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O Reino de Dyfed é um dos muitos pequenos reinos de Welsh que emergiram no século V, na Britânia sub-romana, no sudoeste de Gales, com base no antigo território de Demetea(moderno território de Dyfed, no País de Gales). Após as invasões, entre 1067-110, a região foi conquistada pelos Normandos e em 1138 foi incorporada ao no Condado de Pembrokshire, depois da construção do castelo em Cantref de Penfro, sob o controle de Marcher, Conde de Pembroke.
História
editarNo ano de 360, uma súbita séria de incursões coordenadas pelo Irlandeses, Anglo-saxões e Pictos começou. Essas incursões continuaram a colonização irlandesa da Ilha de Man. Isso resultou em um curto período, no final do século V, durante o qual o idioma irlandês antigo foi falado na região, em substituição das línguas britânicas: Cerca de vinte pedras cerimoniais datadas deste período tem inscrição no antigo alfabeto irlandês Ogham. Uma dessas pedras, talhadas com escrita bilíngue Latim-Irlandês, localizada em Castelldwryan, próximo à Narberth, tem o nome Votecorigas escrito nela; As palavras da inscrição latina são Memoria Voteporigis Protictoris, dando a ele o título de "Protetor", que era concedido a nobreza no final do período Imperial Romano.[1]
Dyfed pode ter originalmente ocupado as área que margeiam os rios Teifi, Gwili and Towy, e incluía o atual condado de Pembrokeshire, a parte oeste do atual condado de Carmarthenshire, incluindo a cidade de Carmarthen. Por fim, Dyfed acabou compreendendo, pelo menos, sete Catrefs: Cemais, Deugleddyf, Gwarthaf, Penfro e Rhos, com uma área aproximanda de cerca de 2.284m². No período de maior força, o reino se expandiu, adicionando o Ystrad Tywi ("Vale do Tywi"), incluindo Cydwelli e Gwyr, indo até a fronteira de Brycheiniog. Dyfed perdeu a região de Ystrad Tywi para o Reino de Ceredigion, outro pequeno reino, surgido no final do Século VII.
fonte para pesquisar
https://thehistoryofwales.typepad.com/t/8.html
https://wikivisually.com/wiki/Kingdom_of_Dyfed
http://althistory.wikia.com/wiki/Dukes_of_Dyfed_(Welsh_History_Post_Glyndwr)
http://althistory.wikia.com/wiki/Dyfed_(Nordica)
Texto em tradução
editarHistory
editarParochia
editarDuring the "Age of the Saints", Dyfed may have had as many as seven bishops, called in Latin sacerdotes[2] one for each cantref; their sees were called parochia.[1][3][4] However, by the High Middle Ages the Diocese of St David's emerged as one of only three episcopal dioceses in Wales, with St. David's covering all of West Wales and part of Mid Wales.[5]
Dyfed was subject to extensive raids during the Viking Age between the 8th and 11th centuries, causing social and political instability, and with the Vikings establishing settlements in southern Dyfed.[6] By the latter part of the 9th century, the rulers of Dyfed had grown cautious of the influence of the sons of Rhodri the Great, and sought out an alliance and the patronage of Alfred the Great of England.[6] The precise nature of the relationship between King Alfred and the rulers in Wales remains unclear, whether a transitory alliance or a formal mediatisation of the Welsh rulers to the king of England.[6] Historical attempts have been made to cast the relationship as one as a confederation of Christian unity on the isle of Britain, under the leadership of Alfred, against the heathen Danes.[6] However, there evolved a significant degree of coercion in the relationship, according to Davies. "The recognition by Welsh rulers that the king of England had claims upon them would be a central fact in the subsequent political history of Wales," according to Davies.[6]
In about 904, Dyfed's ruler, Llywarch ap Hyfaidd, died, leaving his daughter Elen ferch Lywarch (893-943) as his heiress.[6] Elen was married to Hywel Dda, ruler of neighbouring Seisyllwg and grandson of Rhodri the Great through his second son, Cadell ap Rhodri.[6] Through his marriage to Elen, Hywel incorporated Dyfed into an enlarged realm to be known as Deheubarth, meaning the "south part", and later went on to conquer Powys and Gwynedd.[6] However, both Powys and Gwynedd returned to their native dynasties on Hywel's death in 950. Hwyel's grandson Maredudd ab Owain recreated the kingdom of his grandfather, but his rule was beset with increasing Viking raids during the latter part of the 10th century.[6] It is during this period that Viking settlements increased, particularly in the area in the cantref of Penfro, with other Viking settlements and trading station at Haverfordwest, Fishguard and Caldey Island in Dyfed.[6] Viking raids upon the Welsh were "relentless", according to Davies, and Maredudd was compelled to raise taxes to pay the ransoms for Welsh hostages in 993, and in 999 a Viking raiding party attacked St. David's and killed Morganau, the bishop.[6]
Dyfed remained an integral province within Deheubarth until the Norman invasions of Wales between 1068-1100. In the Dyfed region, the cantrefi of Penfro, Rhos, Cemais and Pebidiog became occupied by Norman overlords. The Normans influenced the election of the Bishops of St. David's, in Pebidiog, from 1115 onwards. The Princes of Deheubarth, and later Llywelyn the Great as the Prince of a virtual Principality of Wales from 1216, fought to recover the region until the Conquest of Wales by Edward I in 1284 settled the matter. The 1284 Statute of Rhuddlan established the English counties of Pembrokeshire and Carmarthenshire out of the region formally known as Dyfed. In 1974 an administrative county council was established in south west Wales, called Dyfed but also covering areas such as Ceredigion; this county was broken up in 1996, though preserved for some ceremonial purposes.
Archaeology
editarArchaeological evidence and theories from this period (as well as prior and post-Kingdom) are dealt with in depth by Dyfed Archaeological Trust.[7]
Modern times
editar
Ver artigo principal: DyfedIt was not until 1974 that the name of the ancient kingdom was resurrected as an administrative area of Wales: Dyfed. It was lost again with the reorganisation of county administration in 1996. It does, however, survive in the names of some regional organisations, such as Dyfed–Powys Police.
See also
editarBibliography
editar- Charles-Edwards, Thomas (2013). Wales and the Britons, 350-1064. [S.l.]: OUP Oxford. ISBN 978-0-19-821731-2
References
editar- ↑ a b Charles-Edwards 2013, p. 174-5.
- ↑ Charles-Edwards 2013, p. 587.
- ↑ Williams, A. H., An Introduction to the History of Wales: Volume I: Prehistoric Times to 1063, UoWP, 1941, p 120
- ↑ Davies, John, The Celts, pg 126-155
- ↑ Davies, John, A History of Wales, Penguin, 1994, Celtic Church, 72-79 Welsh Church pg 118
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k Davies, John, A History of Wales, Penguin, 1994, foundations of pgs 17,19, 43, Migration of the Desi into Demetia, page 52 Demetia 17, 30, 34, ruling house of 52, 72, 85, 87, and the Vikings pages 85, relations with Alfred of Wessex, page 85, and the Vikings/Northmen page 98, and the Normans 106, 112, 114
- ↑ «Dyfed Archaeological Trust». Consultado em 8 February 2016 Verifique data em:
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Further reading
editar- The Irish settlements in Wales, Myles Dillon, Celtica 12, 1977, p. 1-11.