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Wayan Susila

Prasetiya Mulya School of Economics and Business, Business Economics, Faculty Member

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Domestic and international trade, agricultural-economics of perennial crops (palm oil, sugar, rubber, cocoa, and coffee), especially for Indonesia
Phone: +62 0811 989 433
Address: Jakarta, Indonesia

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Dian A L A S T A Alasta Selian

STAIN GAJAH PUTIH TAKENGON, ACEH

Fanisa D Andyani

Anisa Sitaresmi

Fitri Situmorang

Universitas Potensi Utama Medan

Universitas Pembangunan Nasional "Veteran" Jakarta

Aji Fany Permana

STAI Sufyan Tsauri

Wira Maharddhika

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Papers by Wayan Susila

Awan Gelap Perdagangan Global

Artikel Perang Dagang Baru, 2025

Kebijakan Presiden Amerika Serikat Donald Trump yang sangat mementingkan kepentingan domestik, ak... more Kebijakan Presiden Amerika Serikat Donald Trump yang sangat mementingkan kepentingan domestik, akan menghadirkan awan gelap perdagangan global. Dengan menggunakan Undang-Undang Kekuatan Darurat Ekonomi Internasional sebagai landasan, Donald Trump memulai dengan menaikkan tarif impor barang dari tiga negara yaitu Kanada (10%), Mexico (25%), dan China dikenakan bea masuk tambahan sebesar 10% yang berlaku mulai 4 Februari 2025. Ketiga negara tersebut sudah mengambil ancang-ancang untuk membalas dengan menaikkan tarif impor. Kanada mengamcam dengan akan mengenakan tarif impor sebesar 25% untuk barang impor dari US, sementara Mexixo dan China secara resmi menyampaikan akan melakukan Tindakan balasan yang seimbang. Hal ini berarti perang dagang baru sudah dimulai kembali!

[Replanted or converted for NES (Nucleus Estate Smallholders) old rubber plant, a case study in NES VII Monterado, West Kalimantan (Indonesia)]

Impacts of the implementation of Uruguay round on several aspects of world and domestic coffee trade

Fertilizer subsidy policy: revisited

Jurnal Penelitian dan Pengembangan Pertanian, 2010

Prospects and direction of Indonesian rubber development

Dampak Putaran Uruguay terhadap Industri Minyak Nabati

Forum pengembangan agro ekonomi, Sep 7, 2016

The succes of the Uruguay Round was projected to have positive impacts on the edible oil industri... more The succes of the Uruguay Round was projected to have positive impacts on the edible oil industries although the impacts are not proportionally distributed. Edible oil procedures in Asia Pacific countries were projected to enjoy most of the gains, while most African countries which are net importers will suffer fom prices increase. Commitments related to edibe oil trade in Uruguay Round will induce the increase in price, production, consumption, and trade of edible oils 4.0, 3.4, 3.8, and 11.6 percent, respectively. Moreover, palm oil producers such as Indonesia, was projected to be most beneficial from the trade liberalization of the edible oils.

Development and prospect of palm oil industry in Indonesia

Comparative and competitive advantage of Indonesian coffee

Agribisnis Perkebunan Memasuki Awal Abad 21: Beberapa Agenda Penting

SOCA (SOCIO-ECONOMIC OF AGRICULTURRE AND AGRIBUSINESS), Feb 1, 2001

Estate-crop agribusiness has played and is still expected to play important roles in Indonesian e... more Estate-crop agribusiness has played and is still expected to play important roles in Indonesian economy. Besides its consistent contribution on economic growth and foreign exchange earning, it provides employment for more than 13 million people. In the beginning of 21st century, the estate-crop agribusiness will face various new important agenda and strategic business environment changes related to this subsector, namely, production cost, commodity prices, market competition, trade liberalization, production policies, trade policies, regional autonomy, environmental issues, and plantation plundering. Some of them will depress the development of the subsector in the beginning of 21st century, while the others will provide better opportunities for the development of the subsector or their net impacts are still vague. To optimize the roles of the estate-crop subsector agribusiness, various important agenda and strategic business environment changes related to the subsector should be managed in a such way that the negative impacts of the changes can be minimized while the positive and vague impacts can be converted to be a growth engine of the subsector in entering the beginning of 21th century.

Effect Of Trade Liberalization and Growth on Poverty and Inequity: Empirical Evidences and Policy Options

Forum pengembangan agro ekonomi, Aug 12, 2016

Penelitian-penelitian yang menganalisis hubungan antara liberalisasi perdagangan, kemiskinan, dan... more Penelitian-penelitian yang menganalisis hubungan antara liberalisasi perdagangan, kemiskinan, dan pemerataan berujung pada perdebatan. Dampak dari pasar terbuka dan pengurangan kemiskinan menghasilkan pandangan yang pro (Anderson, Jha et al., dan Bhattasali et al.). dan kontra (Coller and Dollar, Twyford, Medeley, and Abbotts) secara tajam. Di sisi lain, dampak pasar terbuka terhadap distribusi pendapat bersifat lebih konklusif. Kesimpulan ini berlaku juga untuk kasus Indonesia. Dua kelompok kebijakan disintesa dari studi ini yang mencoba mensinergikan liberalisasi perdagangan dan pertumbuhan dengan kemiskinan dan pemerataan untuk wilayah Asia dan Pacific. Kelompok kebijakan pertama adalah liberalisasi perdagangan yang berpihak pada pengurangan kemiskinan yaitu 1) mengoreksi ketidak-seimbangan; 2) meninjau ulang tentang timbal-balik kebijakan; 3) perlakuan yang spesial dan berbeda serta fleksibelitas; dan 4) isu-isu perdagangan yang menjadi kepentingan khusus negara berkembang. Kelompok kebijakan kedua berkaitan dengan kebijakan domestik yang berpihak kepada orang miskin yaitu 1) memperbaiki ketidak-seimbangan penguasaan asset/lahan; 2) perbaikan infrastruktur di pedesaan; 3) menciptakan iklim investasi yang kondusif; 4) mendorong penciptaan lapangan kerja yang berpihak pada orang miskin; dan v) meningkatkan penelitian dan pengembangan bidang pertanian.

Effect of trade liberalization and growth on poverty and inequity

HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe), 2008

Studies assessing the link between trade liberalization, poverty and equity come up with debatabl... more Studies assessing the link between trade liberalization, poverty and equity come up with debatable results. The effect of open markets on poverty alleviation is usually divisive between pros (Anderson, Jha, et. al., dan Bhattasali et al.) and cons (Coller and Dollar, Twyford, Medeley, and Abbotts), while effect on equity is more conclusive. These conclusions are also true for Indonesia case. Two policy insights are derived from studies review to reconcile the benefits of trade liberalization and growth with poverty alleviation and equity improvement in Asia and the Pacific. The first one relates to pro-poor trade liberalization through 1) rectifying imbalances; 2) rethinking reciprocity; 3) special and differential treatment and flexibility; and 4) trade issues of special interest to developing countries. The second is related to pro-poor domestic policies that include 1) reducing assets/land inequity, 2) promoting rural infrastructure, 3) creating conducive investment climate, 4) promoting pro-poor employment, and v) promoting agricultural research and development. (Résumé d'auteur

In the name of growth and equity

HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe), 2007

National audiencePresque toute l'industrie indonésienne fut frappée par la crise de 1997-1998... more National audiencePresque toute l'industrie indonésienne fut frappée par la crise de 1997-1998 et le PNB décrût (-13,2% in 1998). Dans ce contexte, le secteur de l'huile de palme montra sa force et sa résistance. Les surfaces plantées et la production d'huile augmentent respectivement de 7% et 6% par an entre 1996 et 2001. Les trois systèmes de gestion qui co-existent dans ce secteur - grandes plantations privées, petites plantations familiales et plantations d'état - bénéficient de cette croissance. Le bien-être des petits planteurs dans les zones de production d'huile de palme est notablement plus élevé que celui de la plupart des autres planteurs et le palmier à huile, avec un bénéfice net moyen de 500 dollars par hectare, et ceci attire de plus en plus de producteurs. Ce papier combine des données secondaires et les résultats d'enquêtes de terrain pour discuter deux questions clés pour l'avenir du secteur des plantations familiales. La première a trait à l'émergence et à l'existence de ménages prospères sur le long terme: les conditions sont-elles réunies pour leur assurer un revenu durable? La seconde est une question d'économie politique à propos du choix d'un modèle de développement entre la grande plantation privée et la petite plantation familiale, dans une perspective de croissance et d'équité: quels sont les termes de l'alternative? Ces questions permettent d'aborder en conclusion un certain nombre d'options de politique et les actions qui en dériven

In the Name of Growth and Equity: The Future of Oil Palm Smallholders in Indonesia

Moussons, Dec 1, 2006

ABSTRACT In 1997-1998 the economic crisis hits almost all industries and Indonesia’s GNP experien... more ABSTRACT In 1997-1998 the economic crisis hits almost all industries and Indonesia’s GNP experiences a negative growth (-13.2% in 1998). Under these circumstances, the oil palm sector shows its strength and resilience. Oil palm plantation area and output respectively increased by almost 7% and 6% per year between 1996 and 2001. All three coexisting management systems - private estates, smallholders and government-owned estates – experienced this growth. Smallholders’ welfare in oil palm producing areas is significantly higher than most of other tree crop or annual crop smallholders and oil palm, with an average net income of 500 dollars per ha, attracts more and more farmers. This paper combines secondary data and field survey results to address two key issues for the future of the oil palm smallholder sector. First is the question of the contribution of oil palm to the emergence and existence of wealthy households on a long term run; are the conditions currently met to ensure them a sustainable livelihood? Second is the political issue of smallholder development versus private estate development in relation to growth and equity; what are the terms of the alternative? Finally, this paper discusses policy options and implementation issues.

Peran Industri Karet Dalam Perekonomian Provinsi Jambi: Pendekatan Sistem Neraca Sosial Ekonomi

Jurnal Penelitian Karet, Feb 25, 2020

The purpose of this research is to analyze the linkages and impacts of the natural rubber industr... more The purpose of this research is to analyze the linkages and impacts of the natural rubber industry on the Jambi regional economy. This type of research is quantitative research. The data used in this study was the Jambi Province Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) 2015. The research method was to disaggregate the SNSE matrix from the order 52x52 to 55x55 by disaggregating the plantation sector into 4 sectors, namely the tire industry (14), the rubber industry crumbs and smoke rubber (15), other rubber goods industries (16), and the wood industry, wood products, and the like (18). Findings of this research is the forward and backward l i n k a g e s h o w e d t h a t p r i m a r y a n d downstream rubber industries (crumb rubber and smoke rubber) have forward linkage less than 1 and backward linkage more than 1 so that it was effective as a leading sector. The findings on the impact of the rubber industry indicate that the primary and downstream rubber industries have a significant impact on the economy of the Jambi region, amounting to IDR 29.86 T or 69.17% of the value added of production factors in Jambi Province and employment of 630 thousand people or 40.2% of the total workforce in Jambi Province.

Agriculture in Southeast Asia: an update

"The critical challenge faced by the nations of Southeast Asia today is to sustain the livel... more "The critical challenge faced by the nations of Southeast Asia today is to sustain the livelihoods of more than 540 million inhabitants on only 4.5 million km2. This high demographic density is especially problematic given that 70% of the region is covered with mountainous areas that are hard to reach and even harder to cultivate. The populations of Southeast Asia have been traditionally concentrated along valleys and flood plains where it is easy to practice various forms of flooded or irrigated rice production: valleys and deltas of the Mekong, the Red River, the Mae Nam Chao Phraya and the Irrawadi, the alluvial basin of the Tonle Sap and relatively small coastal plains. Some peasants have set up irrigated rice paddies on terraces along the fertile piedmonts of volcanoes: the islands of Java, Sulawesi, Luzon and Mindoro offer strikingly beautiful examples. However, during the second half of the 20th century, a significant part of the population living among the plains, valleys and piedmonts had to migrate to distant mountainous regions to set up rainfed cropping systems on uplands. [...]" (Introduction: 7)

Tariff Reduction Formulae: Implications for Rural Poor Asia-Pacific Countries

"recommending" the free play of market forces "between unequal trading partners wo... more "recommending" the free play of market forces "between unequal trading partners would only punish poorer commodity exporters at the same time as it brought advantages to the rich industrial core. Therefore, the agenda should attack the persistent trade imbalance and create the essential external conditions for accelerating the rate of growth including new modalities of participation for developing countries in the trading system" (taken from Prebisch, R., 1964, quoted in Ricupero, R., 20031. This article intends to clarify issues related to the current WTO trade negotiations in the framework of the Agreement on Agriculture. After presenting the general background for trade liberalization and the reason of the current negotiations, the paper introduces the different formulae for tariff reduction that are currently under debate and concludes with some implications for the rural poor sector in Asia and Pacific countries. (Resume d'auteur)

Tarip Impor Gula Indonesia dengan Pendekatan Kompromi

Economics and Finance in Indonesia, 2000

The imposition of a 25 percent import tariff for cane sugar in Indonesia has rose a controversy. ... more The imposition of a 25 percent import tariff for cane sugar in Indonesia has rose a controversy. Sugar producers have persistently pressured the government of Indonesia to increase the tariff level to sufficiently protect domestic sugar industries. On the other hand, the government has not showed an indication to change the tariff level. This study was conducted to formulate import tariff levels as alternatives to solve the controversy. An alternative approach, called compromise approach, was used in this study. On the basis some objective factors, such as number of producers and consumers, price elasticities, and government policy bias, three alternatives of import tariff level, namely, neutral, bias to producer, and bias to consumer, are propused. The impacts of these import tarriff levels on government revenue, provenue price, and retail price are also discussed.

Tinjauan Metode Penelitian "Mengakomodasikan Aspek Politik ke dalam Model: Kasus Hipotetis Pir Tebu

English Public interest or public good phenomena are generally technical in nature but political ... more English Public interest or public good phenomena are generally technical in nature but political in perspective. On the other hand, political aspects of the phenomena are often ignored or inadequately captured in analyses (models). As a result, the recommendations of this kind of study will be characterized by either ineffective policy research or misguided policy implications. To overcome this problems, the model used in a analysis should able to explicitly incorporate political aspects of the phenomena in the model. In response to this need, a multy party-multy objective model using STEP method is discussed in this paper. The discussions cover the theoretical framework and the solution technique of the model. Moreover, the use of the model to determine various agreements or rule in sugar-cane development scheme is also demonstrated to give a more comprehensive feature of the model. Indonesia Fenomena yang berkaitan dengan kepentingan umum atau komoditas umum pada dasarnya adalah m...

Investigation of the Feasibility of Wet Processed Robusta by Smallholder Farmers in East Java

Agribisnis Perkebunan Memasuki Awal Abad 21: Beberapa Agenda Penting

Estate-crop agribusiness has played and is still expected to play important roles in Indonesian e... more Estate-crop agribusiness has played and is still expected to play important roles in Indonesian economy. Besides its consistent contribution on economic growth and foreign exchange earning, it provides employment for more than 13 million people. In the beginning of 21st century, the estate-crop agribusiness will face various new important agenda and strategic business environment changes related to this subsector, namely, production cost, commodity prices, market competition, trade liberalization, production policies, trade policies, regional autonomy, environmental issues, and plantation plundering. Some of them will depress the development of the subsector in the beginning of 21st century, while the others will provide better opportunities for the development of the subsector or their net impacts are still vague. To optimize the roles of the estate-crop subsector agribusiness, various important agenda and strategic business environment changes related to the subsector should be ma...

Awan Gelap Perdagangan Global

Artikel Perang Dagang Baru, 2025

Kebijakan Presiden Amerika Serikat Donald Trump yang sangat mementingkan kepentingan domestik, ak... more Kebijakan Presiden Amerika Serikat Donald Trump yang sangat mementingkan kepentingan domestik, akan menghadirkan awan gelap perdagangan global. Dengan menggunakan Undang-Undang Kekuatan Darurat Ekonomi Internasional sebagai landasan, Donald Trump memulai dengan menaikkan tarif impor barang dari tiga negara yaitu Kanada (10%), Mexico (25%), dan China dikenakan bea masuk tambahan sebesar 10% yang berlaku mulai 4 Februari 2025. Ketiga negara tersebut sudah mengambil ancang-ancang untuk membalas dengan menaikkan tarif impor. Kanada mengamcam dengan akan mengenakan tarif impor sebesar 25% untuk barang impor dari US, sementara Mexixo dan China secara resmi menyampaikan akan melakukan Tindakan balasan yang seimbang. Hal ini berarti perang dagang baru sudah dimulai kembali!

[Replanted or converted for NES (Nucleus Estate Smallholders) old rubber plant, a case study in NES VII Monterado, West Kalimantan (Indonesia)]

Impacts of the implementation of Uruguay round on several aspects of world and domestic coffee trade

Fertilizer subsidy policy: revisited

Jurnal Penelitian dan Pengembangan Pertanian, 2010

Prospects and direction of Indonesian rubber development

Dampak Putaran Uruguay terhadap Industri Minyak Nabati

Forum pengembangan agro ekonomi, Sep 7, 2016

The succes of the Uruguay Round was projected to have positive impacts on the edible oil industri... more The succes of the Uruguay Round was projected to have positive impacts on the edible oil industries although the impacts are not proportionally distributed. Edible oil procedures in Asia Pacific countries were projected to enjoy most of the gains, while most African countries which are net importers will suffer fom prices increase. Commitments related to edibe oil trade in Uruguay Round will induce the increase in price, production, consumption, and trade of edible oils 4.0, 3.4, 3.8, and 11.6 percent, respectively. Moreover, palm oil producers such as Indonesia, was projected to be most beneficial from the trade liberalization of the edible oils.

Development and prospect of palm oil industry in Indonesia

Comparative and competitive advantage of Indonesian coffee

Agribisnis Perkebunan Memasuki Awal Abad 21: Beberapa Agenda Penting

SOCA (SOCIO-ECONOMIC OF AGRICULTURRE AND AGRIBUSINESS), Feb 1, 2001

Estate-crop agribusiness has played and is still expected to play important roles in Indonesian e... more Estate-crop agribusiness has played and is still expected to play important roles in Indonesian economy. Besides its consistent contribution on economic growth and foreign exchange earning, it provides employment for more than 13 million people. In the beginning of 21st century, the estate-crop agribusiness will face various new important agenda and strategic business environment changes related to this subsector, namely, production cost, commodity prices, market competition, trade liberalization, production policies, trade policies, regional autonomy, environmental issues, and plantation plundering. Some of them will depress the development of the subsector in the beginning of 21st century, while the others will provide better opportunities for the development of the subsector or their net impacts are still vague. To optimize the roles of the estate-crop subsector agribusiness, various important agenda and strategic business environment changes related to the subsector should be managed in a such way that the negative impacts of the changes can be minimized while the positive and vague impacts can be converted to be a growth engine of the subsector in entering the beginning of 21th century.

Effect Of Trade Liberalization and Growth on Poverty and Inequity: Empirical Evidences and Policy Options

Forum pengembangan agro ekonomi, Aug 12, 2016

Penelitian-penelitian yang menganalisis hubungan antara liberalisasi perdagangan, kemiskinan, dan... more Penelitian-penelitian yang menganalisis hubungan antara liberalisasi perdagangan, kemiskinan, dan pemerataan berujung pada perdebatan. Dampak dari pasar terbuka dan pengurangan kemiskinan menghasilkan pandangan yang pro (Anderson, Jha et al., dan Bhattasali et al.). dan kontra (Coller and Dollar, Twyford, Medeley, and Abbotts) secara tajam. Di sisi lain, dampak pasar terbuka terhadap distribusi pendapat bersifat lebih konklusif. Kesimpulan ini berlaku juga untuk kasus Indonesia. Dua kelompok kebijakan disintesa dari studi ini yang mencoba mensinergikan liberalisasi perdagangan dan pertumbuhan dengan kemiskinan dan pemerataan untuk wilayah Asia dan Pacific. Kelompok kebijakan pertama adalah liberalisasi perdagangan yang berpihak pada pengurangan kemiskinan yaitu 1) mengoreksi ketidak-seimbangan; 2) meninjau ulang tentang timbal-balik kebijakan; 3) perlakuan yang spesial dan berbeda serta fleksibelitas; dan 4) isu-isu perdagangan yang menjadi kepentingan khusus negara berkembang. Kelompok kebijakan kedua berkaitan dengan kebijakan domestik yang berpihak kepada orang miskin yaitu 1) memperbaiki ketidak-seimbangan penguasaan asset/lahan; 2) perbaikan infrastruktur di pedesaan; 3) menciptakan iklim investasi yang kondusif; 4) mendorong penciptaan lapangan kerja yang berpihak pada orang miskin; dan v) meningkatkan penelitian dan pengembangan bidang pertanian.

Effect of trade liberalization and growth on poverty and inequity

HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe), 2008

Studies assessing the link between trade liberalization, poverty and equity come up with debatabl... more Studies assessing the link between trade liberalization, poverty and equity come up with debatable results. The effect of open markets on poverty alleviation is usually divisive between pros (Anderson, Jha, et. al., dan Bhattasali et al.) and cons (Coller and Dollar, Twyford, Medeley, and Abbotts), while effect on equity is more conclusive. These conclusions are also true for Indonesia case. Two policy insights are derived from studies review to reconcile the benefits of trade liberalization and growth with poverty alleviation and equity improvement in Asia and the Pacific. The first one relates to pro-poor trade liberalization through 1) rectifying imbalances; 2) rethinking reciprocity; 3) special and differential treatment and flexibility; and 4) trade issues of special interest to developing countries. The second is related to pro-poor domestic policies that include 1) reducing assets/land inequity, 2) promoting rural infrastructure, 3) creating conducive investment climate, 4) promoting pro-poor employment, and v) promoting agricultural research and development. (Résumé d'auteur

In the name of growth and equity

HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe), 2007

National audiencePresque toute l'industrie indonésienne fut frappée par la crise de 1997-1998... more National audiencePresque toute l'industrie indonésienne fut frappée par la crise de 1997-1998 et le PNB décrût (-13,2% in 1998). Dans ce contexte, le secteur de l'huile de palme montra sa force et sa résistance. Les surfaces plantées et la production d'huile augmentent respectivement de 7% et 6% par an entre 1996 et 2001. Les trois systèmes de gestion qui co-existent dans ce secteur - grandes plantations privées, petites plantations familiales et plantations d'état - bénéficient de cette croissance. Le bien-être des petits planteurs dans les zones de production d'huile de palme est notablement plus élevé que celui de la plupart des autres planteurs et le palmier à huile, avec un bénéfice net moyen de 500 dollars par hectare, et ceci attire de plus en plus de producteurs. Ce papier combine des données secondaires et les résultats d'enquêtes de terrain pour discuter deux questions clés pour l'avenir du secteur des plantations familiales. La première a trait à l'émergence et à l'existence de ménages prospères sur le long terme: les conditions sont-elles réunies pour leur assurer un revenu durable? La seconde est une question d'économie politique à propos du choix d'un modèle de développement entre la grande plantation privée et la petite plantation familiale, dans une perspective de croissance et d'équité: quels sont les termes de l'alternative? Ces questions permettent d'aborder en conclusion un certain nombre d'options de politique et les actions qui en dériven

In the Name of Growth and Equity: The Future of Oil Palm Smallholders in Indonesia

Moussons, Dec 1, 2006

ABSTRACT In 1997-1998 the economic crisis hits almost all industries and Indonesia’s GNP experien... more ABSTRACT In 1997-1998 the economic crisis hits almost all industries and Indonesia’s GNP experiences a negative growth (-13.2% in 1998). Under these circumstances, the oil palm sector shows its strength and resilience. Oil palm plantation area and output respectively increased by almost 7% and 6% per year between 1996 and 2001. All three coexisting management systems - private estates, smallholders and government-owned estates – experienced this growth. Smallholders’ welfare in oil palm producing areas is significantly higher than most of other tree crop or annual crop smallholders and oil palm, with an average net income of 500 dollars per ha, attracts more and more farmers. This paper combines secondary data and field survey results to address two key issues for the future of the oil palm smallholder sector. First is the question of the contribution of oil palm to the emergence and existence of wealthy households on a long term run; are the conditions currently met to ensure them a sustainable livelihood? Second is the political issue of smallholder development versus private estate development in relation to growth and equity; what are the terms of the alternative? Finally, this paper discusses policy options and implementation issues.

Peran Industri Karet Dalam Perekonomian Provinsi Jambi: Pendekatan Sistem Neraca Sosial Ekonomi

Jurnal Penelitian Karet, Feb 25, 2020

The purpose of this research is to analyze the linkages and impacts of the natural rubber industr... more The purpose of this research is to analyze the linkages and impacts of the natural rubber industry on the Jambi regional economy. This type of research is quantitative research. The data used in this study was the Jambi Province Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) 2015. The research method was to disaggregate the SNSE matrix from the order 52x52 to 55x55 by disaggregating the plantation sector into 4 sectors, namely the tire industry (14), the rubber industry crumbs and smoke rubber (15), other rubber goods industries (16), and the wood industry, wood products, and the like (18). Findings of this research is the forward and backward l i n k a g e s h o w e d t h a t p r i m a r y a n d downstream rubber industries (crumb rubber and smoke rubber) have forward linkage less than 1 and backward linkage more than 1 so that it was effective as a leading sector. The findings on the impact of the rubber industry indicate that the primary and downstream rubber industries have a significant impact on the economy of the Jambi region, amounting to IDR 29.86 T or 69.17% of the value added of production factors in Jambi Province and employment of 630 thousand people or 40.2% of the total workforce in Jambi Province.

Agriculture in Southeast Asia: an update

"The critical challenge faced by the nations of Southeast Asia today is to sustain the livel... more "The critical challenge faced by the nations of Southeast Asia today is to sustain the livelihoods of more than 540 million inhabitants on only 4.5 million km2. This high demographic density is especially problematic given that 70% of the region is covered with mountainous areas that are hard to reach and even harder to cultivate. The populations of Southeast Asia have been traditionally concentrated along valleys and flood plains where it is easy to practice various forms of flooded or irrigated rice production: valleys and deltas of the Mekong, the Red River, the Mae Nam Chao Phraya and the Irrawadi, the alluvial basin of the Tonle Sap and relatively small coastal plains. Some peasants have set up irrigated rice paddies on terraces along the fertile piedmonts of volcanoes: the islands of Java, Sulawesi, Luzon and Mindoro offer strikingly beautiful examples. However, during the second half of the 20th century, a significant part of the population living among the plains, valleys and piedmonts had to migrate to distant mountainous regions to set up rainfed cropping systems on uplands. [...]" (Introduction: 7)

Tariff Reduction Formulae: Implications for Rural Poor Asia-Pacific Countries

"recommending" the free play of market forces "between unequal trading partners wo... more "recommending" the free play of market forces "between unequal trading partners would only punish poorer commodity exporters at the same time as it brought advantages to the rich industrial core. Therefore, the agenda should attack the persistent trade imbalance and create the essential external conditions for accelerating the rate of growth including new modalities of participation for developing countries in the trading system" (taken from Prebisch, R., 1964, quoted in Ricupero, R., 20031. This article intends to clarify issues related to the current WTO trade negotiations in the framework of the Agreement on Agriculture. After presenting the general background for trade liberalization and the reason of the current negotiations, the paper introduces the different formulae for tariff reduction that are currently under debate and concludes with some implications for the rural poor sector in Asia and Pacific countries. (Resume d'auteur)

Tarip Impor Gula Indonesia dengan Pendekatan Kompromi

Economics and Finance in Indonesia, 2000

The imposition of a 25 percent import tariff for cane sugar in Indonesia has rose a controversy. ... more The imposition of a 25 percent import tariff for cane sugar in Indonesia has rose a controversy. Sugar producers have persistently pressured the government of Indonesia to increase the tariff level to sufficiently protect domestic sugar industries. On the other hand, the government has not showed an indication to change the tariff level. This study was conducted to formulate import tariff levels as alternatives to solve the controversy. An alternative approach, called compromise approach, was used in this study. On the basis some objective factors, such as number of producers and consumers, price elasticities, and government policy bias, three alternatives of import tariff level, namely, neutral, bias to producer, and bias to consumer, are propused. The impacts of these import tarriff levels on government revenue, provenue price, and retail price are also discussed.

Tinjauan Metode Penelitian "Mengakomodasikan Aspek Politik ke dalam Model: Kasus Hipotetis Pir Tebu

English Public interest or public good phenomena are generally technical in nature but political ... more English Public interest or public good phenomena are generally technical in nature but political in perspective. On the other hand, political aspects of the phenomena are often ignored or inadequately captured in analyses (models). As a result, the recommendations of this kind of study will be characterized by either ineffective policy research or misguided policy implications. To overcome this problems, the model used in a analysis should able to explicitly incorporate political aspects of the phenomena in the model. In response to this need, a multy party-multy objective model using STEP method is discussed in this paper. The discussions cover the theoretical framework and the solution technique of the model. Moreover, the use of the model to determine various agreements or rule in sugar-cane development scheme is also demonstrated to give a more comprehensive feature of the model. Indonesia Fenomena yang berkaitan dengan kepentingan umum atau komoditas umum pada dasarnya adalah m...

Investigation of the Feasibility of Wet Processed Robusta by Smallholder Farmers in East Java

Agribisnis Perkebunan Memasuki Awal Abad 21: Beberapa Agenda Penting

Estate-crop agribusiness has played and is still expected to play important roles in Indonesian e... more Estate-crop agribusiness has played and is still expected to play important roles in Indonesian economy. Besides its consistent contribution on economic growth and foreign exchange earning, it provides employment for more than 13 million people. In the beginning of 21st century, the estate-crop agribusiness will face various new important agenda and strategic business environment changes related to this subsector, namely, production cost, commodity prices, market competition, trade liberalization, production policies, trade policies, regional autonomy, environmental issues, and plantation plundering. Some of them will depress the development of the subsector in the beginning of 21st century, while the others will provide better opportunities for the development of the subsector or their net impacts are still vague. To optimize the roles of the estate-crop subsector agribusiness, various important agenda and strategic business environment changes related to the subsector should be ma...

Peranan Industri Gula Indonesia WR

Industri Berbasis Tebu: Pilar Kejayaan Bangsa Berbasis Pedesaan " Ketika sebagian kalangan mulai ... more Industri Berbasis Tebu: Pilar Kejayaan Bangsa Berbasis Pedesaan " Ketika sebagian kalangan mulai meremehkan perannya, industri berbasis tebu sebenarnya mempunyai peran jangka panjang yang yang sangat strategis yaitu pendukung ketahanan pangan dan enegi, dua faktor penentu kejayaan bangsa pada masa mendatang! " Akhir-akhir ini, sebagian kalangan mulai meremehkan peran strategis industri berbasis tebu atau lebih spesifik industri gula nasional. Entah karena putus asa atas kinerja pabrik gula (PG) yang tidak kunjung maju-maju, atau ada kepentingan tersembunyi, mereka mulai menganggap peran industri gula nasional tidak strategis. Pemerintah tidak perlu repot-repot membelanya dengan berbagai program dan kebijakan proteksi. Menurut mereka, kalau memang sebagian PG-PG itu tidak bisa bersaing, maka tutup saja dan kekurangan produksi diisi dengan gula impor. Pemikiran seperti ini tentu sangat berbahaya bagi masa depan Indonesia, karena mereka menilai peran suatu sektor atau industri hanya menggunakan kriteria efsisiensi dan daya saing industri. Mereka melupakan kriteria lain yang dalam jangka panjang justru bermakna semakin strategis. Sejak krisis pangan secara beruntun terjadi dan semakin terbatasnya cadangan energi berbasis fosil, bangsa yang akan berjaya atau menguasai dunia adalah mereka yang memiliki ketahanan pangan dan energi. Kalau dulu, negara menguasai dunia dengan penjajahan, kemudian perdagangan, teknologi dan informasi, maka ke depan yang menguasai dunia adalah bangsa yang menguasai pangan dan energi. Secara historis, industri berbasis tebu berperan sebagai lokomotif pembangunan pedesaan termasuk penyedia lapangan kerja di pedesaan. Secara empiris, studi oleh Susila dan Setiawan (2007) menunjukkan bahwa baik usaha tani tebu maupu PG sangat cocok sebagai lomomotif pertumbuhan perekenomian di pedesaan. Usahatani tebu memilki daya penyebaran (kekuatan untuk mendorong sektor lain ikut berkembang) sebesar 3,21. Artinya, jika usahatani tebu tumbuh satu unit (Rp 1 miliar misalnya), maka ekonomi secara keseluruhan akan tumbuh sebesar 3,21 unit. Nilai ini tentu diatas rata-rata tanaman perkebunan secara umum. Hal yang lebih hebat dan mungkin tidak banyak disadari adalah daya penyebaran PG yang mencapai 3.87, tertinggi dari berbagai industri berbasis perkebunan seperti minyak goreng, rokok, dan industri berbasis kakao. Artinya, jika ada kenaikan permintaan gula satu unit, maka pertumbuhan tersebut mendorong sektor lain berkembang sehingga secara nasional ekonomi meningkat sebesar 3.87 unit. Dari sisi kemampuan membangkitkan pendapatan, PG sekali lagi merupakan industri perkebunan dengan multiplier pendapatan tertinggi. Lebih jauh, peningkatan pendapatan tersebut lebih banyak dinikmati oleh pemilik tenaga kerja, bukan pemilik modal. Setiap kenaikan permintaan satu unit gula, akan menciptakan pendapatan sebesar 2.09 (multiplier pendapatan). Dari nilai tersebut, sebesar 1.34 unit (65%) diterima tenaga kerja, sementara sisanya sebesar 0.75 (35%) unit untuk pemilik modal. Peran industri berbasis tebu yang sering kurang dihargai adalah dalam hal ketahanan pangan dan energi. Berbagai kajian lembaga internasional memberi indikasi bahwa pada masa mendatang, negara yang menguasai dunia adalah negara yang menguasai pangan dan energi. Setelah sebelumnya teknologi memegang peranan penting dan kemudian teknologi informasi, banyak yang meyakini bahwa pada masa mendatang, pangan dan energi menjadi penentu kedigjayaan suatu negara. Pemikiran tersebut tentu dilandasi oleh berbagai analisis dan bukti empiris. Krisis pangan antara tahun 2008-2011 telah memberi banyak pelajaran bahwa pasar pangan internasional tidak bisa

Industri Berbasis Tebu: Pilar Kejayaan Bangsa Berbasis Pedesaan

“Ketika sebagian kalangan mulai meremehkan perannya, industri berbasis tebu sebenarnya mempunyai ... more

Perdagangan Internasional: Teori, Kebijakan, dan Terapan

Prasetiya Mulya Publishing, 2022

KENAPA BUKU INI PENTING? Di era globalisasi yang terus berkembang pesat, munculnya pendekatan Glo... more KENAPA BUKU INI PENTING?
Di era globalisasi yang terus berkembang pesat, munculnya pendekatan
Global Value Chains (GVCs) dan Kebijakan Non-Tariff Measures (NTMs)
membuat isu dan kebijakan perdagangan internasional menjadi semakin
kompleks dan menarik untuk ditelaah lebih dalam. Lebih jauh,
berkembangnya pasar e-commerce turut serta menambah kompleksitas
isu kebijakan perdagangan internasional.
KENAPA BUKU INI
PENTING?
DI BIDANG PERDAGANGAN, EKONOMI, DAN BISNIS
sinopsis
"one stop shopping"
Mahasiswa Peneliti Pejabat
Pemerintah
Pelaku Usaha
Instansi
Pendidikan
(Universitas)
Lembaga -
Lembaga
JUDUL BAB
Penulis: Wayan R. Susila
bit.ly/perdagin
Buku Perdagangan Internasional: Teori, Kebijakan, dan Terapan ini hadir
untuk menjawab tantangan tersebut. Buku ini menjelaskan berbagai teori
dan metode analisis perdagangan internasional dari yang klasik seperti
keunggulan komparatif sampai dengan yang terkini seperti NTMs dan
GVCs. Buku ini diupayakan menjadi semacam one stop shopping untuk
perdagangan internasional karena memaparkan teori, metode analisisnya
(tools), dan kasus nyata yang menarik dan relevan secara lengkap.
Dengan demikian, pembaca dapat lebih mudah memahaminya, bahkan
untuk pembaca yang baru mulai mempelajari kebidangan ilmu ekonomi.

Perdagangan Internasional: Teori, Kebijakan, dan Terapan

Prasetiya Mulya Publishing, 2022

It is a one stop shopping book of international trade describing various related theories, analyt... more It is a one stop shopping book of international trade describing various related theories, analytical tools, policies, and illustrative study cases. The book has specific chapters describing and analyzing international trade development of goods and services (main importing and importing countries, main products and services), trade theories, competitiveness, trade potential, export and import mechanism, trade policies and impacts, international trade cooperation and globalization, non-tariff measures, and global value chains.