Mirela Altic
Dr. Mirela Altic is a Chief Research Fellow at the Institute of Social Sciences and Full Professor with tenure at Department of History, University of Zagreb. She specializes in social history of maps, cross-cultural knowledge exchange and early modern encounter. She occasionally teaches at foreign universities. Dr. Altic is author of 20, over 100 original scientific papers and contributor to The History of Cartography Project (University of Wisconsin/Madison, University Chicago Press). For the academic year 2013–2014 she was awarded the David Woodward Memorial Fellowship at the University of Wisconsin, Madison. Dr Altic was invited speaker in David Rumsey Map Center at Stanford University, Newbery Library Chicago, American Geographical Society and Ricci Institute of University of San Francisco. She is the leading scientist in the field of history of cartography and one of the pioneers of this filed in her country. She established first courses on the history of cartography at Zagreb University and contributed to the cartographic education of generations of students of history. She is specially devoted to development of the new methodologies and approaches to historical maps in historical sciences. Recently Dr. Altic is engaged in research of Jesuit cartography of Americas and to missionary contribution to the history of early encounter and exploration. Her book Encounters in the New World: Jesuit Cartography of the Americas is scheduled to be published by University of Chicago Press in May 2022.
Address: Croatia
Address: Croatia
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Spanish crown and, with the help of his navigator Juan Hervé, conducted detailed charting of the island. Hervé would play a key role in the next two expeditions sent to the South Pacific by the Viceroy of Peru, Manuel de Amat y Junyent. The two expeditions led by Domingo de Bonechea Andonaegui in 1772–73 and 1774–75 explored and charted Tahiti and the Tuamotu Archipelago. As a result of the expeditions, apart from comprehensive travel logs, a series of some ninety charts appeared, documenting the achievements of Spanish maritime cartography of the South Pacific. In this article, interaction between Spanish and other explorative cartographers will be considered, giving special regard to the influence of Cook. The article presents the Spanish manuscript charts of the South Pacific that are kept in the State Library of New South Wales (Somaglia Collection), the Real Academia de la Historia (Madrid), the Archivo General de Indias (Seville), the Museo Naval de Madrid and Biblioteca Nacional de Chile.
prominent roles in the early exploration of French Louisiana. The two
societies competed over territorial jurisdiction since the presence of their
missionaries provided privileged access to the latest geographical data. In
times of exploration and colonial territorial expansion, geographical data
proved to be an important lever of power, and French missionaries were
one of the principal agents of acquiring and disseminating knowledge. We
follow the role of the two mentioned missionary societies through the eyes of the Jesuit Father Paul du Ru, the priest of the Society of Foreign Missions of Paris, Francois Le Maire, and two Jesuit travelers, Antoine de Laval and François-Xavier Charlevoix. Their journals, travel narratives, and maps offer an early testimony to Louisiana’s rich history and cultural encounters between European settlers and native nations. This article is based on original research.
In this paper we analyze the role of native Americans in development of Jesuit mapmaking of America, how their knowledge was collected and presented and how cross-cultural exchange influenced the image of native nations on Jesuit maps of Americas.
by non-Jesuit cartographers.
Austro-Hungarian and Italian hydrographic offices appeared. The purpose of this endeavor was to enable the production of modern charts based on a comprehensive survey covering the whole sea surface area, from coast to coast. Under the supervision of Commander Tobias
Ritter von Oesterreicher and Counter-Admiral Duke Antonio Imbert, the survey started in 1866 and, by the end of 1873, resulted in a general chart of the Adriatic, 4 course charts of the Adriatic Sea, 55 coastal charts as well as number of harbor plans. In this paper we
analyze the course of the survey, its products as well as its impact on the subsequent cartography of the Adriatic Sea.
the military inspection of the borderlands carried out by Brigadier General Pedro de Rivera y Villalón (1724–1728). Compiled by the military engineer Francisco Álvarez Barreiro between 1725 and 1729, this remarkable manuscript map, comprising five sheets and one overall map is known as the earliest official military map of the northern Spanish borderlands. However, apart from the northern edge of the Spanish Empire in New Mexico and Texas, the map also covers the vast area of Sonora, Sinaloa, Nayarit, Nueva Vizcaya, Extremadura and Nuevo León, reaching all the way to central Mexico. Although based on an original field survey and compiled with the clear military purpose of reinforcing the borderlands, the map shows a strong resemblance to Jesuit maps of the same region. In its style
of presentation of the relief and symbolization used for the settlements, Álvarez Barreiro’s map looks like a rather typical missionary map. How did that come about, and did the Jesuits contribute to its content? Based on original research of the sources of military and Jesuit provenance, the paper analyses the role the Jesuits played in the appearance of this map, as well as how this map affected the subsequent Jesuit mapping of the region. Moreover, using this example, I discuss how Jesuit mapping influenced the early military cartography (and vice versa) in general.
experience influenced his activity as a Jesuit. José Cardiel (1704–1781) was
a Jesuit from a different educational and professional background. After
sixteen years as a missionary among the Abipones and Guaraní, he joined
forces with Quiroga, and they sailed the South Atlantic to have the adventure
of their lifetimes. During 1745–1746, together with another Jesuit, Matthias
Strobel (1696–1769), Cardiel and Quiroga led a maritime expedition along the
Patagonian coast as part of an effort to expand the Jesuit missions in the region
south of Río de la Plata. The final goal, however, was more ambitious: the
exploration of Patagonia, the Strait of Magellan, and Cape Horn. A comparative
analysis of Cardiel’s and Quiroga’s manuscript maps and their narratives offers
two different but complementary views of Patagonia.
Spanish crown and, with the help of his navigator Juan Hervé, conducted detailed charting of the island. Hervé would play a key role in the next two expeditions sent to the South Pacific by the Viceroy of Peru, Manuel de Amat y Junyent. The two expeditions led by Domingo de Bonechea Andonaegui in 1772–73 and 1774–75 explored and charted Tahiti and the Tuamotu Archipelago. As a result of the expeditions, apart from comprehensive travel logs, a series of some ninety charts appeared, documenting the achievements of Spanish maritime cartography of the South Pacific. In this article, interaction between Spanish and other explorative cartographers will be considered, giving special regard to the influence of Cook. The article presents the Spanish manuscript charts of the South Pacific that are kept in the State Library of New South Wales (Somaglia Collection), the Real Academia de la Historia (Madrid), the Archivo General de Indias (Seville), the Museo Naval de Madrid and Biblioteca Nacional de Chile.
prominent roles in the early exploration of French Louisiana. The two
societies competed over territorial jurisdiction since the presence of their
missionaries provided privileged access to the latest geographical data. In
times of exploration and colonial territorial expansion, geographical data
proved to be an important lever of power, and French missionaries were
one of the principal agents of acquiring and disseminating knowledge. We
follow the role of the two mentioned missionary societies through the eyes of the Jesuit Father Paul du Ru, the priest of the Society of Foreign Missions of Paris, Francois Le Maire, and two Jesuit travelers, Antoine de Laval and François-Xavier Charlevoix. Their journals, travel narratives, and maps offer an early testimony to Louisiana’s rich history and cultural encounters between European settlers and native nations. This article is based on original research.
In this paper we analyze the role of native Americans in development of Jesuit mapmaking of America, how their knowledge was collected and presented and how cross-cultural exchange influenced the image of native nations on Jesuit maps of Americas.
by non-Jesuit cartographers.
Austro-Hungarian and Italian hydrographic offices appeared. The purpose of this endeavor was to enable the production of modern charts based on a comprehensive survey covering the whole sea surface area, from coast to coast. Under the supervision of Commander Tobias
Ritter von Oesterreicher and Counter-Admiral Duke Antonio Imbert, the survey started in 1866 and, by the end of 1873, resulted in a general chart of the Adriatic, 4 course charts of the Adriatic Sea, 55 coastal charts as well as number of harbor plans. In this paper we
analyze the course of the survey, its products as well as its impact on the subsequent cartography of the Adriatic Sea.
the military inspection of the borderlands carried out by Brigadier General Pedro de Rivera y Villalón (1724–1728). Compiled by the military engineer Francisco Álvarez Barreiro between 1725 and 1729, this remarkable manuscript map, comprising five sheets and one overall map is known as the earliest official military map of the northern Spanish borderlands. However, apart from the northern edge of the Spanish Empire in New Mexico and Texas, the map also covers the vast area of Sonora, Sinaloa, Nayarit, Nueva Vizcaya, Extremadura and Nuevo León, reaching all the way to central Mexico. Although based on an original field survey and compiled with the clear military purpose of reinforcing the borderlands, the map shows a strong resemblance to Jesuit maps of the same region. In its style
of presentation of the relief and symbolization used for the settlements, Álvarez Barreiro’s map looks like a rather typical missionary map. How did that come about, and did the Jesuits contribute to its content? Based on original research of the sources of military and Jesuit provenance, the paper analyses the role the Jesuits played in the appearance of this map, as well as how this map affected the subsequent Jesuit mapping of the region. Moreover, using this example, I discuss how Jesuit mapping influenced the early military cartography (and vice versa) in general.
experience influenced his activity as a Jesuit. José Cardiel (1704–1781) was
a Jesuit from a different educational and professional background. After
sixteen years as a missionary among the Abipones and Guaraní, he joined
forces with Quiroga, and they sailed the South Atlantic to have the adventure
of their lifetimes. During 1745–1746, together with another Jesuit, Matthias
Strobel (1696–1769), Cardiel and Quiroga led a maritime expedition along the
Patagonian coast as part of an effort to expand the Jesuit missions in the region
south of Río de la Plata. The final goal, however, was more ambitious: the
exploration of Patagonia, the Strait of Magellan, and Cape Horn. A comparative
analysis of Cardiel’s and Quiroga’s manuscript maps and their narratives offers
two different but complementary views of Patagonia.
its range, its variety, and the two related, but different directions
of causality and consequence, that from the military to cartography, and
T his important collection underlines a key element in military cartography,
its range, its variety, and the two related, but different directions
of causality and consequence, that from the military to cartography, and
that from cartography to the military. The classifications of the various links can then be presented in terms of a series of grids or matrices. Principally, there are those of geography, chronology and types of conflict and cartography, although that does not exhaust the situation for we are confronted with palimpsests of both war and cartography. The typology given excludes for example personnel. The key typology, however, is that imposed by the needs of war, notably tactical, operational,
strategic, geopolitical, reportage and propaganda; and with the land, sea,
air typology offering crucial variations.
seventeenth-century print sources, the author illustrates its gradual transition
from curiosity and stereotypes to the Transatlantic World in which imagining
served a clear political purpose. The book consists of nine chapters
of which, with the exception of Chapters 8 and 10, seven have been previously
published (in English or Dutch) and, with some small modifications, gathered
here under the common title, making a good intersection of Atlantic
history.
prime meridian, with its strong implications for the most diverse aspects of our life, is far
from being just a matter of geography. Similarly, the choice of which of the numerous prime
meridians that were in use until the late nineteenth century would be selected as the
internationally recognized zero-degree point was not just a simple geographical decision.
It was also a matter of politics, economy, and power. However, this is a tale in which science
competed with local and national interests. The selection of a single meridian saved many
lives, standardized maps, including, most crucially, those used for navigation, united diverse
scientific communities, and provided a good base on which to regulate the measurement of
time and space.
New Guinea, Australia, New Zealand, and the Pacific Islands), this book focuses on histories
of cultural encounters between Europeans and indigenous people. The author’s intention is to
show how different discourses concerning the human race influenced foreign travelers and
explorers. Confronting the Eurocentric approach to understanding “Others” with non-
European ones, the author successfully discredits stereotypes about the imperial center and
periphery and European superiority over non-European cultures. According to the author, the
book represents a set of interconnected episodes that brought ethnohistory into play with the
history of science through interactions between travelers and local inhabitants. In that sense,
this study is an important contribution to not only the history of Pacific world, but also to the
intellectual history of European expansion.