Videos by Prof. Marwan Dwairy
العلاقة بين السلوك والدماغ
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في هذا الشريط ترون الأفكار الأساسية من مختلف نظريات علم النفس (الدماغ، التعلم، النظريات الدينامية... more في هذا الشريط ترون الأفكار الأساسية من مختلف نظريات علم النفس (الدماغ، التعلم، النظريات الدينامية والنظريات الذهنية والنظريات الإنسانية) والتي تساعد الفرد على فهم نفسه وتطويرها 11 views
Papers & Book chspters by Prof. Marwan Dwairy
عن معيار الحق ومعيار الجدوى في المواجهة والنضال
This art icle m ay be used for research, t eaching, and privat e st udy purposes. Any subst ant i... more This art icle m ay be used for research, t eaching, and privat e st udy purposes. Any subst ant ial or syst em at ic reproduct ion, redist ribut ion, reselling, loan, sub-licensing, syst em at ic supply, or dist ribut ion in any form t o anyone is expressly forbidden. The publisher does not give any warrant y express or im plied or m ake any represent at ion t hat t he cont ent s will be com plet e or accurat e or up t o dat e. The accuracy of any inst ruct ions, form ulae, and drug doses should be independent ly verified wit h prim ary sources. The publisher shall not be liable for any loss, act ions, claim s, proceedings, dem and, or cost s or dam ages what soever or howsoever caused arising direct ly or indirect ly in connect ion wit h or arising out of t he use of t his m at erial.
any countries adopted a lockdown policy to combat the spread of the novel coronavirus disease (CO... more any countries adopted a lockdown policy to combat the spread of the novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19). A lockdown constitutes a unique, unpreceded, complex, and ongoing situation of stress. Groups distinguished by ethnicity, age, gender and occupation may experience a lockdown in different ways and at different levels. The current study focused on Arab students studying at Israeli colleges and universities. We administered the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory and a questionnaire we developed to examine Ways of Coping During the Corona Lockdown (CDCL) to 202 male and female Arab students during the coronavirus lockdown in March and April 2020. Contrary to our expectations, our results showed that the students' anxiety decreased during the lockdown. Students used a combination of coping methods. Individual differences emerged in the students' level of state as well as trait anxiety and in the coping ways they used. Our results show that denial avoidance, wishful thinking and goal-oriented coping together with less use of thinking it over are associated with decreasing anxiety, while coping methods involving nondenial avoidance and thinking it over are associated with increasing anxiety. We discuss the theoretical and practical contributions of our study. More studies are needed to examine other ethnic, age, gender and occupational groups and use additional qualitative research paradigms.
Therapeutic use of physical environment 2 Abstract Projection, introjection, and identification a... more Therapeutic use of physical environment 2 Abstract Projection, introjection, and identification are few terms that describe the psychological interaction between the individual and significant others. This emphasis on interpersonal relationship has its legitimacy but should not undermine the individual-physical environment relationship in which very important psychological processes take place. This psychological relationship is very crucial for people who live in traditional collective cultures were individuals are not individuated form their family nor from physical environment. Therefore, encouraging the client to bring a significant object to the therapeutic session and to express memories, feelings, thoughts concerning that object actually brings up significant experience of life that, typically, disclose significant conflict. This manuscript describes the therapeutic use of objects, and explains the rational and implementation of that technique: "talking about a significant object." Therapeutic use of physical environment 3 Much emphasis had been given on the relationship of the individual and the individual's social environment, especially parents, grandparents, siblings, teachers, and peers. Transference, object-relations, attachment, and mirroring are few terms that describe how significant others influence and modify the personality.
Based on Kagitcibasi's model of autonomy and relatedness this research studies the relationship b... more Based on Kagitcibasi's model of autonomy and relatedness this research studies the relationship between these two basic human needs and the psychological adjustment of adolescents. Questionnaires that assess autonomy, relatedness, emotional dependency, and psychological disorders were administered to 220 female and 215 male 10 th grade Arab students in north Israel. Results show that autonomy of adolescents was not related to their psychological adjustment. Related adolescents to their families enjoy better psychological adjustment than those who are less related.
This study deals with the associations between three major parenting factors (control, rejection,... more This study deals with the associations between three major parenting factors (control, rejection, and inconsistency) with the psychological adjustment of adolescents. Questionnaires that assess the three parenting factors and psychological disorders among adolescents were administered to 221 female and 217 male 10 th grade students in Northern Israel. The findings show that the three parenting factors explain 78.6% of parenting and 18% of the psychological disorders among adolescents. The article suggests a multi-dimensional paradigm for parenting studies.
To examine the cross-cultural validity of the "Separation-Individuation Test of Adolescents," in ... more To examine the cross-cultural validity of the "Separation-Individuation Test of Adolescents," in the first stage the test was administered to 9 th to 12 th grade Arab adolescents in Israel (N=580). In the second stage the "Multigenerational Interconnectedness Scale" was administered to 428 subjects taken from the original sample, as an external criterion. Principal factor analysis revealed that the Practicing mirroring, Dependency denial, and Rejection expectancy dimensions have good internal-structural validity. The Teacher enmeshment, Peer enmeshment, Nurturance, and Healthy separation dimensions obtained moderate internalstructural validity. The items of each of the Separation anxiety and Engulfment anxiety dimensions did not converge in one factor. Only four dimensions of the test obtained good Cronbach's coefficient alpha. The coefficients of the other dimensions were moderate. The external criterion validity was too low. These results indicate that the reliability and validity of the scale are not sufficiently good to merit application of the scale to Israeli Arab adolescents. The results raise serious cautions concerning the application of the theoretical constructs of SITA across cultures.
This article's objectives are twofold: (a) to disclose the possible distortion of the association... more This article's objectives are twofold: (a) to disclose the possible distortion of the associations found in the reductionist research that prevails in many areas, in order to ensure greater caution and better understanding of such research. (b) To study the associations between family and parental factors and adolescent psychological disorders (PD) according to a systemic model that analyses eight familial factors and eleven parental factors in addition to two nominal ones: culture and the adolescents' sex. The study is based on a data collected from nine countries (1358 male and 1526 female adolescents), regarding two categories of family factors (socio-economic and connectedness) and three categories of parenting factors (control, inconsistency, and rejection) and adolescent psychological disorders (PD). To compare different levels of reductionism, four analyses of the same data were carried out, ranging from an analysis of the associations between each factor and adolescent PD (reductionist), to analysis of the associations between all the factors taken together (systemic) and adolescent PD. In addition, the systemic analysis was carried out among different groups of adolescents according to two nominal variables: culture (western and eastern) and the adolescents' sex (male female). Our results show that in a reductionist analysis most of the family and parental factors have significant associations with adolescents PD, and altogether explain 37.2% of adolescents' PD. Most of these associations were diminished or changed in the systemic analysis and explained only 13.5% of the PD variance. The associations of the more systemic analysis changed again when two nominal factors (culture and sex) were taken into consideration. These findings indicate that reductionist analyses may lead to illusionary associations and that mixed results are an inevitable or even inherent byproduct of reductionist research. Phenomena take place in nature and society through interactions between variables that constitute a dynamic system. In order to study a phenomenon, researchers define variables relevant to the phenomenon and develop instruments to measure these variables. Most of the studies in social science and medicine tend to be reductionist; they deal with only a few relevant variables at a time and exclude many other relevant variables. Therefore these fields of research are flooded with mixed or inconsistent results. For example, studies examining the influence of personality factors on health [1], of thinking on pain [2], debriefing on persons exposed to traumas [3, 4], viewing of violent films on violent behavior [5-7], and emotional expression on blood pressure [8] arrived at mixed and inconsistent outcomes. SYSTEMIC EXPLANATION FOR THE INCONSISTENT RESULTS Inconsistent results are usually attributed to differences in methodology, such as differences in the samples, tools, and data analysis. This explanation ignores a more crucial attribution-the reductionist approach in research. Inconsistent results are not necessarily caused by methodological problems; they are inherent in the reductionist approach itself: Once researchers select certain variables to study at a time and exclude other relevant
• To help counselors understand the historical and cultural background needed to understand their... more • To help counselors understand the historical and cultural background needed to understand their Arab and/or Muslim (hereafter Arab/Muslim) clients Secondary Objectives • To direct counselors to revise or modify psychological theories and practices related to development, personality, assessment, and mental health to fit Arab/ Muslims • To develop new assessment and intervention tools that are more suited to Arab/Muslims clients A counselor who works with Arab/Muslim clients may notice that they are less autonomous than other, Western clients. The former tend to focus on external circumstances and have difficulty addressing internal and personal issues. Terms such as self, self-actualization, ego, opinion, and feeling have a collective meaning for them. They are preoccupied with duties, expectations and the approval of others, and family
The association between parenting and child's psychological states has been studied mainly accord... more The association between parenting and child's psychological states has been studied mainly according to Baumrind's model of authoritarian, authoritative, and permissive parenting styles or according to Rohner's acceptance-rejection theory. This study, in contrast, rests on the assumption that since parenting is a complex and dynamic process, it is better studied in terms of parenting profiles comprising several factors than via one or two parenting factors. We administered a questionnaire measuring seven parenting factors that cover various styles of acceptance and control to 975 male and female adolescents together with a scale of psychological states. Our results show that the associations between a parenting factor and psychological states depend on the presence or absence of other parenting factors, thereby justifying the use of parenting profiles rather than parenting factors. The psychological states were associated with the style of control and the parenting profile rather than with the level of control. Two paternal and three maternal parenting profiles were detected, each associated with different levels of psychological states. The profile characterized by high acceptance, rational parenting, and loving-control parenting, and by low compassion evoking, love withdrawal, inconsistent parenting, and authoritarian parenting was associated with better psychological states. To learn more about parental profiles and psychological states, further research in different cultures is needed.
n 1978 I opened the first psychological services center among the Palestinian community in Nazare... more n 1978 I opened the first psychological services center among the Palestinian community in Nazareth, the largest Palestinian city in Israel. I had just graduated, having been trained according to Western approaches to psychology. The major experience I recall from that period is the feeling of frustration because the people of Nazareth did not respond properly to my interventions. They did not seem to fit the theories and tools I had learned and believed were universal. They did not open up and share their personal lives and feelings, especially toward their family members; they wanted miracle solutions or advice to halt their suffering; they considered the conversation, our major medium for therapy, as useless; and they were not ready to attend more than a few therapeutic sessions. For some years I insisted on applying psychodynamic therapy and tried to educate them to make them fit my theories. Here I present a case vignette from those culture-ignorant years that exemplifies the problem: Najwa, an Arab Muslim woman, 32 years old, came to my clinic with her husband because of daily vomiting. The medical examination did not reveal any explanation for it. They both said that everything in their lives was perfect but for the vomiting problem. They had seven healthy children, the husband earned good money, and their extended families were respected and considered honorable. Because of the patriarchal control over women in the Palestinian society, it was not easy to convince the husband to allow several personal therapeutic sessions with his wife. At the early meetings with her alone, she continued to describe how satisfied she was in her life and how supportive her husband and their families were. She merely described how she had daily meals with her parents and family who lived across the road. The only conflictual issue she brought up was that after her marriage she had decided to wear religious clothes with hijab, against the will of her husband and family, who were secular Muslims. Only after several sessions did she start to disclose some distressing experiences. She said that her marriage had been arranged by the two families without her consent, when she was 17 years old. For that reason, she had given up her plans for higher education, and at age 18 she had become a mother. She recalled that her father had hit her badly when she tried to oppose the marriage. For him it was considered as rebellion against the "word" he had already given to the other family. At later stages of therapy, she reported several physical and sexual abuses by her husband, especially during the first year of marriage, when she was not ready yet for pregnancy. At that stage of her marriage, she suffered from severe muscular tension during sexual intercourse, a somatic sign of rejection of the marriage.
The associations between three major parenting factors (control, rejecting, and inconsistency) an... more The associations between three major parenting factors (control, rejecting, and inconsistency) and psychological adjustment of adolescents were studied. Questionnaires that assess the three parenting factors and psychological disorders among adolescents were administered to 221 female and 217 male 10th grade Arab students in north Israel. Results show that the three parenting factors explain 78.6% of parenting and 18% of the psychological disorders among adolescents. The article suggests a multi-dimensional theory for parenting.
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Videos by Prof. Marwan Dwairy
Papers & Book chspters by Prof. Marwan Dwairy
I had learned and adopted are not universal, but rather need to be revised or changed in order to fit people who live in collectivistic and traditional cultures. I became convinced that psychotherapy should not be used as a tool for changing the client’s culture,but rather it should be used to find ways to help the client feel better within her culture.Since then I have become active in developing and adapting therapeutic techniques for clients from collectivistic cultures, including African, South American, and Asian cultures. The idea of working within the client’s culture is not new and has been adopted by many scholars who work with collectivistic cultures. Culture analysis is an approach and technique that directs therapists in how to use the client’s culture to facilitate change. According to this approach, culture is not a static barrier that hinders psychotherapy, but rather is dynamic and can be employed to facilitate it. This attitude is based on the fact that every culture has internal conflicts and inconsistencies and that each member of each culture selectively adopts some aspects of the culture and neglects others. When such a client reaches an impasse in coping with a certain psychological problem or symptom, the values and attitudes that the client has selected during the course of his life need to be revised. I coin the term “culture analysis” in order to orchestrate it together withpsychoanalysistoindicatethatforpeoplefromcollectivisticcultures who adopt collective selves, the main analysis should be in the cultural realm before the psychological realm, and to indicate the similarity between the two approaches where both look for contents that are remote from the client’s consciousness or awareness: psychoanalysis looks for repressed drives, needs, and wishes within the client’s psyche, and culture analysis looks for neglected, overseen, or rejected values and attitudes within the client’s culture. In both cases, bringing new content to consciousness initiates a process of change. One major difference between the two approaches is that in psychoanalysis the new content typically causes resistance within the client and conflicts with her family, while in culture analysis no resistance takes place and no confrontations with the family are expected. In the first chapter of this book, I explain the relationship between psychological theories and culture and how psychology emerged as a byproduct of individualism as a means of understanding the individual entity in the West. In Chapter 2, I focus on psychotherapy in order to show the discrepancy between the objectives of psychotherapy and the norms and values of clients who belong to a collectivistic culture and demonstrate that, as a result of this
April 3, 2015 18:9 MAC/DWAIRY Page-3 9781137407924_02_int01
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Introduction 3
discrepancy, psychotherapy with these clients may sometimes be counterproductive. In Chapter 3, I present my understanding of culture as a mix of incongruent and inconsistent values and norms. I show this incongruence in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam, as well as in the proverbs of all cultures. In Chapter 4, the culture analysis approach is presented, and the stages of its implementation are explained. Some cases are given as examples. In chapters 5 to 7, I explain how metaphor therapy, memories, and the physical environment can be employed to learn more about the client’s culture and belief system in order to conduct culture analysis. For each technique, real clinical cases are presented to exemplify its use. In the last chapter (Chapter 8), I present three integrative cases in which many techniques were applied in the therapy of each client in order to show how a variety of techniques are integrated together to conduct culture analysis. Three additional vignettes are presented in order to enrich the application of culture analysis. Although most of the clients were Muslims, Christians, or Jews, the basic ideas and techniques are applicable to many other religions and collectivistic cultures. In anera in which all cultures are exposed to and interact with each other, the basic ideas of culture analysis hold true in terms of the relationships between cultures. In the same way that imposing Western psychotherapy on all cultures is counterproductive and unethical, imposing Western culture or any other culture also generates an increasing number of conflicts and is certainly unethical. Respect and empathy for the other’s culture is crucial for psychotherapy as well as for world peace.
يهدف التحليل النفسي analysis-Psycho إلى كشف مضامين غير واعية
ليتم تقبلها وتحقيقها في حياة الفرد. من شأن هذا النوع من العالج أن يثير
الشعور بالذنب من جهة وأن يلقى مقاومة من قبل األهل من جهة أخرى ألن
هذه المضامين المكبوتة تكون عادة ممنوعة. التحليل الثقافي -Culture
analysis يهدف إلى كشف قيم بديلة من داخل منظومة المعالَج األأخلاقية
والدينية التي من شأنها تيسير قبول المعالج لهذه المضامين المكبوتة والكشف
عنها بدون إثارة الشعور بالذنب. في هذا المقال يتم شرح عملية التحليل
الثقافي من خالل حالتين نموذجيتين .
This empirical study is about acceptance versus punishment and consistency versus inconsistency in parents' reactions towards their children (adolescents) behavior in specific situations. Unlike the issue of acceptance versus punishment in parenting, the issue of parenting consistency/inconsistency in their reactions is relatively a new topic which was not studied in details according to our literature review. Thus, this study which was conducted in three Arab countries (Algeria, Kuwait and Saudi Arabia) is a pioneer study in our opinion.
Data was collected from several high schools in the three countries. Statistical analysis for calculating frequencies, t-test and ANOVA was conducted by using SPSS.
The results showed that:
- Most of the parents' reactions towards their children behavior are characterized by punishment and control.
- The highest scores of punishment and control are related to behavior that deviate from religious and ethical principles and followed by any behavior with the other sex that in disagreement with the father opinion.
- The mothers are more permissible than fathers in accepting their children behavior.
- The mothers' reactions are more consistent than the fathers' reactions.