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Single - Site Power Quality Summary

Report

Date
May 1, 2001

- Table of Contents 1.

S i n g l e-S i t e P o w e r Q u a l i t y S u m m a r y R e p o r t - S I T E 1 - F r o m 5 / 1 / 9 5 t o 6 / 1 / 9 5 .................................................................. 1
1 . 1 M o n i t o r A v a i l a b i l i t y ..................................................................................................................................................................... 1
1 . 2 R M S V o l t a g e ................................................................................................................................................................................. 1
1 . 3 R M S C u r r e n t .................................................................................................................................................................................. 5
1 . 4 V o l t a g e T H D .................................................................................................................................................................................. 8
1 . 5 C u r r e n t T D D ................................................................................................................................................................................ 11
1 . 6 S t a t i s t i c a l S u m m a r y o f V o l t a g e T H D a n d H a r m o n i c s .......................................................................................................... 14
1 . 7 S t a t i s t i c a l S u m m a r y o f C u r r e n t T D D a n d H a r m o n i c s .......................................................................................................... 14
1 . 8 V o l t a g e U n b a l a n c e ...................................................................................................................................................................... 15
1 . 9 N e g a t i v e -S e q u e n c e V o l t a g e U n b a l a n c e .................................................................................................................................. 17
1.10
P o w e r F r e q u e n c y ( H z ) ..................................................................................................................................................... 18
1.11
R M S V o l t a g e V a r i a t i o n s ................................................................................................................................................. 20
1.11.1
R M S V a r i a t i o n M a g n i t u d e H i s t o g r a m ............................................................................................................... 20
1.11.2
R M S V a r i a t i o n E v e n t S u m m a r y ......................................................................................................................... 20
1.11.3
1.11.4
1.11.5

D I S D I P T a b l e ......................................................................................................................................................... 21
E S K O M V o l t a g e S a g T a b l e ................................................................................................................................. 21
C B E M A C u r v e S c a t t e r P l o t ................................................................................................................................. 21

1.11.6
1 . 11 . 7
1.11.8

I T I C C u r v e S c a t t e r P l o t ........................................................................................................................................ 22
S E M I C u r v e S c a t t e r P l o t ...................................................................................................................................... 23
R M S V a r i a t i o n M a g n i t u d e- D u r a t i o n B a r C h a r t ............................................................................................... 24

1.11.9
R M S V a r i a t i o n C u m u l a t i v e M a g n i t u d e- D u r a t i o n C h a r t ................................................................................. 25
1.11.10
I n d i v i d u a l R M S V a r i a t i o n E v e n t s ................................................................................................................. 25
1.12
T r a n s i e n t O v e r v o l t a g e s .................................................................................................................................................... 35
1.13
C o m p l i a n c e w i t h P l a n n i n g L i m i t D e f a u l t .................................................................................................................... 36
1.13.1
R M S V o l t a g e C o m p l i a n c e ................................................................................................................................... 36
1.13. 2
V o l t a g e U n b a l a n c e C o m p l i a n c e .......................................................................................................................... 36
1.13.3
1.13.4
1.13.5

V o l t a g e T H D C o m p l i a n c e .................................................................................................................................... 37
V o l t a g e H a r m o n i c s C o m p l i a n c e ......................................................................................................................... 37
9 5 . 0 0 % P o w e r F r e q u e n c y ( H z ) C o m p l i a n c e ..................................................................................................... 37

1.13.6

1 0 0 . 0 0 % P o w e r F r e q u e n c y ( H z ) C o m p l i a n c e ................................................................................................... 37

- Table of Figures F i g u r e 1 : R M S V o l t a g e - P h a s e A : T r e n d ........................................................................................................................................... 2


F i g u r e 2 : R M S V o l t a g e - P h a s e A : H i s t o g r a m ................................................................................................................................... 2
F i g u r e 3 : R M S V o l t a g e - P h a s e B : T r e n d ............................................................................................................................................ 3
F i g u r e 4 : R M S V o l t a g e - P h a s e B : H i s t o g r a m .................................................................................................................................... 3
F i g u r e 5 : R M S V o l t a g e - P h a s e C : T r e n d ............................................................................................................................................ 4
F i g u r e 6 : R M S V o l t a g e - P h a s e C : H i s t o g r a m .................................................................................................................................... 4
F i g u r e 7 : R M S C u r r e n t - P h a s e A : T r e n d ............................................................................................................................................ 5
F i g u r e 8 : R M S C u r r e n t - P h a s e A : H i s t o g r a m .................................................................................................................................... 5
F i g u r e 9 : R M S C u r r e n t - P h a s e B : T r e n d ............................................................................................................................................ 6
F i g u r e 1 0 : R M S C u r r e n t - P h a s e B : H i s t o g r a m .................................................................................................................................. 6
F i g u r e 1 1 : R M S C u r r e n t - P h a s e C : T r e n d .......................................................................................................................................... 7
F i g u r e 1 2 : R M S C u r r e n t - P h a s e C : H i s t o g r a m .................................................................................................................................. 7
F i g u r e 1 3 : V o l t a g e T H D - P h a s e A : T r e n d ......................................................................................................................................... 8
F i g u r e 1 4 : V o l t a g e T H D - P h a s e A : H i s t o g r a m ................................................................................................................................. 8
F i g u r e 1 5 : V o l t a g e T H D - P h a s e B : T r e n d .......................................................................................................................................... 9
F i g u r e 1 6 : V o l t a g e T H D - P h a s e B : H i s t o g r a m .................................................................................................................................. 9
F i g u r e 1 7 : V o l t a g e T H D - P h a s e C : T r e n d ........................................................................................................................................ 10
F i g u r e 1 8 : V o l t a g e T H D - P h a s e C : H i s t o g r a m ................................................................................................................................ 10
F i g u r e 1 9 : C u r r e n t T D D - P h a s e A : T r e n d ........................................................................................................................................ 11
F i g u r e 2 0 : C u r r e n t T D D - P h a s e A : H i s t o g r a m ................................................................................................................................ 11
F i g u r e 2 1 : C u r r e n t T D D - P h a s e B : T r e n d ........................................................................................................................................ 12
F i g u r e 2 2 : C u r r e n t T D D - P h a s e B : H i s t o g r a m ................................................................................................................................ 12
F i g u r e 2 3 : C u r r e n t T D D - P h a s e C : T r e n d ........................................................................................................................................ 13
F i g u r e 2 4 : C u r r e n t T D D - P h a s e C : H i s t o g r a m ................................................................................................................................ 13
F i g u r e 2 5 : S t a t i s t i c a l S u m m a r y o f V o l t a g e T H D a n d H a r m o n i c s ................................................................................................. 14
F i g u r e 2 6 : S t a t i s t i c a l S u m m a r y o f C ur r e n t T D D a n d H a r m o n i c s ................................................................................................. 15
F i g u r e 2 7 : V o l t a g e U n b a l a n c e : T r e n d ................................................................................................................................................ 16
F i g u r e 2 8 : V o l t a g e U n b a l a n c e : H i s t o g r a m ........................................................................................................................................ 16
F i g u r e 2 9 : N e g a t i v e- S e q u e n c e V o l t a g e U n b a l a n c e : T r e n d ............................................................................................................ 17
F i g u r e 3 0 : N e g a t i v e- S e q u e n c e V o l t a g e U n b a l a n c e : H i s t o g r a m .................................................................................................... 18
F i g u r e 3 1 : P o w e r F r e q u e n c y ( H z ) : T r e n d .......................................................................................................................................... 19
F i g u r e 3 2 : P o w e r F r e q u e n c y ( H z ) : H i s t o g r a m .................................................................................................................................. 19
F i g u r e 3 3 : R M S V a r i a t i o n M a g n i t u d e H i s t o g r a m ............................................................................................................................ 20
F i g u r e 3 4 : C B E M A C u r v e S c a t t e r P l o t .............................................................................................................................................. 22
F i g u r e 3 5 : I T I C C u r v e S c a t t e r P l o t ..................................................................................................................................................... 23
F i g u r e 3 6 : S E M I C u r v e S c a t t e r P l o t ................................................................................................................................................... 24
F i g u r e 3 7 : R M S V a r i a t i o n M a g n i t u d e- D u r a t i o n B a r C h a r t ............................................................................................................ 24
F i g u r e 3 8 : R M S V a r i a t i o n C u m u l a t i v e M a g n i t u d e - D u r a t i o n C h a r t ............................................................................................. 25
F i g u r e 3 9 : R M S V a r i a t i o n V o l t a g e 5 / 2 9 / 9 5 0 3 : 3 4 : 4 2 ..................................................................................................................... 26
F i g u r e 4 0 : R M S V a r i a t i o n C u r r e n t 5 / 2 9 / 9 5 0 3 : 3 4 : 4 2 ...................................................................................................................... 26
F i g u r e 4 1 : R M S V a r i a t i o n V o l t a g e 5 / 2 9 / 9 5 0 3 : 3 3 : 5 5 ..................................................................................................................... 27
F i g u r e 4 2 : R M S V a r i a t i o n C u r r e n t 5 / 2 9 / 9 5 03 : 3 3 : 5 5 ...................................................................................................................... 27
F i g u r e 4 3 : R M S V a r i a t i o n V o l t a g e 5 / 2 9 / 9 5 0 3 : 3 4 : 1 9 ..................................................................................................................... 28
F i g u r e 4 4 : R M S V a r i a t i o n C u r r e n t 5 / 2 9 / 9 5 0 3 : 3 4 : 1 9 ...................................................................................................................... 28
F i g u r e 4 5 : R M S V a r i a t i o n V o l t a g e 5 / 8 / 9 5 0 8 : 2 2 : 5 2 ....................................................................................................................... 29
F i g u r e 4 6 : R M S V a r i a t i o n C u r r e n t 5 / 8 / 9 5 0 8 : 2 2 : 5 2 ........................................................................................................................ 29
F i g u r e 4 7 : R M S V a r i a t i o n V o l t a g e 5 / 8 / 9 5 0 8 : 4 6 : 0 1 ....................................................................................................................... 30
F i g u r e 4 8 : R M S V a r i a t i o n C u r r e n t 5 / 8 / 9 5 0 8 : 4 6 : 0 1 ........................................................................................................................ 30
F i g u r e 4 9 : R M S V a r i a t i o n V o l t a g e 5 / 8 / 9 5 0 8 : 2 3 : 1 6 ....................................................................................................................... 31
F i g u r e 5 0 : R M S V a r i a t i o n C u r r e n t 5 / 8 / 9 5 0 8 : 2 3 : 1 6 ........................................................................................................................ 31
F i g u r e 5 1 : R M S V a r i a t i o n V o l t a g e 5 / 8 / 9 5 0 8 : 4 5 : 5 5 ....................................................................................................................... 32
F i g u r e 5 2 : R M S V a r i a t i o n C u r r e n t 5 / 8 / 9 5 0 8 : 4 5 : 5 5 ........................................................................................................................ 32
F i g u r e 5 3 : R M S V a r i a t i o n V o l t a g e 5 / 8 / 9 5 0 8 : 4 6 : 2 6 ....................................................................................................................... 33
F i g u r e 5 4 : R M S V a r i a t i o n C u r r e n t 5 / 8 / 9 5 0 8 : 4 6 : 2 6 ........................................................................................................................ 33
F i g u r e 5 5 : R M S V a r i a t i o n V o l t a g e 5 / 8 / 9 5 0 8 : 2 3 : 3 8 ....................................................................................................................... 34
F i g u r e 5 6 : R M S V a r i a t i o n C u r r e n t 5 / 8 / 9 5 0 8 : 2 3 : 3 8 ........................................................................................................................ 34
ii

F i g u r e 5 7 : R M S V a r i a t i o n V o l t a g e 5 / 8 / 9 5 0 8 : 2 2 : 4 7 ....................................................................................................................... 35
F i g u r e 5 8 : R M S V a r i a t i o n C u r r e n t 5 / 8 / 9 5 0 8 : 2 2 : 4 7 ........................................................................................................................ 35
F i g u r e 5 9 : H i s t o g r a m o f T r a n s i e n t O v e r v o l t a g e s ............................................................................................................................. 36

iii

- Table of Tables T a b l e 1 : S t a t i s t i c s o f R M S V o l t a g e ...................................................................................................................................................... 4


T a b l e 2 : S t a t i s t i c s o f R M S C u r r e n t ....................................................................................................................................................... 7
T a b l e 3 : S t a t i s t i c s o f V o l t a g e T H D ..................................................................................................................................................... 10
T a b l e 4 : S t a t i s t i c s o f C u r r e n t T D D ..................................................................................................................................................... 13
T a b l e 5 : S t a t i s t i c s o f V o l t a g e U n b a l a n c e ........................................................................................................................................... 16
T a b l e 6 : S t a t i s t i c s o f N e g a t i v e-S e q u e n c e V o l t a g e U n b a l a n c e ....................................................................................................... 18
T a b l e 7 : S t a t i s t i c s o f P o w e r F r e q u e n c y ( H z ) .................................................................................................................................... 19
T a b l e 8 : R M S V a r i a t i o n E v e n t S u m m a r y .......................................................................................................................................... 20
T a b l e 9 : D I S D I P T a b l e ......................................................................................................................................................................... 21
T a b l e 1 0 : E S K O M V o l t a g e S a g T a b l e ............................................................................................................................................... 21
T a b l e 1 1 : S t a t i s t i c s o f R M S V o l t a g e C o m p l i a n c e ........................................................................................................................... 36
T a b l e 1 2 : S t a t i s t i c s o f V o l t a g e U n b a l a n c e C o m p l i a n c e .................................................................................................................. 37
T a b l e 1 3 : S t a t i s t i c s o f V o l t a g e T H D C o m p l i a n c e ............................................................................................................................ 37
T a b l e 1 4 : S t a t i s t i c s o f V o l t a g e H a r m o n i c s C o m p l i a n c e ................................................................................................................. 37
T a b l e 1 5 : S t a t i s t i c s o f 9 5 . 0 0 % P o w e r F r e q u e n c y ( H z ) C o m p l i a n c e ............................................................................................. 37
T a b l e 1 6 : S t a t i s t i c s o f 1 0 0 . 0 0 % P o w e r F r e q u e n c y ( H z ) C o m p l i a n c e ........................................................................................... 37

iv

PQView PQReporter

1. Single - Site Power Quality Summary Report - SITE1 - From 5/1/95 to


6/1/95
T h i s p o w e r q u a l i t y s u m m a r y w i l l fo c u s o n m o n i t o r a v a i l a b i l i t y , v o l t a g e r e g u l a t i o n , h a r m o n i c d i s t o r t i o n , v o l t a g e s a g s a n d
interruptions, transient overvoltages, and most significant events for a single monitoring site.
Site Name: SITE1
Site Description: 13.2 kV, 25 MVA Substation
Date R ange: From 5/1/95 to 6/1/95

1.1

Monitor Availability

Monitor availability is a measure of an instrument's availability each day to record power quality measurements. It is
c o m p u t e d b y s e a r c h i n g f o r t r i g g e r e d m e a s u r e m e n t s a n d s t e a d y-s t a t e s a m p l e d m e a s u r e m e nt s o n e a c h d a y . O n d a y s w h e n
no measurements are found, the monitor is considered offline or otherwise unavailable. Instrument unavailability can be
caused by communication problems, monitoring instrument malfunction, or lost data.
Number of Days Possible for Monitoring: 31
Actual Number of Days that the Monitor was Online:
Online Availability:

1.2

31

100.00%

RMS Voltage

The following trends present rms voltage plotted against time. Also presented are histograms that show the distribution
of rms voltage. The accompanying summary table presents the minimum, CP05, average, CP95, and maximum values
of the distribution for each of the three phases. The CP95, or 95th percentile, tells us the value that was greater than 95%
of the other samples. The last t wo columns respectively display the percentage of samples that had values less than 10%
o r m o r e t h a n 1 0 % o f t h e s i t e ' s n o m i n a l v o l t a g e . T h e 1 0 % l i m i t s a r e t h e s t e a d y -s t a t e l i m i t s f r o m t h e 1 9 9 7 I T I C
( C B E M A ) C u r v e . T h e v o l t a g e m e a s u r e m e n t s h a v e b e e n n o r m al i z e d b y t h e b a s e v o l t a g e .
Base Voltage: 7448 V

PQView PQReporter
Samples: 2712

RMS Voltage - Phase A

Minimum: 76.60%

SITE1

Average: 97.83%
Maximum: 100.79%

RMS Voltage - Phase A

100.0%

80.0%

60.0%

40.0%

20.0%

0.0%
4/26/95

5/1/95

5/6/95

5/11/95

5/16/95

Minimum

5/21/95

Average

5/26/95

5/31/95

Maximum

6/5/95

PQView

Figure 1: R M S V o l t a g e - P h a s e A : T r e n d

Samples: 2712

RMS Voltage - Phase A

Minimum: 92.26%

SITE1

Average: 97.83%
Maximum: 100.12%

101.4%

101.0%

100.6%

100.2%

99.8%

99.4%

99.0%

98.6%

98.2%

97.8%

97.4%

0%

97.0%

10%

0.0%

96.6%

20%

1.0%

96.2%

30%

2.0%

95.8%

3.0%

95.4%

40%

95.0%

50%

4.0%

94.6%

60%

5.0%

94.2%

70%

6.0%

93.8%

80%

7.0%

93.4%

90%

8.0%

Cumulative Frequency

100%

9.0%

93.0%

Frequency

10.0%

RMS Voltage - Phase A


PQView

Figure 2: R M S V o l t a g e - P h a s e A : H i s t o g r a m

PQView PQReporter
Samples: 2710

RMS Voltage - Phase B

Minimum: 72.05%

SITE1

Average: 99.21%
Maximum: 102.20%

RMS Voltage - Phase B

100.0%

80.0%

60.0%

40.0%

20.0%

0.0%
4/26/95

5/1/95

5/6/95

5/11/95

Minimum

5/16/95

5/21/95

Average

5/26/95

5/31/95

Maximum

6/5/95

PQView

Figure 3: R M S V o l t a g e - Phase B: Trend

Samples: 2710

RMS Voltage - Phase B

Minimum: 93.64%

SITE1

Average: 99.21%

9.0%

100%

8.0%

90%

7.0%

80%
70%
60%

5.0%

50%
4.0%

40%

3.0%

30%

101.4%

101.0%

100.6%

99.8%

100.2%

99.4%

99.0%

98.6%

98.2%

97.8%

97.4%

97.0%

96.6%

96.2%

95.8%

95.4%

95.0%

94.6%

0%

94.2%

10%

0.0%

93.8%

20%

1.0%

93.4%

2.0%

93.0%

Frequency

6.0%

Cumulative Frequency

Maximum: 101.77%

RMS Voltage - Phase B


PQView

Figure 4: R M S V o l t a g e - Phase B: Histogram

PQView PQReporter
Samples: 2712

RMS Voltage - Phase C

Minimum: 75.49%

SITE1

Average: 98.77%
Maximum: 101.97%

RMS Voltage - Phase C

100.0%

80.0%

60.0%

40.0%

20.0%

0.0%
4/26/95

5/1/95

5/6/95

5/11/95

5/16/95

Minimum

5/21/95

Average

5/26/95

5/31/95

Maximum

6/5/95

PQView

Figure 5: R M S V o l t a g e - P h a s e C : T r e n d

Samples: 2712

RMS Voltage - Phase C

Minimum: 93.09%

SITE1

Average: 98.77%
Maximum: 101.56%

8.0%

100%

80%

Frequency

6.0%

70%

5.0%

60%

4.0%

50%
40%

3.0%

30%

2.0%

20%

101.4%

101.0%

100.6%

99.8%

100.2%

99.4%

99.0%

98.6%

98.2%

97.8%

97.4%

97.0%

96.6%

96.2%

95.8%

95.4%

95.0%

94.6%

94.2%

93.8%

0%

93.4%

10%

0.0%

93.0%

1.0%

Cumulative Frequency

90%

7.0%

RMS Voltage - Phase C


PQView

Figure 6: R M S V o l t a g e - P h a s e C : H i s t o g r a m

Table 1: Statistics of R MS Voltage


Phase

Minimum

CP05

Average

CP95

Maximum

Count

< 0.9 pu

> 1.1 pu

92.26%

94.07%

97.83%

99.76%

100.12%

2712

0.00%

0.00%

93.64%

95.46%

99.21%

101.31%

101.77%

2710

0.00%

0.00%

93.09%

94.97%

98.77%

100.90%

101.56%

2712

0.00%

0.00%

PQView PQReporter

1.3

R M S C u r r en t

The following trends present rms current plotted against time. Also presented are histograms that show the distribution
of rms voltage. The accompanying summary table presents the minimum, CP05, average, CP95, and maximum values
o f t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n fo r e a c h o f t h e t h r e e p h a s e s . T h e C P 9 5 , o r 9 5 t h p e r c e n t i l e , t e l l s u s t h e v a l u e t h a t w a s g r e a t e r t h a n 9 5 %
of the other samples.

Samples: 2716

RMS Current - Phase A

Minimum: 26.3

SITE1

Average: 150

3000

Maximum: 2815

RMS Current - Phase A

2500

2000

1500

1000

500

0
4/26/95

5/1/95

5/6/95

5/11/95

5/16/95

Minimum

5/21/95

Average

5/26/95

5/31/95

Maximum

6/5/95

PQView

Figure 7: R M S C u r r e n t - P h a s e A : T r e n d

Samples: 2716

RMS Current - Phase A

Minimum: 72.8

SITE1

Average: 150
Maximum: 246

6.0%

100%
90%

5.0%

70%
60%

3.0%

50%
40%

2.0%

30%
20%

1.0%

10%

220

210

200

190

180

170

160

150

140

130

120

110

100

90

80

70

0%

60

0.0%

50

Frequency

4.0%

Cumulative Frequency

80%

RMS Current - Phase A


PQView

Figure 8: R M S C u r r e n t - Phase A: Hi s t o g r a m

PQView PQReporter
Samples: 2716

RMS Current - Phase B

Minimum: 10.2

SITE1

Average: 126

3000

Maximum: 2767

RMS Current - Phase B

2500

2000

1500

1000

500

0
4/26/95

5/1/95

5/6/95

5/11/95

5/16/95

Minimum

5/21/95

Average

5/26/95

5/31/95

Maximum

6/5/95

PQView

Figure 9: R M S C u r r e n t - Phase B: Trend

Samples: 2716

RMS Current - Phase B

Minimum: 58.1

SITE1

Average: 126
Maximum: 214

8.0%

100%
90%

7.0%

60%

4.0%

50%
40%

3.0%

30%
2.0%
20%
1.0%

10%

220

210

200

190

180

170

160

150

140

130

120

110

100

90

80

70

0%

60

0.0%

50

Frequency

70%
5.0%

Cumulative Frequency

80%
6.0%

RMS Current - Phase B


PQView

Figure 10 : R M S C u r r e n t - Phase B: Histogram

PQView PQReporter
Samples: 2716

RMS Current - Phase C

Minimum: 9.83

SITE1

Average: 119

300

Maximum: 290

RMS Current - Phase C

250

200

150

100

50

0
4/26/95

5/1/95

5/6/95

5/11/95

5/16/95

Minimum

5/21/95

Average

5/26/95

5/31/95

6/5/95

Maximum

PQView

Figure 11 : R M S C u r r e n t - P h a s e C : T r e n d

Samples: 2716

RMS Current - Phase C

Minimum: 61.1

SITE1

Average: 119

9.0%

100%

8.0%

90%

7.0%

80%
70%
60%

5.0%

50%
4.0%

40%

3.0%

30%

220

210

200

190

180

170

160

150

140

130

120

110

100

90

0%

80

10%

0.0%

70

20%

1.0%

60

2.0%

50

Frequency

6.0%

Cumulative Frequency

Maximum: 195

RMS Current - Phase C


PQView

Figure 12 : R M S C u r r e n t - P h a s e C : H i s t o g r a m

Table 2: Statistics of RMS Current


Phase

Minimum

CP05

Average

CP95

Maximum

Count

72.8

92.1

150

214

246

2716

58.1

74.0

126

187

214

2716

61.1

76.5

119

168

195

2716

PQView PQReporter

1.4

Voltage THD

Harmonic dist ortion levels can be important if the facility includes power factor correction capacitors that can result in
resonance problems or if a significant percentage of the facility load involves nonlinear devices like adjustable speed
d r i v e s o r p o w e r c o n v e r t e r s. H a r m o n i c d i s t o r t i o n g u i d e l i n e s a r e p r o v i d e d i n I E E E S t a n d a r d 5 1 9- 1 9 9 2 , w h i c h s u g g e s t s
that voltage total harmonic distortion (THD) should be less than 5%. The summary table shows the number of samples
that exceed 3% distortion and 5% distortion.

Samples: 1411

Voltage THD - Phase A

Minimum: 0.00%

SITE1

Average: 0.52%

1.00%

Maximum: 0.98%

0.90%

Voltage THD - Phase A

0.80%
0.70%
0.60%
0.50%
0.40%
0.30%
0.20%
0.10%
0.00%
4/26/95

5/1/95

5/6/95

5/11/95

5/16/95

5/21/95

5/26/95

5/31/95

V RMS

6/5/95

PQView

F i gure 13 : Voltage THD - P h a s e A : T r e n d

Samples: 1411

Voltage THD - Phase A

Minimum: 0.00%

SITE1

Average: 0.52%

9.0%

100%

8.0%

90%

7.0%

80%
70%
60%

5.0%

50%
4.0%

40%

3.0%

30%

0.96%

0.90%

0.84%

0.78%

0.72%

0.66%

0.60%

0.54%

0.48%

0.42%

0.36%

0.30%

0.24%

0%

0.18%

10%

0.0%

0.12%

20%

1.0%

0.06%

2.0%

0.00%

Frequency

6.0%

Cumulative Frequency

Maximum: 0.98%

Voltage THD - Phase A


PQView

Figure 14 : Voltage THD - P h a s e A : H i s t o g r a m

PQView PQReporter
Samples: 1412

Voltage THD - Phase B

Minimum: 0.00%

SITE1

Average: 0.60%

30.00%

Maximum: 21.11%

Voltage THD - Phase B

25.00%

20.00%

15.00%

10.00%

5.00%

0.00%
4/26/95

5/1/95

5/6/95

5/11/95

5/16/95

5/21/95

5/26/95

5/31/95

V RMS

6/5/95

PQView

Figure 15 : Voltage THD - Phase B: Trend

Samples: 1412

Voltage THD - Phase B

Minimum: 0.00%

SITE1

Average: 0.60%

8.0%

100%

7.0%

90%
80%
70%

5.0%

60%

4.0%

50%

3.0%

40%
30%

2.0%

20%

0.96%

0.90%

0.84%

0.78%

0.72%

0.66%

0.60%

0.54%

0.48%

0.42%

0.36%

0.30%

0.24%

0.18%

0%

0.12%

10%

0.0%

0.06%

1.0%

0.00%

Frequency

6.0%

Cumulative Frequency

Maximum: 21.11%

Voltage THD - Phase B


PQView

Figure 16 : Voltage THD - P hase B: Histogram

PQView PQReporter
Samples: 1412

Voltage THD - Phase C

Minimum: 0.00%

SITE1

Average: 0.61%
Maximum: 12.27%

12.00%

Voltage THD - Phase C

10.00%

8.00%

6.00%

4.00%

2.00%

0.00%
4/26/95

5/1/95

5/6/95

5/11/95

5/16/95

5/21/95

5/26/95

5/31/95

V RMS

6/5/95

PQView

Figure 17 : Voltage THD - P h a s e C : T r e n d

Samples: 1412

Voltage THD - Phase C

Minimum: 0.00%

SITE1

Average: 0.61%
Maximum: 12.27%

7.0%

100%

80%

Frequency

5.0%

70%
60%

4.0%

50%
3.0%

40%
30%

2.0%

20%
1.0%

Cumulative Frequency

90%

6.0%

10%

0.96%

0.90%

0.84%

0.78%

0.72%

0.66%

0.60%

0.54%

0.48%

0.42%

0.36%

0.30%

0.24%

0.18%

0.12%

0.06%

0%

0.00%

0.0%

Voltage THD - Phase C


PQView

Figure 18 : Voltage THD - P h a s e C : H i s t o g r a m

Table 3: Statistics of Voltage THD


Phase

Minimum

CP05

Average

CP95

Maximum

Count

> 3%

> 5%

0.00%

0.29%

0.52%

0.75%

0.98%

1411

0.00%

0.00%

0.00%

0.33%

0.60%

0.83%

21.11%

1412

0.07%

0.07%

0.00%

0.35%

0.61%

0.84%

12.27%

1412

0.07%

0.07%

10

PQView PQReporter

1.5

Current TDD

I E E E S t a n d a r d 5 1 9- 1 9 9 2 p r o v i d e s g u i d e l i n e s f o r h a r m o n i c c u r r e n t d i s t o r t i o n l e v e l s t h a t w i l l p r e v e n t p r o b l e m s o n t h e
power system. The following figure and table summarize the harmonic current distortion levels measured with respect to
the IEEE 519 limits. The quantity investigated is total demand distortion (TDD).
Base Cur rent: 229 A

Samples: 1412

Current TDD - Phase A

Minimum: 0.76%

SITE1

Average: 1.80%
Maximum: 12.20%

12.00%

Current TDD - Phase A

10.00%

8.00%

6.00%

4.00%

2.00%

0.00%
4/26/95

5/1/95

5/6/95

5/11/95

5/16/95

5/21/95

5/26/95

5/31/95

V RMS

6/5/95

PQView

Figure 19 : Current TDD - Phase A: Trend

Samples: 1412

Current TDD - Phase A

Minimum: 0.76%

SITE1

Average: 1.80%
Maximum: 12.20%

7.0%

100%

80%
70%
60%

4.0%

50%
3.0%

40%
30%

2.0%

20%
1.0%

10%

2.40%

2.30%

2.20%

2.10%

2.00%

1.90%

1.80%

1.70%

1.60%

1.50%

1.40%

1.30%

1.20%

1.10%

1.00%

0.90%

0.80%

0%

0.70%

0.0%

0.60%

Frequency

5.0%

Cumulative Frequency

90%

6.0%

Current TDD - Phase A


PQView

Figure 20 : Current TDD - Phase A: Histogram

11

PQView PQReporter
Samples: 1412

Current TDD - Phase B

Minimum: 0.00%

SITE1

Average: 1.35%

12.00%

Maximum: 11.71%

Current TDD - Phase B

10.00%

8.00%

6.00%

4.00%

2.00%

0.00%
4/26/95

5/1/95

5/6/95

5/11/95

5/16/95

5/21/95

5/26/95

5/31/95

V RMS

6/5/95

PQView

Figure 21 : Current TDD - Phase B: Trend

Samples: 1412

Current TDD - Phase B

Minimum: 0.00%

SITE1

Average: 1.35%
Maximum: 11.71%

6.0%

100%

80%
70%
60%

3.0%

50%
40%

2.0%

30%
20%

1.0%

10%

2.40%

2.30%

2.20%

2.10%

2.00%

1.90%

1.80%

1.70%

1.60%

1.50%

1.40%

1.30%

1.20%

1.10%

1.00%

0.90%

0.80%

0%

0.70%

0.0%

0.60%

Frequency

4.0%

Cumulative Frequency

90%
5.0%

Current TDD - Phase B


PQView

Figure 22 : Current TDD - Phase B: Histogram

12

PQView PQReporter
Samples: 1412

Current TDD - Phase C

Minimum: 0.00%

SITE1

Average: 1.63%

6.00%

Maximum: 5.64%

Current TDD - Phase C

5.00%

4.00%

3.00%

2.00%

1.00%

0.00%
4/26/95

5/1/95

5/6/95

5/11/95

5/16/95

5/21/95

5/26/95

5/31/95

V RMS

6/5/95

PQView

Figure 23 : Current TDD - Phase C: Trend

Samples: 1412

Current TDD - Phase C

Minimum: 0.00%

SITE1

Average: 1.63%
Maximum: 5.64%

6.0%

100%

80%
70%

Frequency

4.0%

60%
3.0%

50%
40%

2.0%

30%
20%

1.0%

Cumulative Frequency

90%
5.0%

10%

2.40%

2.30%

2.20%

2.10%

2.00%

1.90%

1.80%

1.70%

1.60%

1.50%

1.40%

1.30%

1.20%

1.10%

1.00%

0.90%

0.80%

0.70%

0%

0.60%

0.0%

Current TDD - Phase C


PQView

Figure 24 : Current TDD - Phase C: Histogram

Table 4: Statistics of Current TDD


Phase

Minimum

CP05

Average

CP95

Maximum

Count

> 5%

> 20%

0.76%

1.14%

1.80%

2.32%

12.20%

1412

0.07%

0.00%

0.00%

0.80%

1.35%

1.86%

11.71%

1412

0.07%

0.00%

0.00%

1.03%

1.63%

2.31%

5.64%

1412

0.07%

0.00%

13

PQView PQReporter

1.6

Statistical Summary of Voltage THD and Harmonics

This section pr esents a chart that summarizes statistics for voltage THD and selected individual harmonics. Each graph
presents the 5th percentile value (CP05), average value, and 95th percentile value of voltage THD and voltage
harmonics.

Statistical Summary of Voltage THD and Harmonics

CP05
Average
CP95

0.80%

% of Fundamental Voltage
(%V 1)

0.70%
0.60%
0.50%
0.40%
0.30%
0.20%
0.10%

THD

0.00%

THD and Individual Harmonics

Figure 25 : Statistical Summary of Voltage THD and Harmonics

1.7

Statistical Summary of Current TDD and Harmonics

This section presents a chart that summarizes statistics for current TDD and selected individual harmonics. Each graph
presents the 5th percentile value (CP05), average value, and 95th percentile value of current TDD and current harmonics.
Base Current: 229 A

14

PQView PQReporter

Statistical Summary of Current TDD and Harmonics

CP05
Average
CP95

2.50%

% of Base Current

2.00%

1.50%

1.00%

0.50%

TDD

0.00%

TDD and Individual Harmonics

Figure 26 : Statistical Summary of Current TDD and Harmonics

1.8

Voltage Unbalance

W h e n t h e r m s v o l t a g e o f a t h r e e -p h a s e s e t o f v o l t a g e s i s n o t e q u a l i n m a g n i t u d e , t h e v o l t a g e s e t i s s a i d t o b e u n b a l a n c e d .
T h i s c o n d i t i o n i s m a i n l y c a u s e d b y u n b a l a n c e d t h r e e - p h a s e l o a d s o r b y a l a r g e n u m b e r o f s i n g l e- p h a s e l o a d s t h a t a r e n o t
distributed symmetrically to the three phases . One negative effect of unbalanced voltages is in the heating of polyphase
induction motors. A negative sequence voltage may produce currents in the windings considerably in excess of those
present under balanced voltage conditions. A relatively small unbalance in voltage will cause a considerable increase in
temperature rise. For example, a 3% voltage unbalance could cause a 25% increase in motor temperature. IEEE
S t a n d a r d 1 0 0- 1 9 9 2 d e f i n e s v o l t a g e u n b a l a n c e a s t h e r a t i o o f t h e m a x i m u m d e v i a t i o n o f a p h a s e v o l t a g e f r o m t h e a v e r a g e
of the total phases to the average of the phase voltages, expressed in percent.

15

PQView PQReporter
Samples: 1412

Voltage Unbalance

Minimum: 0.46%

SITE1

Average: 0.82%

8.00%

Maximum: 7.69%

7.00%

Voltage Unbalance

6.00%
5.00%
4.00%
3.00%
2.00%
1.00%
0.00%
4/26/95

5/1/95

5/6/95

5/11/95

5/16/95

5/21/95

5/26/95

5/31/95

V Unb

6/5/95

PQView

Figure 27 : Voltage Unbalance: Trend

Samples: 1412

Voltage Unbalance

Minimum: 0.46%

SITE1

Average: 0.82%
Maximum: 7.69%

7.0%

100%

80%

Frequency

5.0%

70%
60%

4.0%

50%
3.0%

40%
30%

2.0%

20%
1.0%

Cumulative Frequency

90%

6.0%

10%

1.14%

1.10%

1.06%

1.02%

0.98%

0.94%

0.90%

0.86%

0.82%

0.78%

0.74%

0.70%

0.66%

0.62%

0.58%

0.54%

0%

0.50%

0.0%

Voltage Unbalance
PQView

Figure 28 : Voltage Unbalance: Histogram

Table 5: Statistics of Voltage Unbalance


Minimum

CP05

Average

CP95

Maximum

Count

> 2%

> 3%

0.46%

0.59%

0.82%

1.05%

7.69%

1412

0.07%

0.07%

16

PQView PQReporter

1.9

N e g a t i v e- S e q u e n c e V o l t a g e U n b a l a n c e

Unbalanced voltages could be the result of a supply fault or a blown line fuse. However, nonlinear loads connected to
the same network as the induction machine could also be a source. Arc welding equipment that draws large currents
i r r e g u l a r l y a n d s i n g l e-p h a s e m o t o r s w i t h h i g h s t a r t i n g i m p e d a n c e s a r e t w o e x a m p l e s o f c o m m o n d e v i c e s t h a t c a n c a u s e
t h e t h r e e -p h a s e l i n e t o b e c o m e a s y m m e t r i c a l .
An induction motor operates in an unbalanced condition either when the voltages applied to the stator terminals do not
c o n s t i t u t e a b a l a n c e d t h r e e- p h a s e s e t o r w h e n t h e s t a t o r o r r o t o r w i n d i n g s a r e n o t s y m m e t r i c a l w i t h r e s p e c t t o t h e p h a s e s .
One of the impacts of this imbalance is that currents that are higher than rated values flow through the rotor. The power
dissipated as heat coming from higher IR conduction losses raises the rotor temperature and can lead to shortened
machine life and reduced machine performance.

Negative-Sequence Voltage Unbalance


SITE1

Samples: 1412
Minimum: 0.18%
Average: 0.59%

8.00%

Maximum: 7.65%

Negative-Sequence Voltage
Unbalance

7.00%
6.00%
5.00%
4.00%
3.00%
2.00%
1.00%
0.00%
4/26/95

5/1/95

5/6/95

5/11/95

5/16/95

5/21/95

5/26/95

V RMS

5/31/95

6/5/95

PQView

Figure 29 : Negative - Sequence Voltage Unbalance: Trend

17

PQView PQReporter
Samples: 1412

Negative-Sequence Voltage Unbalance

Minimum: 0.18%

SITE1

Average: 0.59%
Maximum: 7.65%

6.0%

100%

80%
70%

Frequency

4.0%

60%
3.0%

50%
40%

2.0%

30%
20%

1.0%

Cumulative Frequency

90%
5.0%

10%

0.98%

0.94%

0.90%

0.86%

0.82%

0.78%

0.74%

0.70%

0.66%

0.62%

0.58%

0.54%

0.50%

0.46%

0.42%

0.38%

0.34%

0.30%

0.26%

0%

0.22%

0.0%

Negative-Sequence Voltage Unbalance


PQView

Figure 30 : Negative - Sequence Voltage Unbalance: Histogra m

Table 6: Statistics of Negative - Sequence Voltage Unbalance


Minimum

CP05

Average

CP95

Maximum

Count

> 2%

> 3%

0.18%

0.34%

0.59%

0.86%

7.65%

1412

0.07%

0.07%

1.10

Power Frequency (Hz)

P o w e r f r e q u e n c y v a r i a t i o n s a r e d e f i n e d a s t h e d ev i a t i o n o f t h e p o w e r s y s t e m f u n d a m e n t a l f r e q u e n c y f r o m i t s p e c i f i e d
nominal value (e.g. 50 Hz or 60 Hz).
The power system frequency is directly related to the rotational speed of the generators on the system. At any instant,
the frequency depends on the balance between the load and the capacity of the available generation. When this dynamic
balance changes, small changes in frequency occur. The size of the frequency shift and its duration depends on the load
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s a n d t h e r e s p o n s e o f t h e g e n e ra t i o n s y s t e m t o l o a d c h a n g e s .
Frequency variations that go outside of accepted limits for normal steady state operation of the power system are
normally caused by faults on the bulk power transmission system, a large block of load being disconnected, or a large
source of generation going offline.
Frequency variations that affect the operation of rotating machinery, or processes which derive their timing from the
p o w e r f r e q u e n c y ( c l o c k s ) , a r e r a r e o n m o d e r n i n t e r c o n n e c t e d p o w e r s y s t e m s . F r e q u e n c y v a r i a t i on s o f c o n s e q u e n c e a r e
much more likely to occur when a generator isolated from the utility system powers such equipment. In such cases,
governor response to abrupt load changes may not be adequate to regulate within the narrow bandwidth required by
frequency sensitive equipment. Note: voltage notching can sometimes cause frequency or timing errors on power
electronic machines that count zero crossings to derive frequency or time. The voltage notch may produce additional
zero crossings which can cause fr equency or timing errors.

18

PQView PQReporter
Samples: 2716

Power Frequency (Hz)

Minimum: 59.4900

SITE1

Average: 60.0088
Maximum: 60.1100

60.4

Power Frequency (Hz)

60.2
60.0
59.8
59.6
59.4
59.2
59.0
4/26/95

5/1/95

5/6/95

5/11/95

Minimum

5/16/95

5/21/95

Average

5/26/95

5/31/95

Maximum

6/5/95

PQView

Figure 31 : P o w e r F r e q u e n c y ( H z ) : T r e n d

Samples: 2716

Power Frequency (Hz)

Minimum: 59.8600

SITE1

Average: 60.0084
Maximum: 60.0400

80.0%

100%

80%

60.0%

Frequency

70%
50.0%

60%

40.0%

50%

30.0%

40%
30%

20.0%

20%

10.0%

Cumulative Frequency

90%

70.0%

10%

60.02

59.98

59.94

59.90

59.86

59.82

59.78

59.74

59.70

59.66

59.62

59.58

59.54

0%

59.50

0.0%

Power Frequency (Hz)


PQView

Figure 32 : P o w e r F r e q u e n c y ( H z ) : H i s t o g r a m

Table 7: Statistics of Power Frequency (Hz)


Minimum

CP01

Average

CP 9 9

Maximum

Count

< -1 %

> +1%

59.9

60.0

60.0

60.0

60.0

2716

0.00%

0.00%

19

PQView PQReporter

1.11

RMS Voltage Variations

Voltage sags and interruptions, also known as rms voltage variations, are usually the most important power quality
variations affecting end use equipment. The chief cause of rms voltage variations measured on the distribution system is
faults; measurements taken at utilization voltages can also be attributed to the switching of large loads and regulation
problems.

1.11.1 RMS Variation Magnitude Histogram


T h i s f i g ur e p r e s e n t s a h i s t o g r a m o f t h e v o l t a g e m a g n i t u d e f o r e a c h r m s v a r i a t i o n . E a c h c o l u m n r e p r e s e n t s t h e r a t e o f r m s
variations that fell into a particular voltage range.

RMS Variation Magnitude Histogram

Interruptions: 2.90

SITE1

Sags: 21.3
Sags and Interruptions: 24.2

0.3

100%

80%
70%

0.2

60%
50%

0.15

40%
0.1

30%
20%

0.05

Cumulative Frequency

Sags and Interruptions per


30 days

90%
0.25

10%

85%

80%

75%

70%

65%

60%

55%

50%

45%

40%

35%

30%

25%

20%

15%

10%

5%

0%

0%

RMS Voltage Magnitude (%)


PQView

Figure 33 : R M S V a r i a t i o n M a g n i t u d e H i s t o g r a m

1.11.2 RMS Variation E vent Summary


The following table presents a chronological list of the rms voltage variation events that occurred during the report's date
range.

Table 8: R M S V a r i a t i o n E v e n t S u m m a r y
Date

Time

Voltage

Duration

5/2/95

09:39:56

69.43 %

15 cyc

5/2/95

09:39:58

87.77%

6 cyc

5/8/95

08:22:47

63.12%

15 cyc

5/8/95

08:22:48

85.84%

9 cyc

5/8/95

08:22:52

45.88%

6 cyc

5/8/95

08:23:12

85.34%

7 cyc

5/8/95

08:23:16

54.19%

31 cyc

5/8/95

08:23:38

55.17%

29 cyc

5/8/95

08:36:14

77.23%

2 cyc
20

PQView PQReporter
5/8 / 9 5

08:45:24

83.79%

10 cyc

5/8/95

08:45:55

54.45%

14 cyc

5/8/95

08:46:01

46.97%

8 cyc

5/8/95

08:46:20

89.21%

9 cyc

5/8/95

08:46:26

54.53%

29 cyc

5/8/95

08:46:43

86.14%

7 cyc

5/14/95

08:03:02

83.13%

4 cyc

5/14/95

09:06:59

82.83%

3 cyc

5/17/95

14:39:06

89.12%

4 cyc

5/29/95

03:33:55

1.29%

12 cyc

5/29/95

03:34:19

6.84%

8 cyc

5/29/95

03:34:42

0.81%

4 cyc

5/30/95

07:53:15

72.05%

4 cyc

5/30/95

07:53:18

75.97%

6 cyc

5/30/95

08:00:10

68.44%

2 cyc

5/30/95

13:15:03

76.25%

2 cyc

1.11.3 DISDIP Table


The following table presents a cross tabulation of voltage sags by magnitude and event duration. The value of each cell
is a rate of events per 30 days.

Table 9: DISDIP Table


Voltage Magnitude

0.5<5
cycle

5<30
cycle

.5<1
second

1<3
second

3<20
second

20<60
second

>60
second

70% to 90%

6.0

7.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

40% to 70%

1.0

7.0

1.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

1% to 40%

0.0

2.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

<1%

1.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

1.11.4 ESKOM Voltage Sag Table


T h e f o l l o w i n g t a b l e p r e s e n t s a t a b u l a t i on o f v o l t a g e s a g s b y m a g n i t u d e a n d e v e n t d u r a t i o n . T h e t a b l e i s b a s e d o n t h e
approached used by the South African utility ESKOM to divide voltage sags and interruptions into groups that represent
their severity. The value of each cell is a rate of events per 30 days.

Table 10 : ESKOM Voltage Sag Table


T

Mag: 0 to 40%,
Dur: 1 to 30
cycle

Mag: 40 to 80%,
Dur: 1 to 7.5
cycle

Mag: 40 to 80%,
Dur: 7.5 to 30
cycle

Mag: 0 to 80%,
Dur: 30 to 150
cycle

Mag: 80 to 90%,
Dur: 1 to 150
cycle

Other Events

3.0

6.0

6.0

1.0

9.0

0.0

1.11.5 CBEMA Curve Scatter Plot


The CBEMA chart presents a scatter plot of the voltage magnitude and event duration for each rms variation. The
overlaid curves define a tolerance envelope developed by the Computer Business Equipment Manufacturers Association
(CBEMA), which is described in the IEEE Orange book. The CBEMA group created the chart as a means to predict
equipment misoperation due to rms variations. An rms variation event with a magnitude and duration that falls above the
upper curve or below the lower curve has a high probability to cause misoperation in computer equipment connected to
the monitored voltage source.
21

PQView PQReporter

CBEMA Magnitude-Duration Scatter Plot


1.8
Total Events: 25

1.6

Events Violating CBEMA Lower Curve: 14


Events Violating CBEMA Upper Curve: 0

1.4

1
0.8
0.6
0.4

Magnitude (per unit)

1.2

0.2
0
0.001

0.01

0.1

10

Duration (seconds)

100

1000
PQView

Figure 34 : CBEMA Curve Scatter Plot

1 . 1 1 . 6 ITIC Curve Scatter Plot


The ITIC Curve describes an ac input voltage boundary that typically can be tolerated (i.e., without an interruption in
f u n c t i o n ) b y m o s t i n f o r m a t i o n t e c h n o l o g y e q u i p m e n t . T h e I T I C C u r v e - - l i k e i t s p r e d e c e s s o r , t h e C B E M A C u r v e -consists of a scatter plot of rms voltage variations in terms of voltage magnitude and event duration. The scatter plot also
includes two overlay curves that represent upper and lower limits. Events above the upper curve or below the lower
curve are presumed to cause the mis operation of information technology equipment (e.g., computers, computer network
c o m p o n e n t s , a n d c o m m u n i c a t i o n s n e t w o r k s ) . T h e c u r v e d e s c r i b e s b o t h s t e a d y-s t a t e a n d t r a n s i t o r y c o n d i t i o n s , a n d i s
a p p l i c a b l e t o 1 2 0 V n o m i n a l v o l t a g e s o b t a i n e d f r o m 1 2 0 V , 2 0 8 Y/ 1 2 0 V , a n d 1 2 0 / 2 4 0 V 6 0 H z s y s t e m s . F o r r m s v o l t a g e
variations, the ITIC Curve Application note defines four event categories:

22

PQView PQReporter

ITIC Magnitude-Duration Scatter Plot


2.5
Total Events: 25
Events Violating ITIC Lower Curve: 12

1.5

0.5

Magnitude (per unit)

Events Violating ITIC Upper Curve: 0

0
0.001

0.01

0.1

10

Duration (seconds)

100

1000
PQView

Figure 35 : ITIC Curve Scatter Plot

S t e a d y -S t a t e T o l e r a n c e s . T h e s t e a d y -s t a t e r a n g e d e s c r i b e s a n r m s v o l t a g e t h a t i s e i t h e r v e r y s l o w l y v a r y i n g o r i s
constant. The subject range is 10% from the nominal voltage. Any voltages in this range may be present for an
indefinite period, and are a function of normal loading and losses in the distribution system.
Line Voltage Swell. This region describes a voltage swell having an rms amplitude of up to 120% of the rms nominal
voltage with a duration of up to 0.5 seconds. This event may occur when large loads are removed from the system or
when voltage is suppli ed from sources other than the electric utility.
Voltage Sags. Two different rms voltage sags are described. Generally, these transients result from application of heavy
loads, as well as fault conditions, at various points in the ac distribution system. Sags to 80% of nominal are assumed to
have a typical duration of up to 10 seconds, and sags to 70% of nominal are assumed to have a duration of up to 0.5
seconds.
Dropout. A voltage dropout includes both severe RMS voltage sags and complete interruptions of the applied voltage,
followed by immediate reapplication of the nominal voltage. The interruption may last up to 20 milliseconds. This
transient typically results from the occurrence and subsequent clearing of faults in the ac distribution system.
The curve is not intended to serve as a design specification for products or ac distribution systems. However, the normal
functional state of information technology equipment is not typically expected when rms variations occur that are outside
t h e u p p e r a n d l o w e r m a g n i t u d e- d u r a t i o n l i m i t s d e s c r i b e d b y c u r v e .

1 . 1 1 . 7 SEMI Curve Scatter Plot


In 1998, the SEMI Power Quality and Equipment Ride Through Task Force recommended SEMI Standard F-47 Curve
to predict voltage sag problems for semiconductor manufacturing eq uipment. SEMI is the Semiconductor Equipment
and Materials International Group.

23

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SEMI Standard 2844A Magnitude-Duration Scatter Plot


1
Total Events: 25

0.9

Events Violating SEMI Curve: 11

0.8

0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2

Magnitude (per unit)

0.7

0.1
0
0.001

0.01

0.1

10

100

1000

Duration (seconds)

PQView

Figure 36 : S E M I C u r v e S c a t t e r P l o t

1 . 1 1 . 8 R M S V a r i a t i o n M a g n i t u d e - Duration Bar Chart


T h e f o l l o w i n g c h a r t p r e s e n t s a t h r e e -d i m e n s i o n a l c r o s s t a b u l a t i o n o f t h e r m s v a r i a t i o n m e a s u r e m e n t s .

RMS Variation Magnitude-Duration Bar Chart


5
4.5
4
3.5
RMS Variations per
Site per
30 days

3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5

> 120 sec

30 to 60 sec

1 to 5 sec

10 to 30 cyc

1 to 5 cyc

90 to 100

120 to 130

60 to 70

30 to 40

0 to 10

Duration

> 150

Voltage Magnitude
(%)

Figure 37 : RMS Variation Magnitude- Duration Bar Chart

24

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1 . 1 1 . 9 R M S V a r i a t i o n C u m u l a t i v e M a g n i t u d e- Duration Chart
The following chart presents a cumulative cross tabulation of the magnitude and duration of the rms variation
m e a s u r e m e n t s . T h i s t y p e o f c h a r t i s d e s c r i b e d i n I E E E S t a n d a r d 1 3 4 6 -1 9 9 8 .

Cumulative RMS Variations per Site per 30 days:


100% = 24.2
90%-100%
85

80%-90%
75

70%-80%
65

60%-70%
55

50%-60%

Voltage

45 M a g n i t u d e ( % )

40%-50%

35

30%-40%
25

20%-30%
15

10%-20%
60 sec

10 sec

2 sec

30 cyc

10 cyc

5 cyc

3 cyc

1 cyc

0%-10%

Duration

Figure 38 : RMS Variation Cumulative Magnitude- Duration Chart

1.11.10

Individual RMS Variation Events

The following section presents indi vidual rms variation events. The events chosen for the report had the lowest rms
voltage magnitude and are presented in ascending order by voltage magnitude.

25

PQView PQReporter
Magnitude: 0.81%

RMS Variation - 5/29/95 03:34:42

Duration: 4 cyc

SITE1
120%
100%

% Volts

80%
60%
40%
20%
0%
0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0.3

0.35

0.4

0.45

Time (seconds)
V RMS A

V RMS B

V RMS C

PQView

Figure 39 : RMS Variation Voltage 5/29/95 03:34:42

Max: 344.616 A

RMS Variation - 5/29/95 03:34:42

Min: 21.714 A

SITE1

Duration: 4 cyc

400
350
300

Amps

250
200
150
100
50
0
0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0.3

0.35

0.4

0.45

Time (seconds)
I RMS A

I RMS B

I RMS C

PQView

Figure 40 : RMS Variation Current 5/29/95 03:34:42

26

PQView PQReporter
Magnitude: 1.29%

RMS Variation - 5/29/95 03:33:55

Duration: 12 cyc

SITE1
120%
100%

% Volts

80%
60%
40%
20%
0%
0

0.5

1.5

2.5

Time (seconds)
V RMS A

V RMS B

V RMS C

PQView

Figure 41 : RMS Variation Voltage 5/29/95 03:33:55

RMS Variation - 5/29/95 03:33:55


SITE1

Max: 515.065 A
Min: 9.828 A
Duration: 12 cyc

600
500

Amps

400
300
200
100
0
0

0.5

1.5

2.5

Time (seconds)
I RMS A

I RMS B

I RMS C

PQView

Figure 42 : RMS Variation Current 5/29/95 03:33:55

27

PQView PQReporter
Magnitude: 6.84%

RMS Variation - 5/29/95 03:34:19

Duration: 8 cyc

SITE1
120%
100%

% Volts

80%
60%
40%
20%
0%
0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0.3

0.35

0.4

0.45

Time (seconds)
V RMS A

V RMS B

V RMS C

PQView

Figure 43 : R MS Variation Voltage 5/29/95 03:34:19

Max: 314.99 A

RMS Variation - 5/29/95 03:34:19

Min: 24.832 A

SITE1

Duration: 8 cyc

350
300

Amps

250
200
150
100
50
0
0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0.3

0.35

0.4

0.45

Time (seconds)
I RMS A

I RMS B

I RMS C

PQView

Figure 44 : RMS Variation Current 5/29/95 03:34:19

28

PQView PQReporter
Magnitude: 45.88%

RMS Variation - 5/8/95 08:22:52

Duration: 6 cyc

SITE1
120%
100%

% Volts

80%
60%
40%
20%
0%
0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0.3

0.35

0.4

Time (seconds)
V RMS A

V RMS B

V RMS C

PQView

Figure 45 : RMS Variation Voltage 5/8/95 08:22:52

Max: 208.928 A

RMS Variation - 5/8/95 08:22:52

Min: 48.045 A

SITE1

Duration: 6 cyc

250

200

Amps

150

100

50

0
0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0.3

0.35

0.4

Time (seconds)
I RMS A

I RMS B

I RMS C

PQView

Figure 46 : RMS Variation Current 5/8 / 9 5 0 8 : 2 2 : 5 2

29

PQView PQReporter
Magnitude: 46.97%

RMS Variation - 5/8/95 08:46:01

Duration: 8 cyc

SITE1
120%
100%

% Volts

80%
60%
40%
20%
0%
0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0.3

0.35

0.4

Time (seconds)
V RMS A

V RMS B

V RMS C

PQView

Figure 47 : RMS Variation Voltage 5/8/95 08:46:01

Max: 205.423 A

RMS Variation - 5/8/95 08:46:01

Min: 53.004 A

SITE1

Duration: 8 cyc

250

200

Amps

150

100

50

0
0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0.3

0.35

0.4

Time (seconds)
I RMS A

I RMS B

I RMS C

PQView

Figure 48 : RMS Variation Current 5/8/95 08:46:01

30

PQView PQReporter
Magnitude: 54.19%

RMS Variation - 5/8/95 08:23:16

Duration: 31 cyc

SITE1
120%
100%

% Volts

80%
60%
40%
20%
0%
0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

Time (seconds)
V RMS A

V RMS B

V RMS C

PQView

Figure 49 : RMS Variation Voltage 5/8/95 08:23:16

Max: 182.272 A

RMS Variation - 5/8/95 08:23:16

Min: 36.436 A

SITE1

Duration: 31 cyc

200
180
160
140

Amps

120
100
80
60
40
20
0
0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

Time (seconds)
I RMS A

I RMS B

I RMS C

PQView

Figure 50 : RMS Variation Current 5/8/95 08:23:16

31

PQView PQReporter
Magnitude: 54.45%

RMS Variation - 5/8/95 08:45:55

Duration: 14 cyc

SITE1
120%
100%

% Volts

80%
60%
40%
20%
0%
0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

Time (seconds)
V RMS A

V RMS B

V RMS C

PQView

Figure 51 : RMS Variation Voltage 5/8/95 08:45:55

RMS Variation - 5/8/95 08:45:55


SITE1

Max: 199.529 A
Min: 35.558 A
Duration: 14 cyc

250

200

Amps

150

100

50

0
0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

Time (seconds)
I RMS A

I RMS B

I RMS C

PQView

Figure 52 : RMS Variation Current 5/8/95 08:45:55

32

PQView PQReporter
Magnitude: 54.53%

RMS Variation - 5/8/95 08:46:26

Duration: 29 cyc

SITE1
120%
100%

% Volts

80%
60%
40%
20%
0%
0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

Time (seconds)
V RMS A

V RMS B

V RMS C

PQView

Figure 53 : RMS Variation Voltage 5/8/95 08:46:26

Max: 211.785 A

RMS Variation - 5/8/95 08:46:26

Min: 48.771 A

SITE1

Duration: 29 cyc

250

200

Amps

150

100

50

0
0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

Time (seconds)
I RMS A

I RMS B

I RMS C

PQView

Figure 54 : RMS Variation Current 5/8/95 08:46:26

33

PQView PQReporter
Magnitude: 55.17%

RMS Variation - 5/8/95 08:23:38

Duration: 29 cyc

SITE1
120%
100%

% Volts

80%
60%
40%
20%
0%
0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

Time (seconds)
V RMS A

V RMS B

V RMS C

PQView

Figure 55 : RMS Variation Voltage 5/8/95 08:23:38

Max: 233.696 A

RMS Variation - 5/8/95 08:23:38

Min: 37.583 A

SITE1

Duration: 29 cyc

250

200

Amps

150

100

50

0
0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

Time (seconds)
I RMS A

I RMS B

I RMS C

PQView

Figure 56 : RMS Variation Current 5/8/95 08:23:38

34

PQView PQReporter
Magnitude: 63.12%

RMS Variation - 5/8/95 08:22:47

Duration: 15 cyc

SITE1
120%
100%

% Volts

80%
60%
40%
20%
0%
0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

Time (seconds)
V RMS A

V RMS B

V RMS C

PQView

Figure 57 : RMS Variation Voltage 5/8/95 08:22:47

RMS Variation - 5/8/95 08:22:47


SITE1

Max: 177.876 A
Min: 38.285 A
Duration: 15 cyc

200
180
160
140

Amps

120
100
80
60
40
20
0
0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

Time (seconds)
I RMS A

I RMS B

I RMS C

PQView

Figure 58 : RMS Variation Current 5/8/95 08:22:47

1.12

Transient Overvoltages

Transient overvoltages can result from capacitor switching events on the utility system, from other switching events or
lightning surges on the utility system, or from switching events within the facility. It is often difficult to determine the
cause of transient overvoltages without detailed logs of switching times for equipment on the system and possible
correlation with lightning events in the vicinity.

35

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The following chart summarizes transient overvoltage performance by providing a histogram of transient overvoltages
d u r i n g t h e m o n i t o r i n g p e r i o d . T h e h e i g h t o f ea c h c o l u m n r e p r e s e n t s t h e n u m b e r o f t i m e s t h a t a t r a n s i e n t o v e r v o l t a g e
event was detected, while the histogram's label shows what was the absolute peak voltage magnitude of the transient.
T h e a b s o l u t e p e a k v o l t a g e , w h i c h i s d e p e n d e n t o n t h e t r a n s i e n t m a g ni t u d e a n d t h e p o i n t o n t h e f u n d a m e n t a l f r e q u e n c y
voltage waveform at which the event occurs, is important for dielectric breakdown evaluation.
O n l y a b s o l u t e p e a k m a g n i t u d e s b e t w e e n 1 . 0 5 p e r u n i t a n d 4 . 0 p e r u n i t w e r e i n c l u d e d i n t h i s h i s t o g r a m . A d d i t i o n ally,
only those events were evaluated that had principal switching frequencies between 220 Hz and 3000 Hz. A time filter
was also applied that excluded events with durations longer than one cycle.

Samples: 5

Histogram of Transient Overvoltages

Minimum: 110.98%

SITE1

Average: 114.62%
Maximum: 118.35%

70.0%

100%

80%

Frequency

50.0%

70%
60%

40.0%

50%
30.0%

40%
30%

20.0%

20%
10.0%

Cumulative Frequency

90%

60.0%

10%

120%

115%

110%

105%

0%

100%

0.0%

Peak Voltage Magnitude


PQView

Figure 59 : Histogram of Transie n t O v e r v o l t a g e s

1.13

Compliance with Planning Limit Default

This section of the report presents summary tables that evaluate compliance with planning limits.

1.13.1 RMS Voltage Compliance


T h e s t e a d y -s t a t e r m s v o l t a g e m u s t r e m a i n w i t h i n t h e r a n g e o f 9 0 . 0 0 % t o 1 1 0 . 0 0 % , a n d m u s t c o m p l y w i t h t h i s l i m i t
95.00% of the time.

Table 11 : Statistics of RMS Voltage Compliance


Min
93.10%

CP05
94.84%

Avg
98.60%

CP95
100.62%

Max
101.07%

Percent

Percent

Below

Above

0.00%

0.00%

Compliance
100.00%

1 . 1 3 . 2 Voltag e U n b a l a n c e C o m p l i a n c e
T h e r a t i o o f t h e n e g a t i v e -s e q u e n c e v o l t a g e t o t h e p o s i t i v e- s e q u e n c e v o l t a g e m u s t r e m a i n l e s s t h a n 2 . 0 0 % , a n d m u s t
comply with this limit 95.00% of the time.
36

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Table 12 : Statistics of Voltage Unbalance Complian ce


Min

CP05

Avg

CP95

Max

Percent
Above

Compliance

0.18%

0.34%

0.59%

0.86%

7.65%

0.07%

99.93%

1.13.3 Voltage THD Compliance


The total harmonic voltage distortion (THD-V) must remain less than 5.00%, and must comply with this limit 95.00% of
the time.

Table 13 : Statistics of Voltage THD Compliance


Min

CP05

Avg

CP95

Max

Percent
Above

Compliance

0.00%

0.34%

0.58%

0.79%

19.81%

0.07%

99.93%

1.13.4 Voltage Harmonics Compliance


E a c h h a r m o n i c c o m p o n e n t h a s l i m i t s t h a t d i f f e r w i t h f r e q u e n c y , a n d m us t c o m p l y w i t h i t s l i m i t f o r a t l e a s t 9 5 . 0 0 % o f t h e
time.

Table 14 : Statistics of Voltage Harmonics Compliance


Harmoni

Min

CP05

Avg

CP95

Max

Percent

Compliance

Above

0.00%

0.13%

0.33%

0.50%

7.28%

0.07%

99.93%

0.00%

0.10%

0 . 37 %

0.64%

4.11%

0.07%

99.93%

0.00%

0.00%

0.07%

0.23%

2.81%

0.00%

100.00%

1.13.5 95.00% Power Frequency (Hz) Compliance


The system frequency must remain within the range of 59.4 to 60.6 Hz, and must comply with this limit 95.00% of the
time.

Table 15 : Statistics of 95.00% Power Frequency (Hz) Compliance


Min

CP05

Avg

CP95

Max

Percent
Below

Percent
Above

Compliance

59.86

59.99

60.01

60.02

60.04

0.00%

0.00%

100.00%

1.13.6 100.00% Power Frequency (Hz) Compliance


T h e s y s t e m f r e q u e n c y m u s t r e m ai n w i t h i n t h e r a n g e o f 5 6 . 4 t o 6 2 . 4 H z , a n d m u s t c o m p l y w i t h t h i s l i m i t 1 0 0 . 0 0 % o f t h e
time.

Table 16 : Statistics of 100.00% Power Frequency (Hz) Compliance


Min
59.86

CP05
59.99

Avg
60.01

CP95
60.02

Max
60.04

Percent

Percent

Below

Above

0.00%

0.00%

Compliance
100.00%
37

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