show a low frequency of patents in this area within national level, compared to
the United States and European countries. Brazil has an average number of patents
92.9% lower than the United States.
viii
LISTA DE FIGURAS
Figura 3: Corroso interna tipo alveolar de um duto de petrleo (Foto cedida pela
Transpetro), 9
Figura 8: Cupom, 15
Figura 12: Data logger para armazenamento de dados da sonda de resistncia eltrica,
19
Figura 19: Coleta de resduo para anlise qumica (FRX e DRX) e microbiolgica, 28
Figura 32: Comportamento temporal macro setorial das patentes obtidas na busca no
site Espacenet, 56
xi
LISTA DE TABELAS
Tabela 5: Resultados obtidos para as diferentes bases consultadas com termos gerais,
51
xii
LISTA DE ANEXOS
xiii
LISTA DE SIGLAS
ART Tecnologia de Ressonncia Acstica
DL Data Logger
DRX Difrao de Raio-X
ECL Perda Estimada de Seo Transversal
ER Resistncia Eltrica
ESPACENET European Patent Office
FRX Fluorescncia de Raio-X
FSM Field Signature Method
GLP Gs Liquefeito de Petrleo
INPI Instituto Nacional da Propriedade Industrial
MFL Magnetic Flux Leakage
NACE - National Association of Corrosion Engineers/ International
P&D Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento
PIMS Sensores de Monitorao Permanentemente Instalados
ROV Veculo Operado Remotamente
SCC Stress Corrosion Cracking
USPTO United States Patent and Trademark Office
UT - Ultrassom
ABRACO- Associao Brasileira de Corroso
PIG- Pipeline Inspection Gadget
xiv
SUMRIO
Captulo I
1 Introduo.............................................................................................................
Captulo II
2. Reviso Bibliogrfica...........................................................................................
12
13
17
21
24
26
29
38
40
42
xv
43
Captulo IV
4. Metodologia.........................................................................................................
46
Captulo V
5. Resultados............................................................................................................ 51
5.1 Anlise Macro....................................................................................................... 55
5.2 Anlise Meso ....................................................................................................... 58
5.3 Anlise Micro........................................................................................................ 61
5.4 Pedido de Patentes.........................................................................................
63
Captulo VI
6. Concluso............................................................................................................... 66
REFERNCIAS............................................................................................................ 68
ANEXOS...................................................................................................................... 73
xvi
CAPTULO I
1. Introduo
O petrleo uma das principais matrias primas usadas pela indstria
qumica mundial, tendo um papel fundamental no dia-a-dia da sociedade atual. A
partir de diversos processos de separao, obtm-se diferentes combustveis, tais
como gasolina, querosene e leo diesel, alm de produtos qumicos como por
exemplo, a parafina, gs natural, gs liquefeito de petrleo (GLP), produtos
asflticos, nafta petroqumica, solventes, leos lubrificantes, e demais derivados
qumicos que geram a maior parte dos produtos de consumo final da sociedade.
Os pases que possuem maior nmero de poos de petrleo, sendo os
maiores exportadores mundiais, esto localizados no Oriente Mdio. Alm do Ir,
Arbia Saudita, Kuwait, Lbia, Iraque e Emirados rabes Unidos, os Estados
Unidos, a Russia, Venezuela, Nigria, Canad, Mxico, Noruega, Cazaquisto e
China tambm figuram entre os maiores produtores mundiais, segundo a Agncia
Americana de Informao sobre Energia (EIA).
Por se tratar de um produto com alto risco de contaminao, o petrleo
provoca graves danos ao meio ambiente quando entra em contato com as guas
de oceanos e mares ou com a superfcie do solo. Vrios acidentes ambientais
envolvendo vazamento de petrleo (seja de plataformas ou navios cargueiros) j
ocorreram nas ltimas dcadas. Quando ocorre no oceano, as consequncias
ambientais so drsticas, pois afeta os ecossistemas litorneos, provocando
grande quantidade de mortes entre peixes e outros animais martimos.
Conforme publicado na revista Maca Offshore (2011) , estudos ao redor
do mundo confirmam que a corroso realmente um dos maiores problemas da
indstria, sugerindo ainda que os pases direcionem cerca de 1% a 3% de seu PIB
na busca de alternativas para proteo e reposio de materiais deteriorados.
O ltimo grande estudo realizado, h sete anos, nos Estados Unidos, pelas
Empresas CC Technologies Laboratories, a Nace International, maior Associao
de Corroso do mundo e a Federal Higway (FHWA) (revista Maca Offshore,
1
2011), indicou um gasto anual de US$ 400 bilhes somente neste pas. No Brasil,
ainda no existe um estudo oficial de estimativas de gastos com tcnicas
anticorrosivas (incluindo seus produtos). Entretanto, ainda este ano, a Associao
Brasileira de Corroso (ABRACO) iniciar um projeto cujo objetivo estimar o
custo da corroso e de suas tcnicas de combate e preveno.
A corroso em dutos, est associada ao ataque da superfcie metlica da
tubulao. Problemas relacionados corroso surgem nessas linhas devido
agresso por parte dos fluidos que por eles passam. Estes fluidos, geralmente
so: petrleo contendo gua, gs sulfdrico e CO2 ou O2 para dutos de injeo de
gua. O meio aquoso que passa nestas linhas de dutos contm alta concentrao
de cloreto e uma quantidade considervel de nions sulfatados. A corroso destas
tubulaes ocorrem a nossa volta diariamente e, sendo assim, necessrio que
se tenha conhecimento do mecanismo deste processo destrutivo para que se
possa combat-lo com eficincia minimizando os custos com trocas de tubulao
e paradas no programadas. O aspecto econmico de grande importncia
porm, de maior relevncia, o risco a vidas humanas oriundos de processos
corrosivos.
O crescimento da produo de petrleo, derivados e gs natural acarretou
no aumento de escoamento da produo e de distribuio de combustveis, logo
um aumento significativo da quantidade de dutos de Transporte. Hoje esto em
construo ou em planejamento mais de 160 mil km de gasodutos, oleodutos e
polidutos em todo o mundo. O Anurio Estatstico 2006 da ANP divulgou que a
malha de dutos no Brasil alcanava 15000 Km.
Os elevados custos associados a processos corrosivos nesses dutos
justificam o esforo empenhado em se buscar mtodos cada vez mais eficazes de
controle deste processo de deteriorao, por isso, a importncia em se monitorar e
identificar os processos corrosivos com as tcnicas disponveis no mercado.
A corroso externa de um duto est relacionada ao meio ambiente como,
por exemplo, gua do mar ou solo. A corroso interna, por sua vez, se relaciona
2
Objetivo geral
Esta dissertao tem como objetivo analisar, por meio de um estudo
prospectivo, as principais tecnologias envolvidas no monitoramento e inspeo da
corroso interna de dutos.
Objetivos especficos
1. Identificar o desenvolvimento do setor de monitoramento da corroso ao
longo dos anos e os principais pases detentores de tecnologia;
2. Apresentar a importncia da utilizao das principais tcnicas de
monitorao/inspeo da corroso interna aplicadas a dutos de petrleo e
tambm a limitao de cada uma destas tcnicas.
3
CAPTULO II
2. Reviso Bibliogrfica
metlicos presentes no meio, O2, H2S, CO2 entre outros, produzindo compostos
semelhantes aos encontrados na natureza. Pode-se dizer, portanto, que a
4
b) Morfologia da Corroso
As
formas
(ou
morfologias)
de
corroso
podem
ser
apresentadas
Corroso Uniforme
Corroso em Placas
Corroso Alveolar
Corroso em Frestas
Corroso Intergranular
Corroso Intragranular
Corroso Filiforme
Corroso graftica
c) Meios Corrosivos
Materiais metlicos so utilizados em diferentes meios corrosivos, o que
caracteriza as variaes na morfologia e na intensidade do ataque corrosivo. Para
ocorrer uma reao eletroqumica necessria a presena de um eletrlito, que
uma soluo eletricamente condutora constituda de gua contendo sais, cidos
ou bases, ou ainda outros fluidos como sais fundidos.
Segundo Gentil (GENTIL, 2011), os seguintes meios corrosivos podem ser
citados:
Atmosfera
O ar contm umidade, sais em suspenso (especialmente na orla martima),
Solos
Os solos contm umidade e sais minerais. Alguns solos apresentam
resduos industriais, poluentes diversos e gases dissolvidos. O eletrlito constituise principalmente da gua com sais dissolvidos. Os outros constituintes podem
acelerar o processo corrosivo;
gua do mar
Esta gua contm uma quantidade aprecivel de sais, sendo desta forma
Produtos qumicos
Os produtos qumicos, desde que em contato com gua ou com umidade e
10
11
Ondas Guiadas;
Tomografia Magntica;
Video Laser;
13
literatura
tcnica
especializada,
diferentes
classificaes
de
corrosividade podem ser obtidas. Uma dessas classificaes pode ser encontrada
nas publicaes da NACE. Segundo a NACE RP 0775/87 (2005), a classificao
qualitativa das taxas de corroso uniforme para sistemas em campos de produo
de petrleo pode ser dada por:
-
14
onde:
T = Taxa de corroso (mm/ano).
Dm = Perda de massa (g).
S = rea da superfcie do cupom exposta (mm).
d = Densidade (g/cm).
t = tempo
As principais limitaes da tcnica so:
-
15
Por essa tcnica, a taxa de corroso pode ser calculada a partir da seguinte
espresso:
l
A
( 2)
Onde:
R resistncia (ohm)
l comprimento (cm)
A rea da seo transversal (cm2)
resistividade do material (ohm.cm)
A variao da resistncia medida cumulativamente ao longo do tempo
contra um resistor referncia encapsulado na sonda, tendo como base a medida
inicial de resistncia do sensor. Na prtica os equipamentos (Figura 12) fazem a
converso de resistncia para perda seo do elemento sensor, medida baseada
na corroso uniforme.
As medidas podem sofrer interferncia de rudos trmicos ou eltricos
sensores menos sensveis. O tempo de resposta do sensor em funo de sua
espessura quanto menor a espessura maior a sensibilidade, menor o tempo de
resposta e menor a vida til do sensor.
As principais limitaes da tcnica so:
-
18
19
20
21
23
Figura 16: FSM princpio tcnica , esquemtico (WOLD & SIRNES, 2007)
Auto-calibrao;
Construdo em chip de identificao;
Construdo em sensor de temperatura;
Operao atravs de um cabo coaxial de alta temperatura ;
As principais vantagens desta tcnica so sua capacidade de:
- Fcil instalao;
- Como as reas corrodas so medidas diretamente, esta tcnica pode ser usada
para determinar a integridade do defeito do duto.
Anlises de laboratrio:
- Teor de orgnicos: empregados para caracterizao da matria orgnica do
resduo, geralmente realizada pela tcnica de Soxhlet.
- Fluorescncia de Raios X: tcnica adequada para anlise de elementos maiores
e menores, metlicos ou no metlicos, em amostras slidas e lquidas, sendo
sensvel a grande parte da tabela peridica. Possui alta velocidade analtica, alta
resoluo grfica. um mtodo no-destrutivo.
- Difrao de Raios X: Permite a identificao dos materiais quanto s suas
caractersticas cristalinas e quantificao dos elementos de constituio sendo
aplicvel a substncias inorgnicas, principalmente minerais.
- Espectro de absoro atmica: Determina os metais pesados totais. Nesta
tcnica existem padres de concentrao com seus respectivos comprimento de
onda. A leitura feita no estado lquido.
- Microscopia eletrnica de varredura: microscpio com tcnica baseada no
compartilhamento ou a transferncia de eltrons que permite aumento e
resolues maiores e melhores que os microscpios ticos.
- Microbiolgica: feita anlise da existncia e quantificao de microrganismos.
As bactrias so normalmente encontradas nos processos corrosivos das
tubulaes e o material metlico sofre corroso sob a influncia de atividades de
microrganismos e de seus produtos metablicos que transformam um meio
originalmente inerte em agressivo. As bactrias relacionadas aos processos
corrosivos so: aerbicas, anaerbicas, anaerbicas facultativas e microaerfilas.
Nos dutos de petrleo, devido a presena de H2S e sulfatos muito comum
observar-se a presena de BRS (bactrias redutoras de sulfato) originando filme
de sulfeto de ferro na superfcie metlica.
A coleta de resduos e fluidos feita em diferentes pontos e com
freqncias pr-estabelecidas para sua caracterizao qumica. Um aspecto
importante do procedimento de coleta de amostra a preservao da mesma at
a sua chegada aos laboratrios para anlise. A amostra dever ser processada o
mais rpido possvel para que no sejam perdidas suas caractersticas fsicoqumicas.
27
Figura 19: Coleta de resduo para anlise microbiolgica sobre um cupom retirado
do equipamento por um recuperador de cupom.
28
dois
tipos
bsicos
de
sistemas
de
inspeo
por
pigs
30
31
Tabela
Especificaes
de
um
pig
MFL
da
GE
(http://site.ge-
energy.com/prod_serv/serv/pipeline/en/downloads/magnescan/magnescan_triax
_us.pdf)
Parmetro
Velocidade recomendada
0 a 5 m/s
6,35 27,94 mm (dependendo do
Espessura mxima
Presso mxima
213 bar
Faixa de temperatura
0 a 40 C
Incerteza da profundidade
Incerteza axial
10 mm
Incerteza de largura
15 mm
32
33
Especificaes Gerais:
Parmetro
Velocidade recomendada
Espessura mxima
50 mm
Presso mxima
120 bar
Faixa de temperatura
-10 a 50 C
Comprimento do dispositivo
3200 mm
34
Massa do dispositivo
700 kg
Inspeo mxima
8 mm
Incerteza da profundidade
0,5 mm
Incerteza axial
20 mm
Incerteza angular
10
do Pig Palito utilizam transdutores de efeito Hall, este efeito est relacionado ao
surgimento de uma diferena de potencial em um condutor eltrico, transversal ao
fluxo de corrente e um campo magntico perpendicular a corrente. Alm de uma
eletrnica extremamente compacta, o sistema tem um projeto mecnico em que
os sensores so montados em mdulos de borracha, interconectados entre si,
formando uma longa haste flexvel. Tem-se com isto, um grande nmero de
sensores e uma grande flexibilidade permitindo a passagem em curvas e
tolerando variaes de dimetros dos dutos.
Faixa de dimetro
Velocidade de medio
Incerteza da profundidade
0,5 mm
36
37
38
Custos reduzidos.
39
Pelo fato de ser uma metodologia cientfica bem estabelecida e atender aos
objetivos propostos, este modelo de anlise foi escolhido e ser descrito em
maiores detalhes a seguir.
A presente dissertao optou por trs tipos de anlise: macro, meso e micro
cenrios. A anlise macro permite avaliar o desenvolvimento do setor ao longo
dos anos e os principais pases envolvidos. Para tal foi utilizado um maior nmero
de documentos de patentes e os termos de busca mais generalizados. Esta
anlise trouxe foco sobre o que est sendo feito em relao pesquisa e o
44
45
CAPTULO IV
4. Metodologia
Foi realizada uma busca de documentos de patentes em trs bases de
dados simultaneamente: Espacenet (European Patent Office), USPTO (United
States Patent and Trademark Office) e INPI (Instituto Nacional da Propriedade
Industrial).
As buscas realizadas foram atualizadas ao longo do ms de dezembro de
2011, utilizando o mtodo de palavras-chave (Tabela 4). Para que boa parte dos
resultados no relevantes fosse descartada, a pesquisa contou apenas com
termos caractersticos referentes ao setor que estivessem contidos no ttulo ou no
resumo do documento da patente. A fim de obter resultados comparativos, os
mesmos termos foram lanados na busca em cada uma das bases de patentes.
Palavras-chave
46
pipe* (title)
(abstract)
corrosion (title)
pipe* (abstract)
(abstract)
pipe* (title)
pipe* (abstract)
(abstract)
47
(abstract)
pipe* (abstract)
Monitoring-Monitorao;
Method-mtodo;
Cupon-cupom;
Ultrasonic- ultrasson;
Sensor- sensor;
Eletrical- eltrica;
48
50
CAPTULO V
5. Resultados e discusso
Espacenet USPTO
INPI
19132
516
1483
197
1270
56
640
60
10
111
57
23
2406
72
524
80
317
24
208
30
51
231
10
567
32
33
239
32
Espacenet
USPTO
INPI
56
27
19
11
16
10
52
(abstract)
probes and corrosion (abstract)
130
27
32
10
136
45
30
10
2246
250
31
125
52
79
13
53
12
63
21
60
nmero de patentes
50
40
30
20
10
0
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
2015
ano
equipamentos, etc, que empregam ligas metlicas e que esto cada vez mais
frequentes no dia-a-dia da populao bem como da indstria.
Esse crescimento, embora muito forte na primeira dcada, sofreu uma
pequena reduo posteriormente. Este fato caracterstico de uma tecnologia em
fase inicial de explorao.
Nmero de Patentes
250
200
150
100
50
0
Pas
57
58
Numero de Patentes
5
4
3
2
1
0
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
2015
Ano
16
Numero de Patentes
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
2015
Ano
60
70
Nmero de Patentes
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Pas
61
sensor
ultrassnico
ondas 13%
guiadas
7%
sondas de
resistncia
eltrica
20%
cupom
27%
pig
33%
aos
mtodos
clssicos,
mostrando
interesse
aposta
em
63
USPTO
USPTO
97
37
65
CAPTULO VI
6. Concluses
Foi caracterizado o estado da arte do setor de monitorao da corroso
interna de dutos atravs da anlise de documentos de patentes de diversos
pases.
A anlise dos documentos de patentes publicadas nas bases consultadas
(Espacenet, USTPO e INPI) permitiu verificar que os estudos e o desenvolvimento
de novas tecnologias com potencial aplicao nas tcnicas de monitoramento de
corroso em dutos apresentou um crescimento nas ltimas trs dcadas.
Dentre os principais pases envolvidos nesta corrida pelo domnio das
tcnicas de monitorao da corroso interna, destacam-se Japo e Estados
Unidos . No entanto, a anlise dos documentos das patentes americanas na base
USPTO permitiu concluir que as publicaes tendem a uma estagnao. Este
comportamento foi corroborado ao se analisar as patentes sobre monitoramento
de corroso ainda no concedidas atravs da base americana. A baixa incidncia
de resultados significativos desde maro de 2001 at o final de 2011 mostra que a
prxima dcada pode reproduzir o efeito das ltimas. Muitos fatores podem
contribuir para isto, sendo o principal deles as fortes crises econmicas
enfrentadas pelos EUA.
Quando as tcnicas de monitoramento foram analisadas separadamente
nas buscas por patentes, ficou evidente que os trs mtodos mais estudados so:
pigs instrumentados, cupons e sondas de resistncia eltrica. Essa pesquisa
identificou estas tecnologias como as mais consolidadas na prtica.
No entanto, o quadro observvel atravs da anlise de patentes a de que
a implementao de novas tecnologias ser a longo prazo. Assim, a tendncia
que as tcnicas clssicas continuem sendo as mais empregadas nos prximos
anos.
Em relao ao Brasil, foi verificado o baixo grau de desenvolvimento
tecnolgico no setor de monitorao da corroso ao longo dos anos. Ficou
66
67
REFERNCIAS BIBLIOGRFICAS
ABDI
Panorama
setorial:
plsticos.
Braslia:
Agncia
Brasileira
de
68
ESPACENET
European
Patent
Office.
Disponvel
em
http://worldwide.espacenet.com/advancedSearch?locale=en_EP
INPI
Instituto
Nacional
da
Propriedade
Industrial.
Disponvel
em
http://pesquisa.inpi.gov.br/MarcaPatente/jsp/servimg/validamagic.jsp?BasePesq
uisa=Patentes
Maca Offshore Disponvel em: http://www.macaeoffshore.com.br/ Acesso em
dezembro de 2011.
69
Guiadas
De
Ultrassom
Superficiais
(Gul).
Disponvel
em
70
SCHUBERT, H.; IDE, E.H.K.; GERBOVIC, H.; LUZ, R.; SHIOM, R.K.; A
Realidade Prtica Do Ensaio Por Ondas Guiadas No Brasil, 11a COTEQ, Porto
de Galinhas, PE, 2011.
em
Engenharia
Mecnica,
PUC-Rio,
Rio
de
71
WOLD, K., SIRNES, G., 2007, FSM Technology - 16 Years Of Field HistoryExperience, Status And Further Developments. CORROSION 2007, March,
2007.
72
Anexos
Nmero, Ttulo, Ano, Inventores, Empresa/Instituio designiante e Resumo dos
Documentos de Patentes Analisados do grfico de pizza da distribuio das
patentes por tcnica de monitoramento.
73
Numero da Patente
Titulo
Ano
Inventor
Empresa/Instituicao designante
PETROCHINA CO LTD
CN201803046
2011
US2006096360
2006
US5814982
1998
US5639959
US4697465
1997
1987
Resumo
A device for suspending a corrosion coupon for a low-pressure pipeline is applied for the anti-corrosion coupon test of an oil field
pipeline. A gate valve is fixed in the middle of a steel pipe; an emptying screwed plug is fixed on the steel pipe; a sealed cavity is
formed at the top of the steel pipe; a seal packing is arranged in the sealed cavity; an internal thread is arranged at the top of the
sealed cavity; a seal gland is fixed at the top of the sealed cavity through a screw thread; a center hole is formed in the seal gland; a
cylindrical suspension rod penetrates through the seal gland and the seal packing; a support is fixed at the top of the steel pipe; a
top plate is fixed at the top of the support; a center screw hole is formed in the top plate; a screw rod is arranged in the center
screw hole of the top plate; the top of the screw rod takes the shape of a hexagonal prism, and the lower end of the screw rod is
connected with the top end of the suspension rod. The utility model has the benefits that on the condition that the normal
operation of the pipeline is guaranteed, a corrosion coupon used for testing a low-pressure pipeline can be mounted and
withdrawn safely and fast, further, the labor intensity of on-site material taking operation is reduced, and the accuracy and validity
of the pipeline operation test can be enhanced.
A corrosion coupon rack includes one or more coupon mounting devices constructed of a coupon holder receiver including a
handle recess of a given diameter and an end wall, a connection conduit in communication with the handle recess through an
opening in the end wall and axially aligned therewith, and locking means having open and closed positions, the locking means
including a cam surface extending into the handle recess when the locking means is in the closed position; and a coupon holder
including a handle insertable into the handle recess, the handle having inner and outer ends, a locking recess, and a shaft axially
aligned with the handle, the shaft having a proximal end attached to the handle inner end, and a distal end adapted to releasibly
attach a corrosion coupon, the shaft extending through the t-connection and into the pipe.
A test station for measuring the effectiveness of cathodic protection including a cylindrical plastic reference tube extending
downwardly through the soil to near the protected structure, such as a pipe. Two plastic coupon tubes extend within the chamber
of the reference tube attaching to opposite sides of its interior sidewalls. First and second circular cylindrical rod-shaped coupons
attach to, and sealingly engage, the bottom ends of the coupon tubes. Insulated conductors extend from attachment to each
coupon upwardly through the coupon tubes. A first coupon is electrically connected to the pipe, and the second coupon is used to
measure a free-corrosion (native) potential.
The present invention includes an improved gasket and coupon for use with a corrosion measurement system. The gasket includes
a pair of collar portions which fit into an end of the coupon. The central rib of the gasket has a pair of beveled faces each of which
fit flush with the exterior edge of a coupon when the coupon and gaskets are pressure fit into the sleeve. The central rib includes a
flat outer edge that contacts the inner wall of the sleeve to stabilize the coupon within the sleeve and to prevent liquid from
leaking between two adjacent gaskets. The coupon includes a first material, copper, a portion of which is coated with a second
material, lead/tin, such that a galvanic cell is formed. Preferably, the lead/tin coating is placed on the interior and exterior of the
upper or lower half of the coupon, the other half of the galvanic cell of the coupon remains uncoated copper. Thus, a galvanic cell
more representative of the soldered pipe joint is formed allowing for more precise corrosion test results to be obtained.
A corrosion coupon holder for inserting and removing a coupon from the interior of a pipeline while under pressure has an
elongated housing with a threaded connection at one end and a removable closure device at the other end, the housing
connection to be attached to a pipe entry valve which is connected as a branch to the pipeline. The housing other end also carries a
guide body having a bore which guidingly and sealingly receives a rod for inserting a coupon having a safety stop element at one
end to hold the coupon, the guide body having a split collet associated with the bore with a locking screw mounted to act on the
collet to fixedly clamp the rod in the bore of the guide body and the housing having a bleeder valve communicatingi with the
interior to relieve pressure from within such interior.
1979
US4120313
Coupon holder
1978
US3718034
1973
CN101251298
2008
WO2009001022
2008
US4179920
A pipeline corrosion coupon holder apparatus for large diameter pipelines which has a coupon housing assembly mounted
CLARKSON ROBERT I
adjacent the pipeline with the coupon housing assembly allowing access to a coupon withdrawn from the pipeline for removal and
[US]; SCHULLER RONALD
replacement of the coupon through the coupon housing assembly without removal of the coupon through a shaft housing
A [US]
GEOSOURCE INC [US]
assembly which has a reciprocally mounted shaft for insertion and retrieval of the coupon from the large diameter pipeline.
An apparatus for inserting and removing a corrosion coupon from the interior of a pipeline while under pressure, comprises an
elongated cylinder with a flange or threaded connection at one end and a closure device at the other end. The cylinder is attached
to a valve which is attached as a branch to a pipeline. Inside of the cylinder are guides for the longitudinal movement of a long rack
at the end of which is mounted the corrosion coupon. A pinion in operative relation to the rack is mounted on a shaft which is
LEWIS HARVEY L
LEWIS HARVEY L
supported in a side pipe to the cylinder. A handwheel operating the shaft permits the longitudinal movement of a long rack within
the cylinder. At the end of the rack is mounted the corrosion coupon. When the valve is open the coupon is moved through it into
the pipeline so that the coupon is exposed to the fluid flowing in the pipeline. Indexing means is provided for determining the
precise position of the coupon in the pipe.
A piston and cylinder assembly is mounted in valved communicating relation to the interior of a pipe line. The assembly includes a
piston having a rod extending downwards toward a port in the pipe line. Upon proper actuation of hydraulic control means, the
piston is forced downwardly until the piston rod is immersed in the fluid flowing through the pipe line. A metal plate is secured to
SWEARINGEN D
SWEARINGEN D
the free end of the piston rod, the plate being subjected to the material flowing in the pipe line. After a certain interval, the
hydraulic control means is actuated to cause retraction of the piston and the connected test plate. The plate is then removed and
observed to determine the corrosive effect of the fluid on the pipe line.
The invention discloses a direct heating assembly water jacket like cast iron, cast aluminum and so on, the invention has the
characteristics of adopting the merits of structure technical proposal of Chinese ZL200720005958.5 rotating heating stove plane or
curved surface water jacket, and obtaining a new technical proposal. The invention adopts communicated nut pipes which are
arranged in the width between the layers of the water jacket to complete the entire process of folding and circulating upward, in
particular, the water jacket is divided into cast iron water jacket and cast aluminum water jacket and other water jacket. The
SHUANGYUAN ZHANG
SHUANGYUAN ZHANG [CN] technical proposal decreases oxidative corrosion, prolongs the service life, facilitates assembly and maintenance, and investigates
[CN]
hidden dangers in advance. Particularly the design adopts the technical proposal that one side of the upper part of the furnace
surface is provided with a smoke circulating room or a smoke dissipating room as a rotation base, two hinges are fixed on the
vertical side as a rotational axis connecting the two wings, two curved high-voltage pipes are communicated with each other from
top to bottom to transmit. The technical proposal realizes heating and cooking dual-use for civilian, industrial furnace emission
recycling, energy conservation and emission reduction.
This invention relates to a piece of equipment intended for being sent through the inside of a pipe, with means to perceive and
CAMERINI CLAUDIO
record irregularities caused by corrosion on the internal wall of the said pipe. It comprises elastomeric elements which may be
SOLIGO [BR]; DA SILVA
cups or discs and which are fastened axially at the ends of or along a body , which may be rigid or flexible. Also fastened along the
JOSE AUGUSTO PEREIRA PETROLEO BRASILEIRO SA [BR];
body is a sensing unit formed by a plurality of rings which have a plurality of high precision angle sensors fastened radially along
[BR]; FREITAS MIGUEL DE
the whole perimeter of each ring. Means for recording the distance travelled in the pipe also form part of the pig in this invention.
ANDRADE [BR]
All the signals from all the sensors are transmitted to a microprocessed electronic system ii
2007
2006
JP2007209925
GB2394549
KR20030033680
WO9218151
2004
2003
1992
To provide a pig position monitoring method which enables a relatively simple and easy monitoring of the position of a pig which
moves in a pipe member. ; SOLUTION: Mobile sounds generated by the pig moving inside the pipe member are collected by a
sound collecting microphone 6, the count of occurrences per unit time of sound components within the specific frequency range
among the frequencies of the collected mobile sounds is counted by an arrangement for measuring frequency to judge bent
SHIGAKEN GESUIDO HOZEN
TANIGUCHI YOSHIYUKI
portions of the pipe member from the count of the occurrences per unit time, and monitor the position of the pig utilizing the bent
JIGYO K
portion information. The specific frequency range of the mobile sounds is in the frequency range of 800-1,200 Hz or less. When the
pig moves on the bent portion of the pipe member, the pig moves as colliding against and contacting with the bent portion.
Therefore, the mobile sounds contain many small components of the frequencies, and then, the count of the arrangement for
measuring frequency also increases
To determine the size of defect, an envelope is formed determining the width of an ultrasonic sleeve and the minima between
peak amplitudes falling below a threshold. The time between the minima is stored. If the peak amplitude between two vectors
STRIPF HELMUT [DE];
does not exceed the threshold the minimum amplitude peak is determined. Envelopes with a width less than the threshold or
KARLSRUHE FORSCHZENT [DE]
BALZER MATTHIAS [DE]
with a form not having desired characteristic are excluded. Amplitude and propagation time are determined for the envelopes and
the data is compressed. To determine the signal base, the ultrasonic echoes are divided into time intervals of length four times the
ultrasonic frequency wavelength. The peak amplitudes in these times are averaged.
RUSSELL DAVID
ALEXANDER [US]; SHORT WEATHERFORD LAMB [US]
GORDON CAMPBELL [US]
HE HOE UG [KR]
HE HOE UG [KR]
The physical condition of a pipeline (eg corrosion, debris deposits, wax, joints, bends, cracks, pits etc) is determined by passing a
pig 100 through the pipeline and analysing the vibration response (eg in the range 75-300 Hz) generated by the interaction of the
pig with the wall of the pipeline. The pig has cleaning seals which engage with the inside wall of the pipeline. The pig 100 has
vibration sensors 502A, 502B and an on-board data collection and processing system to record and analyse vibration frequency
and/or amplitude. Alternatively data may be stored for later off-line analysis or transmitted to a remote location for analysis . In
another alternative the pig is 'dumb', with the data capture and analysis apparatus coupled to the pipeline itself ; The pig may
include other sensors, including differential pressure sensors 414A, 414B and a temperature sensor .
An iron feeder vessel for pig breeding is provided to improve a strength thereof against an attach of pigs as well as a corrosion
resistance property thereof, and to increase the convenience of installation. CONSTITUTION: The iron feeder vessel for pig
breeding is manufactured by integrally molding cast iron into one-part vessel. The iron feeder vessel comprises a feed receiving
portion at the lower portion thereof, and an assembly and covering portion integrally extending upward from the feed receiving
portion. The feed receiving portion has an inverted gourd shape, and is mounted therein with a water supply pipe
An ablating pig comprised of a mass of gelatin for use in treating tubulars . The pig will ablate as it passes through the tubular
thereby depositing a treatment layer onto the wall of the tubular. The pig can be molded outside the tubular or it can be formed in
situ. The pig is formed by mixing common (i.e. technical) gelatin of the type derived from collagen with a heated liquid and a
LOWTHER FRANK E [US];
ATLANTIC RICHFIELD CO [US] treating solution (e.g. corrosion inhibitor, drag reducer, etc.). In one aspect, magnetic particles are entrained in the mass. The
OLSEN ALDEN W [US]
mass can be integral or it can be made up of individual components of gelatin. A slug of the treating solution can also be passed
through the pipeline between two ablating gelatin pigs. For high temperatures applications, a hardener may be used to increase
the melting temperature of the gelatin.
iii
US5215781
1993
JP63304154
1988
US3973441
Accelerometer pig
1976
JP2009243939
US2009195260
2009
2009
An ablating gelatin pig for use in tubulars which can easily negotiate the bends, etc in a tubular. Due to the properties of gelatin,
the pig will ablate thereby depositing a protective layer onto the wall of the tubular. The pig can be molded outside the tubular or
it can be formed in situ. The pig is formed by mixing common gelatin with a heated liquid and then allowing the mixture to cool to
LOWTHER FRANK E [US] ATLANTIC RICHFIELD CO [US] ambient temperature. Preferably, the liquid includes a treating solution (e.g. corrosion inhibitor, drag reducer, etc ) which is to be
used to treat the pipeline. In some applications, a slug of the treating solution is also passed through the pipeline between two
ablating gelatin pigs. For high temperatures applications, a hardener may be added to the pig to increase the melting temperature
of the pig and/or a slug of the hardener can also be passed through the pipeline between two ablating gelatin pigs if necessary.
To always allow a sensor to bring into contact tightly with the inside surface of a pipe body, and to improve the detection accuracy
by attaching such a loop-like sheet spring as the top part is allowed to bring into contact with the inside surface of a pipe to be
inspected, on the body surface part of an inspection pig, and arranging the sensor on its reverse side. CONSTITUTION:A loop-like
HOSOHARA YASUHARU;
sheet spring member whose top part is allowed to bring into contact with the inside surface of a pipe to be inspected is attached to
TOKYO GAS CO LTD; OSAKA
OZAWA MICHIO;
the body surface part of an inspection pig for inspecting the state of the inside surface of the pipe body to be inspected by using a
GAS CO LTD; TOHO GAS KK;
HASEGAWA HIROYUKI;
magnetic flux leakage method. Also, a sensor for detecting a leakage magnetic flux is attached to the reverse side of the top part
NIPPON KOKAN KK
FUJISAWA TOMOJI
of this plate spring. According to such a constitution, at the time of fluctuation of the inside diameter of the pipe, the loop-like
plate spring executes an expanding/contracting operation and adheres tightly to the inside surface of the pipe, therefore, the
sensor which has been installed on its reverse side always executes profiling, while maintaining a state that it has adhered tightly
to the inside surface of the pipe body.
A pipeline pig adapted to carry inspection components to determine flaws in a pipeline wall arising from corrosion, pitting,
gouges, hard spots, scratches, metallurgical anomalies and dents causing out of round conditions is equipped with an
PORTER PATRICK C TRANS CANADA PIPELINES LTD accelerometer. The accelerometer is adapted to provide an electrical signal indicative of acceleration and deceleration in the
direction parallel to the axis of the pipeline. By correlation of signals recorded by the flaw detection equipment with signals
recorded from the accelerometer, dents may be readily identified.
HARAGA KENICHI;
SOMIYA KENJI;
KITAGAWA HISAO;
SUMIYAMA MORIO
To measure corrosion rates of a corrosion of a steel in the air and a corrosion of a steel pipe. ; SOLUTION: When a change in an
electrical resistance of an electrical resistor is measured, a current coded in M serial bits is input. The electrical resistance is
obtained from a peak of a correlation waveform obtained by correlating an input with an output. The change in the electrical
resistance is obtained from a difference between the electrical resistances measured at a differential time interval. A phase
difference can be discriminated from a peak shape by using a reference resistor having the electrical resistance which does not
change due to a factor other than a temperature and thermally compensating a measurement value of the electrical resistance
A thin and narrow electrical resistance corrosion sensor defines measurement, reference and check resistors as abutting serially
disposed portions of a thin strip-like metal resistance element, such as a carbon steel or ductile iron element, having metallurgical
properties which match those of a corrodible structure of interest such as a pipeline buried in the ground. The resistance element
is bonded to a thin, long and narrow nonconductive structural substrate to which is also bonded a flat wire harness which includes
BELL GRAHAM E C [US]; M. J. SCHIFF & ASSOCIATES,
conductors connected to the ends of the resistance element and to selected locations of the element between its ends.; The
MOORE CLIFFORD G [US]
INC
resistance element, the substrate, and the wire harness and its connections to the resistance element are encapsulated by a
nonconductive protective coating except over the area of the measurement resistor so that such resistor can be exposed to the
adjacent environment. The sensor can be used with conventional corrosion measurement instruments. Arrangements for use of
plural sensors to measure corrosion due to direct current in a structure of interest, and to measure corrosion due to alternating
iv
currents in that structure, also are described.
To provide a method and an apparatus for conveniently, quickly, quantitatively and accurately measuring and diagnosing the
corrosion resistance of a water pipe provided in a heat exchanger. ; SOLUTION: In the method and apparatus for measuring an
electrical resistance of the water pipe 93 provided in the heat exchanger, a first terminal 97 is made to contact the inner face of the
water pipe 93, a second terminal 98 is separated from the first terminal 97 and is made to contact the water pipe 93, a current is
carried between both terminals, and the electrical resistance is measured. In particular, the first terminal 97 can be deformed
elastically and the terminal 97 is inserted into the water pipe 93, and preferably, elastically contacts the inner face of the water
pipe 93 by the elasticity of the terminal
An apparatus ( 1 ) is disclosed for monitoring the effect on a material of exposure to a fluid, and thereby monitoring the effect on a
section of pipe ( 9 ) for carrying the fluid. The apparatus includes a sensor element ( 51 ) exposed to the fluid and formed as a ring
of the material coaxially mounted within, but electrically insulated from, the section of pipe ( 9 ). Changes in the electrical
resistance of the sensor element ( 51 ) are monitored. Preferably, the apparatus also includes a reference element ( 31 )
electrically insulated from the pipe ( 9 ), electrically connected in series to the sensor element ( 51 ) and protected from exposure
to the fluid. The elements may both be made from the same material as the pipe ( 9 ) and, as they are contained within it,
experience the same temperature and pressure variations as the pipe ( 9 ). In this manner a change in the resistance of the sensor
element ( 51 ) caused by corrosion/erosion by the fluid accurately indicates the degree of corrosion/erosion of the pipe ( 9 )
carrying the fluid.
A flush mounting electrical resistance corrosion plate for monitoring corrosion of the wall of a vessel or pipeline, having a probe
head (7) and body (6), a convoluted strip of the material of the wall as a sample element (22) and reference element (23) being
mounted flat in the probe head, the sample element being exposed to the corrosive medium under the same conditions as the
wall of the vessel or pipeline and the reference element being subjected to the same conditions of temperature but shielded from
the medium. Electrical leads (24) are connected to the elements so that the resistance of the sample element (23) can be
monitored and thus the degree of corrosion taking place determined. The convoluted elements are made by a process such as
photochemical machining so that they are free of stress.
JP2006201150
2006
MORIYAMA HITOSHI;
MIYAHARA KANAKO
US6946855
2005
EP0150552
1985
1985
2009
The invention discloses an ultrasonic guided wave testing method of corrosion of a partially implanted pole body of a steel pipe
pole, which is characterized by comprising the following steps: firstly, placing an ultrasonic guided wave sensor on one part of the
steel pipe pole, which is positioned on the surface of the uncovered outer wall above the ground surface, entering and coupling
ultrasonic with certain frequency to a steel plate in an angle of 27-52 degrees; secondly, reflecting one part of energy back when
XIANBIAO YANG;
JIANGSU ELECTRIC POWER ultrasonic guided wave meets the abrupt change of cross-section or obvious change of wall thickness at the advance direction,
DABING CHEN; JUNPENG
TESTING
receiving the reflected wave; thirdly, analyzing echoed signals picked by the sensor, judging the position, the shape and the size of
MA
a defect; fourthly, moving the sensor one circle around the pole body, performing all-direction detection, and storing the
detection data; fifthly, analyzing the stored data result by using an analysis program in an industrial computer, obtaining the
detection result. The method can realize the detection of corrosion condition of the partially implanted pole body of the steel
pipe, which is buried under ground, and has rapid detecting speed and high efficiency. v
US4514681
CN101539540
An all metal-welded flush electrical resistance probe for measuring corrosion of a fluid in a pipe avoids problems of sealing
dissimilar materials by using a thin, metallic test disc that is welded around its periphery to the open end of a probe body which
also mounts a reference element. The very thin test element is backed up by a solid supporting medium within the probe body,
and resistance of the test disc is measured between a point at the disc periphery and a point nearer to the disc center.
US2002062693
Noninvasive detection of corrosion, MIC, and foreign objects in fluidfilled pipes using leaky guided ultrasonic waves
2002
GORMAN MICHAEL R
[US]; ZIOLA STEVEN M
[US]; HUANG WEI [US]
AU2010226178
2011
NYHOLT JOHN J;
LANGLOIS GARY N
JP2009186375
2009
SAKUMA MANABU;
MATSUI SHOZO;
SHINADA HIROAKI
TAKENAKA KOMUTEN CO
JP2008008706
2008
AIZAWA MITSUYOSHI;
MURAKAMI HIDEKAZU;
KAMIJO JUNICHI;
TSUKADA MASAMORI
JP2001004601
2001
KANSAI X SEN KK
Ultrasonic energy in the form of guided waves is launched into the wall of a fluid-filled container. The guided wave propagates
around the circumference of the container from a transmitting transducer to a receiving transducer. Part of the guide wave energy
leaks into the fluid in the form of bulk waves, reflects off the inner wall on the other side and enters back to the receiving
transducer trailing the direct wave. Analysis of the received waves determines the presence of corrosion pitting and MIC nodules
on the container inner wall, and fluid level. In addition, it determines whether foreign objects are inside the container. The guided
waves are created with wideband transducers excited at certain frequencies that depend on the material and geometry of the part
being measured. The leakage energy is maximized with a shaped tone burst pulse at the specified frequency.; The energy and
energy ratio of both the direct and leakage fields are measured and related to the container inner wall condition and the presence
of any foreign objects in the fluid.
This invention relates to permanent, ultrasonic, flexible, dry-coupled, linear arrays for the inspection of pipelines, process
equipment: and the like. The permanent, ultrasonic, flexible, dry-coupled, linear arrays detect and/or measure corrosion wali loss,
stress corrosion cracking, and/or interna! initiated pipeline cracking. The apparatus for ultrasonically testing materials includes a
linear array of ultrasonic sensors, and a flexible, acoustically transmissive, dry-coupling surrounding at least a portion of each of
the ultrasonic sensors.
To provide a method for inspecting whether the corroded condition of a conduit is uniform or local, through the use of an
inspection apparatus with an ultrasonic sensor. ; SOLUTION: The inspection method includes a stage for applying guide marks
positioned on the border lines of each unit section to the external surface of a conduit for partitioning a pipe wall of the conduit
into grid-like unit sections, having a size which can be inspected at once by the ultrasonic sensor; a stage for scanning a series of
unit sections by the ultrasonic sensor and measuring corrosion depth, on the basis of the guide marks; a stage for applying the
Gumbel distribution to data on measured corrosion depth and deriving a scale parameter, indicating the degree of data dispersion
of corrosion depth in the distribution; and a stage for an inspection apparatus or a tester for deciding that the corroded condition is
uniform, when the scale parameter takes a reference value or smaller
To provide an ultrasonic flowmeter equipped with a diaphragm pressure sensor suitable to be installed in an ultrasonic
propagation passage of the ultrasonic flowmeter, having corrosion resistance by using a fluororesin, and its manufacturing
method. ; SOLUTION: In this ultrasonic flowmeter equipped with the diaphragm pressure sensor 42 for measuring the pressure of
chemical solution supplied into a chemical solution supply pipe 51 made of a fluororesin, a flow rate of the chemical solution is
measured by an ultrasonic oscillation/reception parts 52A, 52B provided on both ends of the ultrasonic propagation passage 51A
constituting a part of the chemical solution supply pipe under control of the pressure measured by the sensor 42. The diaphragm
pressure sensor includes a diaphragm 43 formed by scraping thinly a part of a pipe wall of the chemical solution supply pipe
constituting the ultrasonic propagation passage in order to form a pressure sensitive part in contact with the chemical solution, a
reinforcing member 44 formed for the diaphragm, and a pressure/electricity conversion element formed for the reinforcing
member.
To improve the operating performance and inspecting accuracy, for inspecting corrosion and thickness reduction caused in the
inner and outer surfaces of a pipe. SOLUTION: A first transmitting/receiving vibrator 6 is oriented so as to emit a transmitted beam
T1 in the clockwise direction in a thick portion 2 of a pipe 1, while a second transmitting/receiving vibrator 7 is oriented so as to
emit a transmitted beam T2 in the counterclockwise direction therein. Also, the first transmitting/ receiving vibrator 6 is oriented
so as to receive the transmitted beam T2 and a reflected beam H1 from the thick portion 2, while the second transmitting/receiving
vibrator 7 is oriented so as to receive the transmitted beam T1 and a reflected beam H2 therefrom. A corroded position and
vi
corroded quantity are computed by a computing device 60 based on the transmitted beams T1, T2 and the reflected beams H1, H2
conveying information on flaw detection in an area to be inspected.