This document is a report of observations and results obtained from a lighting demonstration proj... more This document is a report of observations and results obtained from a lighting demonstration project conducted under the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) GATEWAY Demonstration Program. The program supports demonstrations of high-performance solid-state lighting (SSL) products in order to develop empirical data and experience with in-the-field applications of this advanced lighting technology. The DOE GATEWAY Demonstration Program focuses on providing a source of independent, third-party data for use in decision-making by lighting users and professionals; this data should be considered in combination with other information relevant to the particular site and application under examination. Each GATEWAY Demonstration compares SSL products against the incumbent technologies used in that location. Depending on available information and circumstances, the SSL product may also be compared to alternate lighting technologies. Though products demonstrated in the GATEWAY program have been prescreened for performance, DOE does not endorse any commercial product or in any way guarantee that users will achieve the same results through use of these products.
The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) CALiPER program has been purchasing and testing general illum... more The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) CALiPER program has been purchasing and testing general illumination solid-state lighting (SSL) products since 2006. CALiPER relies on standardized photometric testing (following the Illuminating Engineering Society of North America [IES] approved method LM-79-08 1) conducted by accredited, independent laboratories. 2 Results from CALiPER testing are available to the public via detailed reports for each product or through summary reports, which assemble data from several product tests and provide comparative analyses. 3 Increasingly, CALiPER investigations also rely on new test procedures that are not industry standards; these experiments provide data that is essential for understanding the most current issues facing the SSL industry. It is not possible for CALiPER to test every SSL product on the market, especially given the rapidly growing variety of products and changing performance characteristics. Instead, CALiPER focuses on specific groups of products that are relevant to important issues being investigated. The products are selected with the intent of capturing the current state of the market at a given point in time, representing a broad range of performance characteristics. However, the selection does not represent a statistical sample of all available products in the identified group. All selected products are shown as currently available on the manufacturer's webpage at the time of purchase. CALiPER purchases products through standard distribution channels, acting in a similar manner to a typical specifier. CALiPER does not accept or purchase samples directly from manufacturer's to ensure all tested products are representative of a typical manufacturing run and not hand-picked for superior performance. CALiPER cannot control for the age of products in the distribution system, or account for any differences in products that carry the same model number. Selecting, purchasing, documenting, and testing products can take considerable time. Some products described in CALiPER reports may no longer be sold or may have been updated since the time of purchase. However, each CALiPER dataset represents a snapshot of product performance at a given time, with comparisons only between products that were available at the same time. Further, CALiPER reports seek to investigate market trends and performance relative to benchmarks, rather than as a measure of the suitability of any specific lamp model. Thus, the results should not be taken as a referendum on any product line or manufacturer. Especially given the rapid development cycle for LED products, specifiers and purchasers should always seek current information from manufacturers when evaluating products. To provide further context, CALiPER test results may be compared to data from LED Lighting Facts, 4 ENERGY STAR® performance criteria, 5 technical requirements for the DesignLights Consortium® (DLC) Qualified Products 1 IES LM-79-08, Approved Method for the Electrical and Photometric Measurements of Solid-State Lighting Products, covers LED-based SSL products with control electronics and heat sinks incorporated. For more information, visit http://www.iesna.org/. 2 CALiPER only uses independent testing laboratories with LM-79-08 accreditation that includes proficiency testing, such as that available through the National Voluntary Laboratory Accreditation Program (NVLAP). 3 CALiPER summary reports are available at http://www.ssl.energy.gov/reports.html. Detailed test reports for individual products can be obtained from http://www.ssl.energy.gov/search.html. 4 LED Lighting Facts® is a program of the U.S. Department of Energy that showcases LED products for general illumination from manufacturers who commit to testing products and reporting performance results according to industry standards. The DOE LED Lighting Facts program is separate from the Lighting Facts label required by the Federal Trade Commission (FTC). For more information, see http://www.lightingfacts.com. 5 ENERGY STAR is a federal program promoting energy efficiency. For more information, visit http://www.energystar.gov. 1. Statistics of CALiPER Series 21 linear LED lamps (31 tested) 1. In three instances, the comfort or acceptability rating was tied.
These resources included assistance and guidance writing scripts to execute the SkyGlow Simulator... more These resources included assistance and guidance writing scripts to execute the SkyGlow Simulator model along with the use of a supercomputer, Constance, and ultimately a Windows HPC cluster, housed at PNNL's headquarters in Richland, WA. Ian Ashdown, President at by Heart Consultants, contributed an early model SkyGlowCalc and shared a significant amount of time and effort investigating not only the numerous models available but also the literature discussing the various impacts to sky glow. Marc Ledbetter, Program Manager of PNNL's Solid-State Lighting, provided direction, insight, and numerous hours of peer review. Jim Brodrick, Lighting Program Manager for the U.S. Department of Energy in the Building Technologies Office, supported this project and provided unending patience.
This GATEWAY report documents OLED luminaires installed in an accounting firm's offices in Roches... more This GATEWAY report documents OLED luminaires installed in an accounting firm's offices in Rochester, NY. The cooperation and input of the principals and members of the firm have been invaluable, and the sharing of their workspace photographs made this process easier and the report more visually appealing. GATEWAY would also like to acknowledge input from the luminaire manufacturers,
This document is a report of observations and results obtained from a lighting demonstration proj... more This document is a report of observations and results obtained from a lighting demonstration project conducted under the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) GATEWAY Demonstration Program. The program supports demonstrations of high-performance solid-state lighting (SSL) products in order to develop empirical data and experience with in-the-field applications of this advanced lighting technology. The DOE GATEWAY Demonstration Program focuses on providing a source of independent, third-party data for use in decision-making by lighting users and professionals; this data should be considered in combination with other information relevant to the particular site and application under examination. Each GATEWAY Demonstration compares SSL products against the incumbent technologies used in that location. Depending on available information and circumstances, the SSL product may also be compared to alternate lighting technologies. Though products demonstrated in the GATEWAY program have been prescreened for performance, DOE does not endorse any commercial product or in any way guarantee that users will achieve the same results through use of these products.
This document is a report of observations and results obtained from a lighting demonstration proj... more This document is a report of observations and results obtained from a lighting demonstration project conducted under the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) GATEWAY Demonstration Program. The program supports demonstrations of high-performance solid-state lighting (SSL) products in order to develop empirical data and experience with in-the-field applications of this advanced lighting technology. The DOE GATEWAY Demonstration Program focuses on providing a source of independent, third-party data for use in decision-making by lighting users and professionals; this data should be considered in combination with other information relevant to the particular site and application under examination. Each GATEWAY Demonstration compares SSL products against the incumbent technologies used in that location. Depending on available information and circumstances, the SSL product may also be compared to alternate lighting technologies. Though products demonstrated in the GATEWAY program may have been prescreened for performance, DOE does not endorse any commercial product or in any way guarantee that users will achieve the same results through use of these products.
This document is a report of observations and results obtained from a lighting demonstration proj... more This document is a report of observations and results obtained from a lighting demonstration project conducted under the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) GATEWAY Demonstration Program. The program supports demonstrations of high-performance solid-state lighting (SSL) products in order to develop empirical data and experience with in-the-field applications of this advanced lighting technology. The DOE GATEWAY Demonstration Program focuses on providing a source of independent, third-party data for use in decision-making by lighting users and professionals; this data should be considered in combination with other information relevant to the particular site and application under examination. Each GATEWAY Demonstration compares SSL products against the incumbent technologies used in that location. Depending on available information and circumstances, the SSL product may also be compared to alternate lighting technologies. Though products demonstrated in the GATEWAY program have been prescreened for performance, DOE does not endorse any commercial product or in any way guarantee that users will achieve the same results through use of these products.
This document is a report of observations and results obtained from a lighting demonstration proj... more This document is a report of observations and results obtained from a lighting demonstration project conducted under the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) GATEWAY Demonstration Program. The program supports demonstrations of high-performance solid-state lighting (SSL) products in order to develop empirical data and experience with in-the-field applications of this advanced lighting technology. The DOE GATEWAY Demonstration Program focuses on providing a source of independent, third-party data for use in decision-making by lighting users and professionals; this data should be considered in combination with other information relevant to the particular site and application under examination. Each GATEWAY Demonstration compares SSL products against the incumbent technologies used in that location. Depending on available information and circumstances, the SSL product may also be compared to alternate lighting technologies. Though products demonstrated in the GATEWAY program may have been prescreened for performance, DOE does not endorse any commercial product or in any way guarantee that users will achieve the same results through use of these products. Reports like this are not possible without contributions from many parties. These include Stanford University and Chautauqua Institution that allowed GATEWAY to learn from their lighting demonstrations and document the process, performance and results. Dr. William Neches and the Chautauqua Property Owners Association contributed experience and use of Dr. Neches' extensive site photographs. Manufacturers such as Acuity/Holophane, Architectural Area Lighting, Xeralux/Sensity, Cree, Acuity/Tersen, Neri, Landscape Forms, Bega, Selux, and others provided sample products (often customized) that advanced the understanding of pedestrian-friendly lighting. PNNL-XXXXX vi friendly approaches, but where communities are receptive, the following may help mitigate glare, improve visual comfort and visibility, and make outdoor spaces more inviting: • lower lumen output luminaires and lower illuminances, if luminaire brightness can be controlled • luminaires that spread luminance ("brightness") over a larger area • luminaires with less optical punch and less sharp angular variation in candlepower • luminaires delivering warmer color light, usually lower than 4000K, and often below 3000K correlated color temperature. The problems of pedestrian lighting occur with all technologies, but LEDs offer unique optical options and opportunities to the industry. This report is meant to stimulate discussion among specifiers, users, energy specialists, and industry in hopes that new approaches, metrics, and standards can be developed to support pedestrian-focused communities, while reducing energy use. vii
OLED architectural lighting is an emerging field, so writing this report required input from comp... more OLED architectural lighting is an emerging field, so writing this report required input from companies and individuals with specialized experience. The Horizon Group of Acuity Brands Lighting and OLEDWorks, LLC provided technical guidance. Lisa Pattison of SSLS Inc. assisted with an expert review. Stephen Blackman of Blackjack Lighting shared what he had learned in designing and manufacturing OLED luminaires. Many luminaire manufacturers provided technical data and inspiring photos. The authors are grateful for these substantial contributions to this OLED lighting overview.
The focus of this study is simply to report on the commercial availability and performance of eme... more The focus of this study is simply to report on the commercial availability and performance of emerging flicker meters. Commercial-meter measurements and calculations were compared against those generated by a photoelectric characterization system developed by the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL). The results and analysis show that the three commercially available flicker meters evaluated for this study measured light-intensity waveforms and calculated essential flicker-performance characteristics and metrics similarly, both to each other and to the reference meter chosen as an accuracy benchmark. Some differences in performance were found, however, when measurements were taken of light-intensity waveforms with significant highfrequency content-greater than the dominant 120 Hz found in many products at full output. Such conditions may be found in light sources that employ pulse-width modulation to achieve their target light output (e.g., intensity or color). If the meter was not appropriately configured (e.g., sampling frequency was too low), or if proper configuration was not possible given meter constraints (e.g., maximum number of available data points), then the waveform characteristics were not accurately captured, often resulting in the calculation of flicker metrics that deviated significantly from the reference. While the results of this report may be of interest to many lighting-industry stakeholders, the intended audience includes lighting and meter manufacturers, test laboratories, and standards and specification bodies. It is hoped that this report will further interest in measuring and reporting flicker, thereby enabling the use of flicker characteristics to mitigate the potential effects of flicker in lighting installations and accelerating the development of standard test and measurement procedures. The commercial availability of flicker meters should make it easier for designers and specifiers to minimize the risk of flicker-induced problems for their clients in the near future.
This document is a report of observations and results obtained from a lighting demonstration proj... more This document is a report of observations and results obtained from a lighting demonstration project conducted under the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) GATEWAY Demonstration Program. The program supports demonstrations of high-performance solid-state lighting (SSL) products in order to develop empirical data and experience with in-the-field applications of this advanced lighting technology. The DOE GATEWAY Demonstration Program focuses on providing a source of independent, third-party data for use in decision-making by lighting users and professionals; this data should be considered in combination with other information relevant to the particular site and application under examination. Each GATEWAY Demonstration compares SSL products against the incumbent technologies used in that location. Depending on available information and circumstances, the SSL product may also be compared to alternate lighting technologies. Though products demonstrated in the GATEWAY program have been prescreened for performance, DOE does not endorse any commercial product or in any way guarantee that users will achieve the same results through use of these products. School of Theatre and Dance provided access to buildings and facilities professionals as a learning opportunity for the campus, but also a means to communicate about sustainable lighting with other campuses across the U.S. The graduate lighting design program developed lighting concepts and specifications, and collected user data before and after the change. The dance professors enthusiastically embraced a test of LEDs in their performance schedule, even choreographing a special piece as a visual test for differences in LED lighting compared to conventional sources in their public fall and spring dance performances. Students, staff electricians, instructors, and performers contributed time for interviews and surveys. John Lawson and his facilities group staff developed lighting and controls layouts, procured pricing, provided electrical and energy data, and installed metering equipment to monitor energy use over an 8-month period. Duke Energy was an active participant and provided partial funding through their rebate incentive program for indoor lighting improvements.
This document is a report of observations and results obtained from a lighting evaluation project... more This document is a report of observations and results obtained from a lighting evaluation project conducted under the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) GATEWAY Program. The program supports evaluations and demonstrations of high-performance solid-state lighting (SSL) products in order to develop empirical data and experience with in-the-field applications of this advanced lighting technology. The DOE GATEWAY Program focuses on providing a source of independent, third-party data for use in decision-making by lighting users and professionals; this data should be considered in combination with other information relevant to the particular site and application under examination. Each GATEWAY evaluation compares SSL products against the incumbent technologies used in that location. Depending on available information and circumstances, the SSL product may also be compared to alternate lighting technologies. Though products used in the GATEWAY program may have been prescreened for performance, DOE does not endorse any commercial product or in any way guarantee that users will achieve the same results through use of these products. vii Flicker can result from an incompatible pairing of a LED driver and a dimmer, an incompatible driver and transformer, or a combination of all three. The likelihood of introducing annoying flicker to gallery spaces can be considerably reduced if manufacturer dimming compatibility tables are heeded. Lighting controls can eliminate 60% or more of the wasted lighting energy in buildings and would enable the museum lighting designer to specify lighting exposure (illuminance, spectrum, time) to minimize damage while providing optimal viewing conditions. A growing and more sophisticated set of controllable LED light sources and complementary control technologies are becoming available. Lessons Learned Finally, in a world of information overload, what LED technical requirements are really needed for museum lighting? The museum lighting survey elicited many telling responses from individuals who had experience with LED products, and the report includes lessons learned from their trials and tribulations.
An initial sample of 38 LED PAR38 lamps, as well as 5 halogen and CFL benchmarks, underwent photo... more An initial sample of 38 LED PAR38 lamps, as well as 5 halogen and CFL benchmarks, underwent photometric testing according to IES LM-79-08. CALiPER Application Summary Report 20, which also includes an addendum covering 6 additional LED products and 3 additional benchmarks that were similarly tested, focuses on the basic performance characteristics of the LED lamps compared to the benchmarks, as well as performance relative to manufacturers' claims. This report follows numerous similar reports on different product types that have been published by the CALiPER program. Following the initial CALiPER report on LED PAR38 lamps, several additional special investigations were initiated. The results of these investigations are divided into four reports, each of which includes new data for all or a subset of the products described in Application Summary Report 20. Information on basic performance characteristics-such as efficacy, lumen output, and beam angle-is generally not repeated in any of the additional reports. Report 20.1: Subjective Evaluation of Beam Quality, Shadow Quality, and Color Quality for LED PAR38 Lamps This report focuses on human-evaluated characteristics, including beam quality, shadow quality, and color quality. Using a questionnaire that included rank-ordering, opinions on 26 of the Report 20 PAR38 lamps were gathered during a demonstration event for members of the local Illuminating Engineering Society (IES) chapter. This was not a rigorous scientific experiment, and the data should not be extrapolated beyond the scope of the demonstration. The results suggest that many of the LED products compared favorably to halogen PAR38 benchmarks in all attributes considered. LED lamps using a single-emitter design were generally preferred for their beam quality and shadow quality, and the IES members' ranking of color quality did not always match the rank-order according to the color rendering index (CRI). Report 20.2: Flicker, Dimming, and Power Quality Characteristics of LED PAR38 Lamps (pending) Dimming curves and flicker waveforms, measured at the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), will be presented for all of the PAR38 lamps included in Application Summary Report 20. Report 20.3: Stress Testing of LED PAR38 Lamps (pending) A small sample of each of the Application Summary Report 20 PAR38 lamp types is currently undergoing stress testing that includes substantial temperature and humidity changes, electrical variation, and vibration. The results will not directly address expected lifetime, but can be compared with one another, as well as with benchmark conventional products, to assess the relative robustness of the product designs. Report 20.4: Lumen and Chromaticity Maintenance of LED PAR38 Lamps (pending) The lumen depreciation and color shift of 40 lamps is currently being monitored for an extended period of time using the Lumen Maintenance Test Apparatus (LMTA) at PNNL.
This document is a report of observations and results obtained from a lighting demonstration proj... more This document is a report of observations and results obtained from a lighting demonstration project conducted under the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) GATEWAY Demonstration Program. The program supports demonstrations of high-performance solid-state lighting (SSL) products in order to develop empirical data and experience with in-the-field applications of this advanced lighting technology. The DOE GATEWAY Demonstration Program focuses on providing a source of independent, third-party data for use in decision-making by lighting users and professionals; this data should be considered in combination with other information relevant to the particular site and application under examination. Each GATEWAY Demonstration compares SSL products against the incumbent technologies used in that location. Depending on available information and circumstances, the SSL product may also be compared to alternate lighting technologies. Though products demonstrated in the GATEWAY program may have been prescreened for performance, DOE does not endorse any commercial product or in any way guarantee that users will achieve the same results through use of these products.
This paper presents the measured flicker found in a variety of traditional lighting technology pr... more This paper presents the measured flicker found in a variety of traditional lighting technology products, as well as a sample of commercially available SSL products, and addresses the question of whether SSL sources modulate luminous flux any differently than the traditional sources the lighting industry has been built on.
This document is a report of observations and results obtained from a lighting demonstration proj... more This document is a report of observations and results obtained from a lighting demonstration project conducted under the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) GATEWAY Demonstration Program. The program supports demonstrations of high-performance solid-state lighting (SSL) products in order to develop empirical data and experience with in-the-field applications of this advanced lighting technology. The DOE GATEWAY Demonstration Program focuses on providing a source of independent, third-party data for use in decision-making by lighting users and professionals; this data should be considered in combination with other information relevant to the particular site and application under examination. Each GATEWAY Demonstration compares SSL products against the incumbent technologies used in that location. Depending on available information and circumstances, the SSL product may also be compared to alternate lighting technologies. Though products demonstrated in the GATEWAY program have been prescreened for performance, DOE does not endorse any commercial product or in any way guarantee that users will achieve the same results through use of these products. v
The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) LED Lighting Facts ®1 database has been a resource for identi... more The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) LED Lighting Facts ®1 database has been a resource for identifying high-performing light-emitting diode (LED) luminaires since 2010. Receiving data on more than 70,000 products to date, it has been a way for the DOE to assess the progress of the solid state lighting industry and to help lighting specifiers find high-efficiency, high-quality luminaires. In 2017, several products were listed with claimed efficacies near or exceeding 200 lumens per watt (lm/W). The Top Efficacy Performers project was launched to procure samples of these luminaires for testing and visual evaluation. Although there are luminaires exceeding 200 lm/W available on the market, there are many reasons why it is complicated to order products that perform at that level. The LED Lighting Facts database allows manufacturers to list families of luminaires under the performance characteristics of the top-performing product in the family. Consequently, many luminaires having different lumen output, different color and optical characteristics, and different sizes and drivers are listed under the same values as the top-performing product. The luminaire corresponding to a catalog number in the LED Lighting Facts database is often difficult to track down and order, so often it is not clear that the ordered product should have the same features and performance listed in the database. Ultimately, samples of seven luminaires were anonymously ordered for this Top Efficacy Performers Study, five from the LED Lighting Facts database and two unlisted high-efficacy products found through a website search. All products were 5000K, and all but one had LED packages that were directly visible, either open to the air or behind clear plastic or glass covers. They underwent CALiPER photometric testing at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory's (PNNL's) Lighting Metrology Laboratory in Richland, WA, and the resulting values were compared to the manufacturer-claimed values as published on website specification sheets. (Note, this is not necessarily the same as performance values as listed on the LED Lighting Facts database.
This document is a report of observations and results obtained from a lighting demonstration proj... more This document is a report of observations and results obtained from a lighting demonstration project conducted under the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) GATEWAY Demonstration Program. The program supports demonstrations of high-performance solid-state lighting (SSL) products in order to develop empirical data and experience with in-the-field applications of this advanced lighting technology. The DOE GATEWAY Demonstration Program focuses on providing a source of independent, third-party data for use in decision-making by lighting users and professionals; this data should be considered in combination with other information relevant to the particular site and application under examination. Each GATEWAY Demonstration compares SSL products against the incumbent technologies used in that location. Depending on available information and circumstances, the SSL product may also be compared to alternate lighting technologies. Though products demonstrated in the GATEWAY program have been prescreened for performance, DOE does not endorse any commercial product or in any way guarantee that users will achieve the same results through use of these products.
The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) CALiPER program has been purchasing and testing general illum... more The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) CALiPER program has been purchasing and testing general illumination solid-state lighting (SSL) products since 2006. CALiPER relies on standardized photometric testing (following the Illuminating Engineering Society of North America [IES] approved method LM-79-08 1) conducted by accredited, independent laboratories. 2 Results from CALiPER testing are available to the public via detailed reports for each product or through summary reports, which assemble data from several product tests and provide comparative analyses. 3 Increasingly, CALiPER investigations also rely on new test procedures that are not industry standards; these experiments provide data that is essential for understanding the most current issues facing the SSL industry. It is not possible for CALiPER to test every SSL product on the market, especially given the rapidly growing variety of products and changing performance characteristics. Instead, CALiPER focuses on specific groups of products that are relevant to important issues being investigated. The products are selected with the intent of capturing the current state of the market at a given point in time, representing a broad range of performance characteristics. However, the selection does not represent a statistical sample of all available products in the identified group. All selected products are shown as currently available on the manufacturer's webpage at the time of purchase. CALiPER purchases products through standard distribution channels, acting in a similar manner to a typical specifier. CALiPER does not accept or purchase samples directly from manufacturer's to ensure all tested products are representative of a typical manufacturing run and not hand-picked for superior performance. CALiPER cannot control for the age of products in the distribution system, or account for any differences in products that carry the same model number. Selecting, purchasing, documenting, and testing products can take considerable time. Some products described in CALiPER reports may no longer be sold or may have been updated since the time of purchase. However, each CALiPER dataset represents a snapshot of product performance at a given time, with comparisons only between products that were available at the same time. Further, CALiPER reports seek to investigate market trends and performance relative to benchmarks, rather than as a measure of the suitability of any specific lamp model. Thus, the results should not be taken as a referendum on any product line or manufacturer. Especially given the rapid development cycle for LED products, specifiers and purchasers should always seek current information from manufacturers when evaluating products. To provide further context, CALiPER test results may be compared to data from LED Lighting Facts, 4 ENERGY STAR® performance criteria, 5 technical requirements for the DesignLights Consortium® (DLC) Qualified Products 1 IES LM-79-08, Approved Method for the Electrical and Photometric Measurements of Solid-State Lighting Products, covers LED-based SSL products with control electronics and heat sinks incorporated. For more information, visit http://www.iesna.org/. 2 CALiPER only uses independent testing laboratories with LM-79-08 accreditation that includes proficiency testing, such as that available through the National Voluntary Laboratory Accreditation Program (NVLAP). 3 CALiPER summary reports are available at http://www.ssl.energy.gov/reports.html. Detailed test reports for individual products can be obtained from http://www.ssl.energy.gov/search.html. 4 LED Lighting Facts® is a program of the U.S. Department of Energy that showcases LED products for general illumination from manufacturers who commit to testing products and reporting performance results according to industry standards. The DOE LED Lighting Facts program is separate from the Lighting Facts label required by the Federal Trade Commission (FTC). For more information, see http://www.lightingfacts.com. 5 ENERGY STAR is a federal program promoting energy efficiency. For more information, visit http://www.energystar.gov. 1. Statistics of CALiPER Series 21 linear LED lamps (31 tested) 1. In three instances, the comfort or acceptability rating was tied.
These resources included assistance and guidance writing scripts to execute the SkyGlow Simulator... more These resources included assistance and guidance writing scripts to execute the SkyGlow Simulator model along with the use of a supercomputer, Constance, and ultimately a Windows HPC cluster, housed at PNNL's headquarters in Richland, WA. Ian Ashdown, President at by Heart Consultants, contributed an early model SkyGlowCalc and shared a significant amount of time and effort investigating not only the numerous models available but also the literature discussing the various impacts to sky glow. Marc Ledbetter, Program Manager of PNNL's Solid-State Lighting, provided direction, insight, and numerous hours of peer review. Jim Brodrick, Lighting Program Manager for the U.S. Department of Energy in the Building Technologies Office, supported this project and provided unending patience.
This GATEWAY report documents OLED luminaires installed in an accounting firm's offices in Roches... more This GATEWAY report documents OLED luminaires installed in an accounting firm's offices in Rochester, NY. The cooperation and input of the principals and members of the firm have been invaluable, and the sharing of their workspace photographs made this process easier and the report more visually appealing. GATEWAY would also like to acknowledge input from the luminaire manufacturers,
This document is a report of observations and results obtained from a lighting demonstration proj... more This document is a report of observations and results obtained from a lighting demonstration project conducted under the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) GATEWAY Demonstration Program. The program supports demonstrations of high-performance solid-state lighting (SSL) products in order to develop empirical data and experience with in-the-field applications of this advanced lighting technology. The DOE GATEWAY Demonstration Program focuses on providing a source of independent, third-party data for use in decision-making by lighting users and professionals; this data should be considered in combination with other information relevant to the particular site and application under examination. Each GATEWAY Demonstration compares SSL products against the incumbent technologies used in that location. Depending on available information and circumstances, the SSL product may also be compared to alternate lighting technologies. Though products demonstrated in the GATEWAY program have been prescreened for performance, DOE does not endorse any commercial product or in any way guarantee that users will achieve the same results through use of these products.
This document is a report of observations and results obtained from a lighting demonstration proj... more This document is a report of observations and results obtained from a lighting demonstration project conducted under the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) GATEWAY Demonstration Program. The program supports demonstrations of high-performance solid-state lighting (SSL) products in order to develop empirical data and experience with in-the-field applications of this advanced lighting technology. The DOE GATEWAY Demonstration Program focuses on providing a source of independent, third-party data for use in decision-making by lighting users and professionals; this data should be considered in combination with other information relevant to the particular site and application under examination. Each GATEWAY Demonstration compares SSL products against the incumbent technologies used in that location. Depending on available information and circumstances, the SSL product may also be compared to alternate lighting technologies. Though products demonstrated in the GATEWAY program may have been prescreened for performance, DOE does not endorse any commercial product or in any way guarantee that users will achieve the same results through use of these products.
This document is a report of observations and results obtained from a lighting demonstration proj... more This document is a report of observations and results obtained from a lighting demonstration project conducted under the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) GATEWAY Demonstration Program. The program supports demonstrations of high-performance solid-state lighting (SSL) products in order to develop empirical data and experience with in-the-field applications of this advanced lighting technology. The DOE GATEWAY Demonstration Program focuses on providing a source of independent, third-party data for use in decision-making by lighting users and professionals; this data should be considered in combination with other information relevant to the particular site and application under examination. Each GATEWAY Demonstration compares SSL products against the incumbent technologies used in that location. Depending on available information and circumstances, the SSL product may also be compared to alternate lighting technologies. Though products demonstrated in the GATEWAY program have been prescreened for performance, DOE does not endorse any commercial product or in any way guarantee that users will achieve the same results through use of these products.
This document is a report of observations and results obtained from a lighting demonstration proj... more This document is a report of observations and results obtained from a lighting demonstration project conducted under the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) GATEWAY Demonstration Program. The program supports demonstrations of high-performance solid-state lighting (SSL) products in order to develop empirical data and experience with in-the-field applications of this advanced lighting technology. The DOE GATEWAY Demonstration Program focuses on providing a source of independent, third-party data for use in decision-making by lighting users and professionals; this data should be considered in combination with other information relevant to the particular site and application under examination. Each GATEWAY Demonstration compares SSL products against the incumbent technologies used in that location. Depending on available information and circumstances, the SSL product may also be compared to alternate lighting technologies. Though products demonstrated in the GATEWAY program may have been prescreened for performance, DOE does not endorse any commercial product or in any way guarantee that users will achieve the same results through use of these products. Reports like this are not possible without contributions from many parties. These include Stanford University and Chautauqua Institution that allowed GATEWAY to learn from their lighting demonstrations and document the process, performance and results. Dr. William Neches and the Chautauqua Property Owners Association contributed experience and use of Dr. Neches' extensive site photographs. Manufacturers such as Acuity/Holophane, Architectural Area Lighting, Xeralux/Sensity, Cree, Acuity/Tersen, Neri, Landscape Forms, Bega, Selux, and others provided sample products (often customized) that advanced the understanding of pedestrian-friendly lighting. PNNL-XXXXX vi friendly approaches, but where communities are receptive, the following may help mitigate glare, improve visual comfort and visibility, and make outdoor spaces more inviting: • lower lumen output luminaires and lower illuminances, if luminaire brightness can be controlled • luminaires that spread luminance ("brightness") over a larger area • luminaires with less optical punch and less sharp angular variation in candlepower • luminaires delivering warmer color light, usually lower than 4000K, and often below 3000K correlated color temperature. The problems of pedestrian lighting occur with all technologies, but LEDs offer unique optical options and opportunities to the industry. This report is meant to stimulate discussion among specifiers, users, energy specialists, and industry in hopes that new approaches, metrics, and standards can be developed to support pedestrian-focused communities, while reducing energy use. vii
OLED architectural lighting is an emerging field, so writing this report required input from comp... more OLED architectural lighting is an emerging field, so writing this report required input from companies and individuals with specialized experience. The Horizon Group of Acuity Brands Lighting and OLEDWorks, LLC provided technical guidance. Lisa Pattison of SSLS Inc. assisted with an expert review. Stephen Blackman of Blackjack Lighting shared what he had learned in designing and manufacturing OLED luminaires. Many luminaire manufacturers provided technical data and inspiring photos. The authors are grateful for these substantial contributions to this OLED lighting overview.
The focus of this study is simply to report on the commercial availability and performance of eme... more The focus of this study is simply to report on the commercial availability and performance of emerging flicker meters. Commercial-meter measurements and calculations were compared against those generated by a photoelectric characterization system developed by the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL). The results and analysis show that the three commercially available flicker meters evaluated for this study measured light-intensity waveforms and calculated essential flicker-performance characteristics and metrics similarly, both to each other and to the reference meter chosen as an accuracy benchmark. Some differences in performance were found, however, when measurements were taken of light-intensity waveforms with significant highfrequency content-greater than the dominant 120 Hz found in many products at full output. Such conditions may be found in light sources that employ pulse-width modulation to achieve their target light output (e.g., intensity or color). If the meter was not appropriately configured (e.g., sampling frequency was too low), or if proper configuration was not possible given meter constraints (e.g., maximum number of available data points), then the waveform characteristics were not accurately captured, often resulting in the calculation of flicker metrics that deviated significantly from the reference. While the results of this report may be of interest to many lighting-industry stakeholders, the intended audience includes lighting and meter manufacturers, test laboratories, and standards and specification bodies. It is hoped that this report will further interest in measuring and reporting flicker, thereby enabling the use of flicker characteristics to mitigate the potential effects of flicker in lighting installations and accelerating the development of standard test and measurement procedures. The commercial availability of flicker meters should make it easier for designers and specifiers to minimize the risk of flicker-induced problems for their clients in the near future.
This document is a report of observations and results obtained from a lighting demonstration proj... more This document is a report of observations and results obtained from a lighting demonstration project conducted under the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) GATEWAY Demonstration Program. The program supports demonstrations of high-performance solid-state lighting (SSL) products in order to develop empirical data and experience with in-the-field applications of this advanced lighting technology. The DOE GATEWAY Demonstration Program focuses on providing a source of independent, third-party data for use in decision-making by lighting users and professionals; this data should be considered in combination with other information relevant to the particular site and application under examination. Each GATEWAY Demonstration compares SSL products against the incumbent technologies used in that location. Depending on available information and circumstances, the SSL product may also be compared to alternate lighting technologies. Though products demonstrated in the GATEWAY program have been prescreened for performance, DOE does not endorse any commercial product or in any way guarantee that users will achieve the same results through use of these products. School of Theatre and Dance provided access to buildings and facilities professionals as a learning opportunity for the campus, but also a means to communicate about sustainable lighting with other campuses across the U.S. The graduate lighting design program developed lighting concepts and specifications, and collected user data before and after the change. The dance professors enthusiastically embraced a test of LEDs in their performance schedule, even choreographing a special piece as a visual test for differences in LED lighting compared to conventional sources in their public fall and spring dance performances. Students, staff electricians, instructors, and performers contributed time for interviews and surveys. John Lawson and his facilities group staff developed lighting and controls layouts, procured pricing, provided electrical and energy data, and installed metering equipment to monitor energy use over an 8-month period. Duke Energy was an active participant and provided partial funding through their rebate incentive program for indoor lighting improvements.
This document is a report of observations and results obtained from a lighting evaluation project... more This document is a report of observations and results obtained from a lighting evaluation project conducted under the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) GATEWAY Program. The program supports evaluations and demonstrations of high-performance solid-state lighting (SSL) products in order to develop empirical data and experience with in-the-field applications of this advanced lighting technology. The DOE GATEWAY Program focuses on providing a source of independent, third-party data for use in decision-making by lighting users and professionals; this data should be considered in combination with other information relevant to the particular site and application under examination. Each GATEWAY evaluation compares SSL products against the incumbent technologies used in that location. Depending on available information and circumstances, the SSL product may also be compared to alternate lighting technologies. Though products used in the GATEWAY program may have been prescreened for performance, DOE does not endorse any commercial product or in any way guarantee that users will achieve the same results through use of these products. vii Flicker can result from an incompatible pairing of a LED driver and a dimmer, an incompatible driver and transformer, or a combination of all three. The likelihood of introducing annoying flicker to gallery spaces can be considerably reduced if manufacturer dimming compatibility tables are heeded. Lighting controls can eliminate 60% or more of the wasted lighting energy in buildings and would enable the museum lighting designer to specify lighting exposure (illuminance, spectrum, time) to minimize damage while providing optimal viewing conditions. A growing and more sophisticated set of controllable LED light sources and complementary control technologies are becoming available. Lessons Learned Finally, in a world of information overload, what LED technical requirements are really needed for museum lighting? The museum lighting survey elicited many telling responses from individuals who had experience with LED products, and the report includes lessons learned from their trials and tribulations.
An initial sample of 38 LED PAR38 lamps, as well as 5 halogen and CFL benchmarks, underwent photo... more An initial sample of 38 LED PAR38 lamps, as well as 5 halogen and CFL benchmarks, underwent photometric testing according to IES LM-79-08. CALiPER Application Summary Report 20, which also includes an addendum covering 6 additional LED products and 3 additional benchmarks that were similarly tested, focuses on the basic performance characteristics of the LED lamps compared to the benchmarks, as well as performance relative to manufacturers' claims. This report follows numerous similar reports on different product types that have been published by the CALiPER program. Following the initial CALiPER report on LED PAR38 lamps, several additional special investigations were initiated. The results of these investigations are divided into four reports, each of which includes new data for all or a subset of the products described in Application Summary Report 20. Information on basic performance characteristics-such as efficacy, lumen output, and beam angle-is generally not repeated in any of the additional reports. Report 20.1: Subjective Evaluation of Beam Quality, Shadow Quality, and Color Quality for LED PAR38 Lamps This report focuses on human-evaluated characteristics, including beam quality, shadow quality, and color quality. Using a questionnaire that included rank-ordering, opinions on 26 of the Report 20 PAR38 lamps were gathered during a demonstration event for members of the local Illuminating Engineering Society (IES) chapter. This was not a rigorous scientific experiment, and the data should not be extrapolated beyond the scope of the demonstration. The results suggest that many of the LED products compared favorably to halogen PAR38 benchmarks in all attributes considered. LED lamps using a single-emitter design were generally preferred for their beam quality and shadow quality, and the IES members' ranking of color quality did not always match the rank-order according to the color rendering index (CRI). Report 20.2: Flicker, Dimming, and Power Quality Characteristics of LED PAR38 Lamps (pending) Dimming curves and flicker waveforms, measured at the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), will be presented for all of the PAR38 lamps included in Application Summary Report 20. Report 20.3: Stress Testing of LED PAR38 Lamps (pending) A small sample of each of the Application Summary Report 20 PAR38 lamp types is currently undergoing stress testing that includes substantial temperature and humidity changes, electrical variation, and vibration. The results will not directly address expected lifetime, but can be compared with one another, as well as with benchmark conventional products, to assess the relative robustness of the product designs. Report 20.4: Lumen and Chromaticity Maintenance of LED PAR38 Lamps (pending) The lumen depreciation and color shift of 40 lamps is currently being monitored for an extended period of time using the Lumen Maintenance Test Apparatus (LMTA) at PNNL.
This document is a report of observations and results obtained from a lighting demonstration proj... more This document is a report of observations and results obtained from a lighting demonstration project conducted under the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) GATEWAY Demonstration Program. The program supports demonstrations of high-performance solid-state lighting (SSL) products in order to develop empirical data and experience with in-the-field applications of this advanced lighting technology. The DOE GATEWAY Demonstration Program focuses on providing a source of independent, third-party data for use in decision-making by lighting users and professionals; this data should be considered in combination with other information relevant to the particular site and application under examination. Each GATEWAY Demonstration compares SSL products against the incumbent technologies used in that location. Depending on available information and circumstances, the SSL product may also be compared to alternate lighting technologies. Though products demonstrated in the GATEWAY program may have been prescreened for performance, DOE does not endorse any commercial product or in any way guarantee that users will achieve the same results through use of these products.
This paper presents the measured flicker found in a variety of traditional lighting technology pr... more This paper presents the measured flicker found in a variety of traditional lighting technology products, as well as a sample of commercially available SSL products, and addresses the question of whether SSL sources modulate luminous flux any differently than the traditional sources the lighting industry has been built on.
This document is a report of observations and results obtained from a lighting demonstration proj... more This document is a report of observations and results obtained from a lighting demonstration project conducted under the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) GATEWAY Demonstration Program. The program supports demonstrations of high-performance solid-state lighting (SSL) products in order to develop empirical data and experience with in-the-field applications of this advanced lighting technology. The DOE GATEWAY Demonstration Program focuses on providing a source of independent, third-party data for use in decision-making by lighting users and professionals; this data should be considered in combination with other information relevant to the particular site and application under examination. Each GATEWAY Demonstration compares SSL products against the incumbent technologies used in that location. Depending on available information and circumstances, the SSL product may also be compared to alternate lighting technologies. Though products demonstrated in the GATEWAY program have been prescreened for performance, DOE does not endorse any commercial product or in any way guarantee that users will achieve the same results through use of these products. v
The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) LED Lighting Facts ®1 database has been a resource for identi... more The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) LED Lighting Facts ®1 database has been a resource for identifying high-performing light-emitting diode (LED) luminaires since 2010. Receiving data on more than 70,000 products to date, it has been a way for the DOE to assess the progress of the solid state lighting industry and to help lighting specifiers find high-efficiency, high-quality luminaires. In 2017, several products were listed with claimed efficacies near or exceeding 200 lumens per watt (lm/W). The Top Efficacy Performers project was launched to procure samples of these luminaires for testing and visual evaluation. Although there are luminaires exceeding 200 lm/W available on the market, there are many reasons why it is complicated to order products that perform at that level. The LED Lighting Facts database allows manufacturers to list families of luminaires under the performance characteristics of the top-performing product in the family. Consequently, many luminaires having different lumen output, different color and optical characteristics, and different sizes and drivers are listed under the same values as the top-performing product. The luminaire corresponding to a catalog number in the LED Lighting Facts database is often difficult to track down and order, so often it is not clear that the ordered product should have the same features and performance listed in the database. Ultimately, samples of seven luminaires were anonymously ordered for this Top Efficacy Performers Study, five from the LED Lighting Facts database and two unlisted high-efficacy products found through a website search. All products were 5000K, and all but one had LED packages that were directly visible, either open to the air or behind clear plastic or glass covers. They underwent CALiPER photometric testing at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory's (PNNL's) Lighting Metrology Laboratory in Richland, WA, and the resulting values were compared to the manufacturer-claimed values as published on website specification sheets. (Note, this is not necessarily the same as performance values as listed on the LED Lighting Facts database.
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