Supplemental Material for Psychologizing indexes of societal progress: Accounting for cultural di... more Supplemental Material for Psychologizing indexes of societal progress: Accounting for cultural diversity in preferred developmental pathways by Kuba Krys, Colin A Capaldi, Vivian M-C Lun, Christin-Melanie Vauclair, Michael H Bond, Alejandra Domínguez-Espinosa and YukikoUchida in Culture & Psychology
If citing, it is advised that you check and use the publisher's definitive version for pagination... more If citing, it is advised that you check and use the publisher's definitive version for pagination, volume/issue, and date of publication details. And where the final published version is provided on the Research Portal, if citing you are again advised to check the publisher's website for any subsequent corrections.
Negotiation and Conflict Management Research, 2016
This article is a set of tributes about Kwok Leung, a colleague of the four colleagues who collab... more This article is a set of tributes about Kwok Leung, a colleague of the four colleagues who collaborated with Kwok over more than three decades and provide their reflections on working professionally with him. The four content areas of their academic contributions were justice, social axioms, and methodology in cross-cultural research and creativity. The focus of each tribute is upon Kwok Leung's collaborative style and particular genius. You have been told that, if we today see further than our predecessors, it is only because we stand on their shoulders. But this is an occasion on which I should prefer to remember, not the giants upon whose shoulders we stood, but the friends with whom we stood arm in arm.. .colleagues in so much of my work.
In this investigation of cultural differences in the experience of obligation, we distinguish bet... more In this investigation of cultural differences in the experience of obligation, we distinguish between Confucian Role Ethics versus Relative Autonomy lay theories of motivation and illustrate them with data showing relevant cultural differences in both social judgments and intrapersonal experience. First, when judging others, Western European heritage culture (WEHC) participants (relative to Confucian heritage culture [CHC] participants) judged obligation-motivated actors more negatively than those motivated by agency (Study 1, N = 529). Second, in daily diary and situation sampling studies, CHC participants (relative to WEHC participants) perceived more congruency between their own agentic and obligated motivations, and more positive emotional associations with obligated motivations (Study 2, N = 200 and Study 3, N = 244). Agentic motivation, however, was universally associated with positive emotions. More research on a Role Ethics rather than Relative Autonomy conception of agency ...
Prior to competing with a fellow student in an intelligence contest, female undergraduates were g... more Prior to competing with a fellow student in an intelligence contest, female undergraduates were given an ambiguous self-description purportedly written by their future competitor. Control subjects also anticipating a competition were given the same description ascribed however to a competitor not paired against them. Results showed that future opponents were seen as having higher levels of competition-related skills and were liked more than were non-opponents. Traits irrelevant to the interaction such as warmth and honesty were not differently perceived by the two groups. This "autistic" perception of an opponent's competitive skills was explained as assisting the subject in preparing for either outcome in the ensuing contest. One's selfesteem would be protected following defeat by a capable opponent, just as one's self-esteem would be enhanced by victory over the same, capable opponent.
International Journal of Cross Cultural Management, 2001
... DOI: 10.1177/147059580111005 2001 1: 24 International Journal of Cross Cultural Management Mi... more ... DOI: 10.1177/147059580111005 2001 1: 24 International Journal of Cross Cultural Management Michael Harris Bond, Ping Ping Fu and Selda Fikret Pasa Cultural Management? A Declaration of Independence for Editing a New International Journal of Cross Published by: ...
State-of-the-art dynamic bug detectors such as data race and memory leak detectors report program... more State-of-the-art dynamic bug detectors such as data race and memory leak detectors report program locations that are likely causes of bugs. However, programmers need more than static program locations to understand the behavior of increasingly complex and concurrent software. Dynamic calling context provides additional information, but it is expensive to record calling context frequently, e.g., at every read and write. Context-sensitive dynamic analyses can build and maintain a calling context tree (CCT) to track calling context--but in order to reuse existing nodes, CCT-based approaches require an expensive lookup. This paper introduces a new approach for context sensitivity that avoids this expensive lookup. The approach uses a new data structure called the calling context uptree (CCU) that adds low overhead by avoiding the lookup and instead allocating a new node for each context. A key contribution is that the approach can mitigate the costs of allocating many nodes by extending...
... but Personal Quest Michael Harris Bond ... 322 MH Bond Habits are beliefs' success s... more ... but Personal Quest Michael Harris Bond ... 322 MH Bond Habits are beliefs' success stories, encapsulating past exchanges with our daily environment, and setting our readiness to respond in the future (see Liem, Hidayat, & Soemarno, this volume for elaboration of this position). ...
We offer a critical overview of studies associating genetic differences in the 5-HTTLPR VNTR in t... more We offer a critical overview of studies associating genetic differences in the 5-HTTLPR VNTR in the serotonin-transporter gene with societal differences. We also highlight recent findings from individual-level research on 5-HTTLPR generating new hypotheses concerning the effect of genes on culture. We provide an expanded national index reflecting 5-HTTLPR S-allele prevalence as an improved tool for future research. Our preliminary tests of this tool suggest that national S-allele prevalence is not associated with individualism as has been claimed, but with national neuroticism, IQ and school achievement, Hofstede’s fifth dimension of long-term orientation, and Minkov’s societal hypometropia—a measure of risk acceptance and short-term vision in life history strategy. We encourage detailed research of these associations in future studies.
The British journal of social psychology, Jan 24, 2017
Personality research has been focused on different aspects of the self, including traits, attitud... more Personality research has been focused on different aspects of the self, including traits, attitudes, beliefs, goals, and motivation. These aspects of the self are used to explain and predict social behaviour. The present research assessed generalized beliefs about the world, termed 'social axioms' (Leung et al., ), and examined their additive power over beliefs about the self in explaining a communal behaviour, that is, modesty. Three studies predicted reported modest behaviour among Mainland Chinese, Hong Kong Chinese, East Asian Canadians, and European Canadians. In addition to self-reports in Studies 1 and 2, informant reports from participants' parents and close friends were collected in Study 3 to construct a behavioural composite after examining the resulting multitrait-multimethod matrix and intraclass correlations. World views (operationalized as social axioms) explained additional variance in modest behaviour over and above self-views (operationalized as self-ef...
The existence of a genetic factor behind group-level differences in life history strategy (LHS) h... more The existence of a genetic factor behind group-level differences in life history strategy (LHS) has long been disputed. A number of recent studies suggest that some polymorphisms in the androgen receptor gene AR, the dopamine receptor gene DRD4, and the 5-HTTLPR VNTR of the serotonin transporter gene are associated with risk acceptance versus prudence and a short-term versus long-term time orientation, which are important aspects of LHS. We integrated studies from diverse nations reporting the prevalence of these three polymorphisms for many countries. We collected national indices for each of the three polymorphisms and found that they define a strong, single factor, yielding a single LHS-related, national genetic index. As expected, this index is strongly associated with reported national measures of LHS and time orientation, even after controlling for socioeconomic variables. The genetic effect seems especially strong across societies with high socioeconomic inequality.
Cross Cultural Management: An International Journal, 2015
Purpose – Cross-national studies of employees’ values and beliefs have extracted dimensions of na... more Purpose – Cross-national studies of employees’ values and beliefs have extracted dimensions of national culture from diverse samples of employees. The purpose of this paper is to find out if this sample diversity impacts the nature of the extracted dimensions: is a given dimension replicable across diverse samples (such as managers vs skilled workers?). Design/methodology/approach – The authors analyzed a set of values from the World Values Survey, comparing nation-level value structures from four types of samples in 46 countries: national representation, managers, experts without supervisory duties, and skilled workers. The authors analyzed the data with, and simultaneously compared, two data reduction methods: multidimensional scaling (MDS) plots (Shalom Schwartz’s preferred method) vs exploratory factor analysis (EFA). Findings – MDS plots suggested structural similarity across the four samples, whereas EFA suggests divergence. Research limitations/implications – Whether dimensions of national culture ...
Personality & social psychology bulletin, Jan 7, 2015
What makes some acts immoral? Although Western theories of morality often define harmful behavior... more What makes some acts immoral? Although Western theories of morality often define harmful behaviors as centrally immoral, whether this is applicable to other cultures is still under debate. In particular, Confucianism emphasizes civility as fundamental to moral excellence. We describe three studies examining how the word immoral is used by Chinese and Westerners. Layperson-generated examples were used to examine cultural differences in which behaviors are called "immoral" (Study 1, n = 609; Study 2, n = 480), and whether "immoral" behaviors were best characterized as particularly harmful versus uncivilized (Study 3, N = 443). Results suggest that Chinese were more likely to use the word immoral for behaviors that were uncivilized, rather than exceptionally harmful, whereas Westerners were more likely to link immorality tightly to harm. More research into lay concepts of morality is needed to inform theories of moral cognition and improve understanding of human con...
International Journal of Psychological Studies, 2010
To examine the different understandings of depression between Chinese and Americans, we employed ... more To examine the different understandings of depression between Chinese and Americans, we employed confirmatory factor analysis, multidimensional scaling, and hierarchical cluster analysis of the symptom measure provided by the Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression Scale (CES-D). The present study revealed a different center-periphery scatter pattern of the twenty items of the CES-D in the two cultural groups, such that Chinese made a clearer discrimination between the affective/interpersonal and somatic items, while Americans conflated such items. Moreover, Chinese tended to further separate somatic symptoms into two subdivisions: subjective symptoms and objective symptoms. These results demonstrate that the conceptual organization of the symptoms characterizing depression is culture-related, suggesting culturally appropriate modifications in its clinical practice.
Chinese people, as members of a collectivistic culture, are considered to rely heavily on social ... more Chinese people, as members of a collectivistic culture, are considered to rely heavily on social support in coping with daily difficulties. The present diary study aimed at testing this hypothesis through comparing self- versus other-dependent coping, a distinction rarely drawn in previous research, and their impact on various measures of psychological well-being. We found that self-dependent coping, compared to other-dependent coping, is superior in yielding positive psychological outcomes across all 6 well-being indicators studied; other-dependent coping had no impact on those well-being indicators studied.
Data races are common. They are difficult to detect, avoid, or eliminate, and programmers sometim... more Data races are common. They are difficult to detect, avoid, or eliminate, and programmers sometimes introduce them intentionally. However, shared-memory programs with data races have unexpected, erroneous behaviors. Intentional and unintentional data races lead to atomicity and sequential consistency (SC) violations, and they make it more difficult to understand, test, and verify software. Existing approaches for providing stronger guarantees for racy executions add high run-time overhead and/or rely on custom hardware. This paper shows how to provide stronger semantics for racy programs while providing relatively good performance on commodity systems. A novel hybrid static-dynamic analysis called EnfoRSer provides end-to-end support for a memory model called statically bounded region serializability (SBRS) that is not only stronger than weak memory models but is strictly stronger than SC. EnfoRSer uses static compiler analysis to transform regions, and dynamic analysis to detect and resolve conflicts at run time. By demonstrating commodity support for a reasonably strong memory model with reasonable overheads, we show its potential as an always-on execution model.
Proceedings of the 20th ACM SIGPLAN Symposium on Principles and Practice of Parallel Programming - PPoPP 2015, 2015
Software transactional memory offers an appealing alternative to locks by improving programmabili... more Software transactional memory offers an appealing alternative to locks by improving programmability, reliability, and scalability. However, existing STMs are impractical because they add high instrumentation costs and often provide weak progress guarantees and/or semantics. This paper introduces a novel STM called LarkTM that provides three significant features. (1) Its instrumentation adds low overhead except when accesses actually conflict, enabling low single-thread overhead and scaling well on low-contention workloads. (2) It uses eager concurrency control mechanisms, yet naturally supports flexible conflict resolution, enabling strong progress guarantees. (3) It naturally provides strong atomicity semantics at low cost. LarkTM's design works well for low-contention workloads, but adds significant overhead under higher contention, so we design an adaptive version of LarkTM that uses alternative concurrency control for high-contention objects. An implementation and evaluation in a Java virtual machine show that the basic and adaptive versions of LarkTM not only provide low single-thread overhead, but their multithreaded performance compares favorably with existing high-performance STMs.
A five-factor structure of general beliefs or social axioms was established in five cultures by L... more A five-factor structure of general beliefs or social axioms was established in five cultures by Leung et al. (2002). This chapter describes a global research program designed to evaluate the universality and meaning of this structure. Student data from 40 cultures and adult data from 13 ...
This cross-sectional study investigates how perceived support and relational conflict mediate the... more This cross-sectional study investigates how perceived support and relational conflict mediate the associations of attachment orientations with depressive symptoms among 367 (153 Chinese, 214 American) dating individuals. Results revealed a pan-cultural association of attachment anxiety with depressive symptoms mediated though relational conflict. Attachment avoidance was more strongly related to depressive symptoms through relational conflict in the Chinese sample than in the U.S. sample. Furthermore, attachment anxiety was related to perceived support across both cultural samples, while attachment avoidance was more strongly related to perceived support in the Chinese sample than in the U.S. sample. Findings are discussed in terms of the cultural logics governing interpersonal relationships across cultures.
Parallel programming is essential for reaping the benefits of parallel hardware, but it is notori... more Parallel programming is essential for reaping the benefits of parallel hardware, but it is notoriously difficult to develop and debug reliable, scalable software systems. One key challenge is that modern languages and systems provide poor support for ensuring concurrency correctness properties - atomicity, sequential consistency, and multithreaded determinism - because all existing approaches are impractical. Dynamic, software-based approaches slow programs by up to an order of magnitude because capturing and controlling cross-thread dependences (i.e., conflicting accesses to shared memory) requires synchronization at virtually every access to potentially shared memory. This paper introduces a new software-based concurrency control mechanism called OCTET that soundly captures cross-thread dependences and can be used to build dynamic analyses for concurrency correctness. OCTET achieves low overheads by tracking the locality state of each potentially shared object. Non-conflicting acc...
Supplemental Material for Psychologizing indexes of societal progress: Accounting for cultural di... more Supplemental Material for Psychologizing indexes of societal progress: Accounting for cultural diversity in preferred developmental pathways by Kuba Krys, Colin A Capaldi, Vivian M-C Lun, Christin-Melanie Vauclair, Michael H Bond, Alejandra Domínguez-Espinosa and YukikoUchida in Culture & Psychology
If citing, it is advised that you check and use the publisher's definitive version for pagination... more If citing, it is advised that you check and use the publisher's definitive version for pagination, volume/issue, and date of publication details. And where the final published version is provided on the Research Portal, if citing you are again advised to check the publisher's website for any subsequent corrections.
Negotiation and Conflict Management Research, 2016
This article is a set of tributes about Kwok Leung, a colleague of the four colleagues who collab... more This article is a set of tributes about Kwok Leung, a colleague of the four colleagues who collaborated with Kwok over more than three decades and provide their reflections on working professionally with him. The four content areas of their academic contributions were justice, social axioms, and methodology in cross-cultural research and creativity. The focus of each tribute is upon Kwok Leung's collaborative style and particular genius. You have been told that, if we today see further than our predecessors, it is only because we stand on their shoulders. But this is an occasion on which I should prefer to remember, not the giants upon whose shoulders we stood, but the friends with whom we stood arm in arm.. .colleagues in so much of my work.
In this investigation of cultural differences in the experience of obligation, we distinguish bet... more In this investigation of cultural differences in the experience of obligation, we distinguish between Confucian Role Ethics versus Relative Autonomy lay theories of motivation and illustrate them with data showing relevant cultural differences in both social judgments and intrapersonal experience. First, when judging others, Western European heritage culture (WEHC) participants (relative to Confucian heritage culture [CHC] participants) judged obligation-motivated actors more negatively than those motivated by agency (Study 1, N = 529). Second, in daily diary and situation sampling studies, CHC participants (relative to WEHC participants) perceived more congruency between their own agentic and obligated motivations, and more positive emotional associations with obligated motivations (Study 2, N = 200 and Study 3, N = 244). Agentic motivation, however, was universally associated with positive emotions. More research on a Role Ethics rather than Relative Autonomy conception of agency ...
Prior to competing with a fellow student in an intelligence contest, female undergraduates were g... more Prior to competing with a fellow student in an intelligence contest, female undergraduates were given an ambiguous self-description purportedly written by their future competitor. Control subjects also anticipating a competition were given the same description ascribed however to a competitor not paired against them. Results showed that future opponents were seen as having higher levels of competition-related skills and were liked more than were non-opponents. Traits irrelevant to the interaction such as warmth and honesty were not differently perceived by the two groups. This "autistic" perception of an opponent's competitive skills was explained as assisting the subject in preparing for either outcome in the ensuing contest. One's selfesteem would be protected following defeat by a capable opponent, just as one's self-esteem would be enhanced by victory over the same, capable opponent.
International Journal of Cross Cultural Management, 2001
... DOI: 10.1177/147059580111005 2001 1: 24 International Journal of Cross Cultural Management Mi... more ... DOI: 10.1177/147059580111005 2001 1: 24 International Journal of Cross Cultural Management Michael Harris Bond, Ping Ping Fu and Selda Fikret Pasa Cultural Management? A Declaration of Independence for Editing a New International Journal of Cross Published by: ...
State-of-the-art dynamic bug detectors such as data race and memory leak detectors report program... more State-of-the-art dynamic bug detectors such as data race and memory leak detectors report program locations that are likely causes of bugs. However, programmers need more than static program locations to understand the behavior of increasingly complex and concurrent software. Dynamic calling context provides additional information, but it is expensive to record calling context frequently, e.g., at every read and write. Context-sensitive dynamic analyses can build and maintain a calling context tree (CCT) to track calling context--but in order to reuse existing nodes, CCT-based approaches require an expensive lookup. This paper introduces a new approach for context sensitivity that avoids this expensive lookup. The approach uses a new data structure called the calling context uptree (CCU) that adds low overhead by avoiding the lookup and instead allocating a new node for each context. A key contribution is that the approach can mitigate the costs of allocating many nodes by extending...
... but Personal Quest Michael Harris Bond ... 322 MH Bond Habits are beliefs' success s... more ... but Personal Quest Michael Harris Bond ... 322 MH Bond Habits are beliefs' success stories, encapsulating past exchanges with our daily environment, and setting our readiness to respond in the future (see Liem, Hidayat, & Soemarno, this volume for elaboration of this position). ...
We offer a critical overview of studies associating genetic differences in the 5-HTTLPR VNTR in t... more We offer a critical overview of studies associating genetic differences in the 5-HTTLPR VNTR in the serotonin-transporter gene with societal differences. We also highlight recent findings from individual-level research on 5-HTTLPR generating new hypotheses concerning the effect of genes on culture. We provide an expanded national index reflecting 5-HTTLPR S-allele prevalence as an improved tool for future research. Our preliminary tests of this tool suggest that national S-allele prevalence is not associated with individualism as has been claimed, but with national neuroticism, IQ and school achievement, Hofstede’s fifth dimension of long-term orientation, and Minkov’s societal hypometropia—a measure of risk acceptance and short-term vision in life history strategy. We encourage detailed research of these associations in future studies.
The British journal of social psychology, Jan 24, 2017
Personality research has been focused on different aspects of the self, including traits, attitud... more Personality research has been focused on different aspects of the self, including traits, attitudes, beliefs, goals, and motivation. These aspects of the self are used to explain and predict social behaviour. The present research assessed generalized beliefs about the world, termed 'social axioms' (Leung et al., ), and examined their additive power over beliefs about the self in explaining a communal behaviour, that is, modesty. Three studies predicted reported modest behaviour among Mainland Chinese, Hong Kong Chinese, East Asian Canadians, and European Canadians. In addition to self-reports in Studies 1 and 2, informant reports from participants' parents and close friends were collected in Study 3 to construct a behavioural composite after examining the resulting multitrait-multimethod matrix and intraclass correlations. World views (operationalized as social axioms) explained additional variance in modest behaviour over and above self-views (operationalized as self-ef...
The existence of a genetic factor behind group-level differences in life history strategy (LHS) h... more The existence of a genetic factor behind group-level differences in life history strategy (LHS) has long been disputed. A number of recent studies suggest that some polymorphisms in the androgen receptor gene AR, the dopamine receptor gene DRD4, and the 5-HTTLPR VNTR of the serotonin transporter gene are associated with risk acceptance versus prudence and a short-term versus long-term time orientation, which are important aspects of LHS. We integrated studies from diverse nations reporting the prevalence of these three polymorphisms for many countries. We collected national indices for each of the three polymorphisms and found that they define a strong, single factor, yielding a single LHS-related, national genetic index. As expected, this index is strongly associated with reported national measures of LHS and time orientation, even after controlling for socioeconomic variables. The genetic effect seems especially strong across societies with high socioeconomic inequality.
Cross Cultural Management: An International Journal, 2015
Purpose – Cross-national studies of employees’ values and beliefs have extracted dimensions of na... more Purpose – Cross-national studies of employees’ values and beliefs have extracted dimensions of national culture from diverse samples of employees. The purpose of this paper is to find out if this sample diversity impacts the nature of the extracted dimensions: is a given dimension replicable across diverse samples (such as managers vs skilled workers?). Design/methodology/approach – The authors analyzed a set of values from the World Values Survey, comparing nation-level value structures from four types of samples in 46 countries: national representation, managers, experts without supervisory duties, and skilled workers. The authors analyzed the data with, and simultaneously compared, two data reduction methods: multidimensional scaling (MDS) plots (Shalom Schwartz’s preferred method) vs exploratory factor analysis (EFA). Findings – MDS plots suggested structural similarity across the four samples, whereas EFA suggests divergence. Research limitations/implications – Whether dimensions of national culture ...
Personality & social psychology bulletin, Jan 7, 2015
What makes some acts immoral? Although Western theories of morality often define harmful behavior... more What makes some acts immoral? Although Western theories of morality often define harmful behaviors as centrally immoral, whether this is applicable to other cultures is still under debate. In particular, Confucianism emphasizes civility as fundamental to moral excellence. We describe three studies examining how the word immoral is used by Chinese and Westerners. Layperson-generated examples were used to examine cultural differences in which behaviors are called "immoral" (Study 1, n = 609; Study 2, n = 480), and whether "immoral" behaviors were best characterized as particularly harmful versus uncivilized (Study 3, N = 443). Results suggest that Chinese were more likely to use the word immoral for behaviors that were uncivilized, rather than exceptionally harmful, whereas Westerners were more likely to link immorality tightly to harm. More research into lay concepts of morality is needed to inform theories of moral cognition and improve understanding of human con...
International Journal of Psychological Studies, 2010
To examine the different understandings of depression between Chinese and Americans, we employed ... more To examine the different understandings of depression between Chinese and Americans, we employed confirmatory factor analysis, multidimensional scaling, and hierarchical cluster analysis of the symptom measure provided by the Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression Scale (CES-D). The present study revealed a different center-periphery scatter pattern of the twenty items of the CES-D in the two cultural groups, such that Chinese made a clearer discrimination between the affective/interpersonal and somatic items, while Americans conflated such items. Moreover, Chinese tended to further separate somatic symptoms into two subdivisions: subjective symptoms and objective symptoms. These results demonstrate that the conceptual organization of the symptoms characterizing depression is culture-related, suggesting culturally appropriate modifications in its clinical practice.
Chinese people, as members of a collectivistic culture, are considered to rely heavily on social ... more Chinese people, as members of a collectivistic culture, are considered to rely heavily on social support in coping with daily difficulties. The present diary study aimed at testing this hypothesis through comparing self- versus other-dependent coping, a distinction rarely drawn in previous research, and their impact on various measures of psychological well-being. We found that self-dependent coping, compared to other-dependent coping, is superior in yielding positive psychological outcomes across all 6 well-being indicators studied; other-dependent coping had no impact on those well-being indicators studied.
Data races are common. They are difficult to detect, avoid, or eliminate, and programmers sometim... more Data races are common. They are difficult to detect, avoid, or eliminate, and programmers sometimes introduce them intentionally. However, shared-memory programs with data races have unexpected, erroneous behaviors. Intentional and unintentional data races lead to atomicity and sequential consistency (SC) violations, and they make it more difficult to understand, test, and verify software. Existing approaches for providing stronger guarantees for racy executions add high run-time overhead and/or rely on custom hardware. This paper shows how to provide stronger semantics for racy programs while providing relatively good performance on commodity systems. A novel hybrid static-dynamic analysis called EnfoRSer provides end-to-end support for a memory model called statically bounded region serializability (SBRS) that is not only stronger than weak memory models but is strictly stronger than SC. EnfoRSer uses static compiler analysis to transform regions, and dynamic analysis to detect and resolve conflicts at run time. By demonstrating commodity support for a reasonably strong memory model with reasonable overheads, we show its potential as an always-on execution model.
Proceedings of the 20th ACM SIGPLAN Symposium on Principles and Practice of Parallel Programming - PPoPP 2015, 2015
Software transactional memory offers an appealing alternative to locks by improving programmabili... more Software transactional memory offers an appealing alternative to locks by improving programmability, reliability, and scalability. However, existing STMs are impractical because they add high instrumentation costs and often provide weak progress guarantees and/or semantics. This paper introduces a novel STM called LarkTM that provides three significant features. (1) Its instrumentation adds low overhead except when accesses actually conflict, enabling low single-thread overhead and scaling well on low-contention workloads. (2) It uses eager concurrency control mechanisms, yet naturally supports flexible conflict resolution, enabling strong progress guarantees. (3) It naturally provides strong atomicity semantics at low cost. LarkTM's design works well for low-contention workloads, but adds significant overhead under higher contention, so we design an adaptive version of LarkTM that uses alternative concurrency control for high-contention objects. An implementation and evaluation in a Java virtual machine show that the basic and adaptive versions of LarkTM not only provide low single-thread overhead, but their multithreaded performance compares favorably with existing high-performance STMs.
A five-factor structure of general beliefs or social axioms was established in five cultures by L... more A five-factor structure of general beliefs or social axioms was established in five cultures by Leung et al. (2002). This chapter describes a global research program designed to evaluate the universality and meaning of this structure. Student data from 40 cultures and adult data from 13 ...
This cross-sectional study investigates how perceived support and relational conflict mediate the... more This cross-sectional study investigates how perceived support and relational conflict mediate the associations of attachment orientations with depressive symptoms among 367 (153 Chinese, 214 American) dating individuals. Results revealed a pan-cultural association of attachment anxiety with depressive symptoms mediated though relational conflict. Attachment avoidance was more strongly related to depressive symptoms through relational conflict in the Chinese sample than in the U.S. sample. Furthermore, attachment anxiety was related to perceived support across both cultural samples, while attachment avoidance was more strongly related to perceived support in the Chinese sample than in the U.S. sample. Findings are discussed in terms of the cultural logics governing interpersonal relationships across cultures.
Parallel programming is essential for reaping the benefits of parallel hardware, but it is notori... more Parallel programming is essential for reaping the benefits of parallel hardware, but it is notoriously difficult to develop and debug reliable, scalable software systems. One key challenge is that modern languages and systems provide poor support for ensuring concurrency correctness properties - atomicity, sequential consistency, and multithreaded determinism - because all existing approaches are impractical. Dynamic, software-based approaches slow programs by up to an order of magnitude because capturing and controlling cross-thread dependences (i.e., conflicting accesses to shared memory) requires synchronization at virtually every access to potentially shared memory. This paper introduces a new software-based concurrency control mechanism called OCTET that soundly captures cross-thread dependences and can be used to build dynamic analyses for concurrency correctness. OCTET achieves low overheads by tracking the locality state of each potentially shared object. Non-conflicting acc...
Pillars of social psychology: Stories and retrospectives. Cambridge.
“The initial mystery that attends any journey is: how did the traveler reach his starting point ... more “The initial mystery that attends any journey is: how did the traveler reach his starting point in the first place? ... I can hardly remember how … There must be, however, some reasonable explanation for my presence here. Some step started me toward this point, as opposed to all other points on the habitable globe. I must consider; I must discover it.” (Laura Bogan)
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