Papers by Dr. Javed Kalhoro
Migration Letter and London Publishers, 2024
This diachronic study examines the political press reportage in Pakistani print media over a deca... more This diachronic study examines the political press reportage in Pakistani print media over a decade (2009-2019), applying Douglas Biber's multidimensional (MD) analysis model to uncover the distinct characteristics of Pakistani English, a non-native variety shaped by cultural, social, and postcolonial influences. The research aims to establish the independent identity of Pakistani English through an in-depth linguistic comparison with British English, focusing on the political journalism register. The study draws on a comprehensive corpus of 4810 political news articles from six leading newspapers, three from Pakistan and three from the UK. Data collection entailed a meticulous process of selecting texts to ensure a representative sample of political reportage, capturing variations across different years and sources. The analysis focuses on five textual dimensions identified by Biber, examining co-occurring linguistic features and their evolution over time. Key findings reveal that Pakistani political press reportage exhibits significant linguistic variations compared to British press reportage. The Pakistani texts show a higher degree of informational content, especially in the earlier years of the 1 study, aligning with the needs of a less educated audience. However, this trend demonstrates a decline in later years, suggesting an improvement in readership standards and a shift towards more sophisticated reporting. Conversely, British newspapers maintain a relatively stable level of informational content, reflecting a more educated audience and consistent reporting standards. This research makes a significant contribution to the field of World Englishes by providing empirical evidence of the distinctiveness of Pakistani English through the lens of political press reportage. The findings underscore the importance of register variation studies in understanding the multifaceted nature of language evolution across different cultural contexts. The study calls for further exploration of other registers within Pakistani English to fully capture its unique characteristics and ongoing development as a distinct variety of English.
Annals of Human and Social Sciences, Dec 30, 2023
Annals of Human and Social Sciences, 2023
Transgender community in Pakistan is one of the communities that has been side-lined from the soc... more Transgender community in Pakistan is one of the communities that has been side-lined from the social stream of the country. In this regard, there are numerous issues faced by transgender persons in Pakistan, to date. They often have to confront discrimination and violence, both from communities and the State of Pakistan. Such behaviour and the discriminatory social construction of Pakistani society against the community has led to a lack of quality education, unemployment, poor healthcare facilities and no legal recognition of thousands of Khawaja Saras, which ultimately results in devastating socioeconomic conditions for transgender persons in Pakistan. Therefore, this study aimed to place a rational approach towards the transgender community of the federal capital city of Pakistan; Islamabad, to learn about their social and economic issues. This study also focuses on the Constitution of Pakistan with particular reference to the relevant articles within the constitution, which provide safety to each section of society. This study employs a qualitative study, followed by convenient sampling. For this study, we conducted openended interviews with the relevant stakeholders, along with secondary data sources.
Global Social Sciences Review
Regional politics, safety dynamics, and national protection of South Asia are intensely interlink... more Regional politics, safety dynamics, and national protection of South Asia are intensely interlinked with the traditional and non-traditional issues prevailing. A substantial effort and energy are converted into procuring the weapons instead of working towards economic growth. All these crises will have a profound consequence on regional security, ultimately affecting the peace of the rest of the International Community. Superpowers fulfilling their malign agendas through smaller States against Pakistan, Afghanistan, and India in the South Asian region with the promise of aid. The functional regional security architecture is critical to secure South Asia’s development and security. The tower should be capable of vending with traditional and non-traditional security dilemmas.
Global Strategic & Securities Studies Review
Federalism with optimum provincial autonomy was the core idea behind the creation of Pakistan. As... more Federalism with optimum provincial autonomy was the core idea behind the creation of Pakistan. As a symbol of shared sovereignty, federalism was never exercised in Pakistan in its real spirit. Despite apparent federal features during the military as well as democratic regimes, the political culture within the country scraps the dictatorial and centripetal. Pakistan remains unsuccessful to remains a federal state with the autonomy of federating units. This study, therefore, intends to look at the troika politics and governance catastrophe in Pakistan from 1947 to 1969. It also presents an analysis of the power of the Troika, especially in the context of major actors; the executive, the judiciary and most importantly, the legislative in the country. This study also seeks to examine the implications of this process on the political condition of Pakistan. The findings are based on the empirical arguments of prominent scholars.
Global Strategic & Security Studies Review, 2022
Federalism with optimum provincial autonomy was the core idea behind the creation of Pakistan. As... more Federalism with optimum provincial autonomy was the core idea behind the creation of Pakistan. As a symbol of shared sovereignty, federalism was never exercised in Pakistan in its real spirit. Despite apparent federal features during the military as well as democratic regimes, the political culture within the country scraps the dictatorial and centripetal. Pakistan remains unsuccessful to remains a federal state with the autonomy of federating units. This study, therefore, intends to look at the troika politics and governance catastrophe in Pakistan from 1947 to 1969. It also presents an analysis of the power of the Troika, especially in the context of major actors; the executive, the judiciary and most importantly, the legislative in the country. This study also seeks to examine the implications of this process on the political condition of Pakistan. The findings are based on the empirical arguments of prominent scholars..
Global Social Sciences Review (GSSR), 2019
Regional politics, safety dynamics, and national protection of South Asia are intensely interlink... more Regional politics, safety dynamics, and national protection of South Asia are intensely interlinked with the traditional and non-traditional issues prevailing. A substantial effort and energy are converted into procuring the weapons instead of working towards economic growth. All these crises will have a profound consequence on regional security, ultimately affecting the peace of the rest of the International Community. Superpowers fulfilling their malign agendas through smaller States against Pakistan, Afghanistan, and India in the South Asian region with the promise of aid. The functional regional security architecture is critical to secure South Asia's development and security. The tower should be capable of vending with traditional and non-traditional security dilemmas.
Pakistan journal of social research, Jun 30, 2022
The people of the Hazara region played a key but unrecognized role in translating the idea of a s... more The people of the Hazara region played a key but unrecognized role in translating the idea of a separate Muslim state into a tangible reality called Pakistan today. Demographically, the diverse community of Hazara remains concentrated in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province. Since the inception of Pakistan, they have been in quest of carving out a distinct cultural, political and territorial space in the country. The ceaseless search and struggle have a long history as it traces its roots back to 1900. This scholarly study surveys the historical role of the Hazarawal (various ethnolinguistic groups inhabited in the Hazara region) people in the making of the country. Further, it also seeks to dissect the trajectory, rationale, challenges and prospects concerning their sub-national movement being pursued in the pursuit of long-standing territorial and political demands. This paper draws upon primary sources including a government official, census reports and open-handed interviews for in-depth knowledge as well as secondary sources.
Pakistan Journal of Social Research
Empirically speaking, the study focuses on Education as it plays a vital role, for the Economic, ... more Empirically speaking, the study focuses on Education as it plays a vital role, for the Economic, social and personal development. The research highlights that Education is the only way through which corruption, unemployment and environmental issues can be dealt. The study further emphasis on quality and better education as an essential element of a nation, becasue it opens many doors towards better living and thus countries and nationas flourish. Being a qualitiative and conceptual study where various research tools were employed to arrive at valid conclusion scientifically. The investigation showd that many people today have comprehended the notion that requirement of education is the need of the hour, yet at the same time there are various places especially villages where children are not sent to schools or don’t reach to college level. If the focus is not put on education, there can arise numerous issues. Findings of the study depict that lack of education may because cause to ma...
Pakistan Social Sciences Review
Since its inception, Pakistan has been beset by a multitude of traditional and non-traditional th... more Since its inception, Pakistan has been beset by a multitude of traditional and non-traditional threats to its sovereignty and territorial integrity. More specifically, ethno-nationalist movements of various shades continue to threaten the physical cohesion of the country. Pakistan is one of the most ethnically diverse nations in the world. The persistent and pervasive socio-economic underdevelopment of certain ethnic groups drives identity politics and centrifugal tendencies in the country. The centre-province friction has been a major fault line holding the country back from metamorphosing into a vibrant and strong federation underpinned by distributive justice, ethnic harmony and cultural pluralism. Significantly, the tone and tenor of ethnic politics has been changing over time from the search for socioeconomic, political and cultural security to the vociferous demand for carving out new provinces along ethnic lines. By critically analyzing the cases of the Siraiki and Hazara ethno-nationalist movements, this scholarly endeavour seeks to dissect the dynamics and drivers of sub-nationalism (identity politics); the urgency and importance of new provinces; and the best possible solutions to the ethno-nationalist movements. In sum, this piece of the scholarship will go a long way in providing conflict-resolution-oriented policy input to the policymakers for the amicable resolution of the knotty ethic question.
Pakistan Journal of Social Research, 2022
Empirically speaking, the study focuses on Education as it plays a vital role, for the Economic, ... more Empirically speaking, the study focuses on Education as it plays a vital role, for the Economic, social and personal development. The research highlights that Education is the only way through which corruption, unemployment and environmental issues can be dealt. The study further emphasis on quality and better education as an essential element of a nation, becasue it opens many doors towards better living and thus countries and nationas flourish. Being a qualitiative and conceptual study where various research tools were employed to arrive at valid conclusion scientifically. The investigation showd that many people today have comprehended the notion that requirement of education is the need of the hour, yet at the same time there are various places especially villages where children are not sent to schools or don't reach to college level. If the focus is not put on education, there can arise numerous issues. Findings of the study depict that lack of education may because cause to many consequences including; gender differentiation, lack of skilled labor, and lack of productivity and alike. Then comes poverty, and child labor, unemployment, crime rates gets increased. Many studies have been carried out but the novelty of this study is that it focused on college and secondary level eduation. As College or Secondary level education is the most important stage of students' lives where a lot of focus should be given, as it is the stage where students decide and get prepared for the fields and career they want to opt. It is rightly said and universally acknowledged that at this stage the future of the student can be either churn out or even if ignored, can be ruined. Thus the focus of the study is secondary level education policy analysis for building a nation to face the challenges of modern world in this 21 st century.
Pakistan Journal of Social Research, 2022
The people of the Hazara region played a key but unrecognized role in translating the idea of a s... more The people of the Hazara region played a key but unrecognized role in translating the idea of a separate Muslim state into a tangible reality called Pakistan today. Demographically, the diverse community of Hazara remains concentrated in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province. Since the inception of Pakistan, they have been in quest of carving out a distinct cultural, political and territorial space in the country. The ceaseless search and struggle have a long history as it traces its roots back to 1900. This scholarly study surveys the historical role of the Hazarawal (various ethnolinguistic groups inhabited in the Hazara region) people in the making of the country. Further, it also seeks to dissect the trajectory, rationale, challenges and prospects concerning their sub-national movement being pursued in the pursuit of long-standing territorial and political demands. This paper draws upon primary sources including a government official, census reports and open-handed interviews for in-depth knowledge as well as secondary sources.
PSSR, 2022
Since its inception, Pakistan has been beset by a multitude of traditional and non-traditional th... more Since its inception, Pakistan has been beset by a multitude of traditional and non-traditional threats to its sovereignty and territorial integrity. More specifically, ethno-nationalist movements of various shades continue to threaten the physical cohesion of the country. Pakistan is one of the most ethnically diverse nations in the world. The persistent and pervasive socio-economic underdevelopment of certain ethnic groups drives identity politics and centrifugal tendencies in the country. The centre-province friction has been a major fault line holding the country back from metamorphosing into a vibrant and strong federation underpinned by distributive justice, ethnic harmony and cultural pluralism. Significantly, the tone and tenor of ethnic politics has been changing over time from the search for socioeconomic, political and cultural security to the vociferous demand for carving out new provinces along ethnic lines. By critically analyzing the cases of the Siraiki and Hazara ethno-nationalist movements, this scholarly endeavour seeks to dissect the dynamics and drivers of sub-nationalism (identity politics); the urgency and importance of new provinces; and the best possible solutions to the ethno-nationalist movements. In sum, this piece of the scholarship will go a long way in providing conflict-resolution-oriented policy input to the policymakers for the amicable resolution of the knotty ethic question.
Journal of Law & Social Studies
The concept of radicalization has remained an intense part of human history. The features of this... more The concept of radicalization has remained an intense part of human history. The features of this process are significant to understand human behaviour and encountering the social construction of any society. Several studies suggest that radicalization or extremism can be described as violent expressions, manifesting in the shape of extreme views, ideology or acts of violence against any individual, community, sect or even country. For this, several countries have spent substantial financial resources to pledge such threats and a spate of legislation to safeguard their respective national security. Research into radicalization, unfortunately, does not pay much consideration to education. This is extraordinary and may also, possibly, misses an important effect on the process of radicalization. Therefore, this study establishes a cognitive approach towards this term and examines whether radicalization has any linkage or causative relations with education as well. For this study, we ha...
Journal of Law and Social Sciences, 2022
The concept of radicalization has remained an intense part of human history. The features of this... more The concept of radicalization has remained an intense part of human history. The features of this process are significant to understand human behaviour and encountering the social construction of any society. Several studies suggest that radicalization or extremism can be described as violent expressions, manifesting in the shape of extreme views, ideology or acts of violence against any individual, community, sect or even country. For this, several countries have spent substantial financial resources to pledge such threats and a spate of legislation to safeguard their respective national security. Research into radicalization, unfortunately, does not pay much consideration to education. This is extraordinary and may also, possibly, misses an important effect on the process of radicalization. Therefore, this study establishes a cognitive approach towards this term and examines whether radicalization has any linkage or causative relations with education as well. For this study, we have borrowed different denotations and connotations of radicalization and education by numerous scholars to determine the interconnectivity between radicalization and education. After going through existing the literature review, we establish that radicalization and education have strong connections. Education, be that formal or informal, can be used as an extensive tool to radicalize youth anywhere in the world. In this regard, we have studied Pakistan’s history vis-à -vis its education system in religious seminaries and public schools. We determine that the government of Pakistan has accepted the reality that its education system at the public schools and Madrassahs have remained an instrument to radicalize the youth in the country, which has raised fear for the internal security of Pakistan and for global security as well. In the end, we suggest that despite numerous steps by the Government of Pakistan, the international community must come up to assist Pakistan in terms of revitalizing its overall education system vis-à -vis curriculum changes to evade any further (emerging) extremism, which is rooted through radical textbooks at the public schools.
Pakistan Journal of Social Research
The bilateral relationship between Pakistan and Russia since 1947 has experienced many ups and do... more The bilateral relationship between Pakistan and Russia since 1947 has experienced many ups and downs. Several factors that directly or indirectly influence the nature and direction of bilateral relations between these two countries are the United States, India, and Afghanistan, etc. After many years of stagnation, there have been clear positive prospects for the development of bilateral and multilateral relations between Pakistan and Russia since September 11, 2001. Pakistan’s decision of joining the war against terror and efforts for peace and stability in the region has substantially changed Russian’s perceptions of Pakistan’s role. The CPEC and Russian's growing interest in trade and investment relations with Pakistan also provide opportunities for close interaction between these two countries. In the new international setup, the platform of SCO has provided an opportunity for improving the bilateral relations between Pakistan and Russia on certain issues of common interests ...
Pakistan Journal of Social Research, 2021
A high profile radicalization agenda in Pakistani schools and Islamic seminaries, across the coun... more A high profile radicalization agenda in Pakistani schools and Islamic seminaries, across the country, has risen concerns within Pakistani society and for the world as well. Post 18th amendment in the constitution of Pakistan in April 2010, the education ministry dissolved to the provinces of Pakistan, with responsibilities to design their educational curriculums on their own. Since then, the four provinces of Pakistan have re-designed their curriculums and republishing textbooks as per their understandings. This article looks critically at one of the important and compulsory subjects; Islamiyat (Islamic Studies), arguing that the textbooks reassure the students towards a violent-radical mindset against the Kufar (non-believers). Such content in the textbooks also places its emphasis on the significance of Jihad (struggle) in the historical context of Islamic wars against the non-believers. The study brings quantitative and qualitative analysis, based on the Content Analysis applicat...
Pakistan Journal of Social Research, 2021
A high profile radicalization agenda in Pakistani schools and Islamic seminaries, across the coun... more A high profile radicalization agenda in Pakistani schools and Islamic seminaries, across the country, has risen concerns within Pakistani society and for the world as well. Post 18th amendment in the constitution of Pakistan in April 2010, the education ministry dissolved to the provinces of Pakistan, with responsibilities to design their educational curriculums on their own. Since then, the four provinces of Pakistan have redesigned their curriculums and republishing textbooks as per their understandings. This article looks critically at one of the important and compulsory subjects; Islamiyat (Islamic Studies), arguing that the textbooks reassure the students towards a violent-radical mindset against the Kufar (non-believers). Such content in the textbooks also places its emphasis on the significance of Jihad (struggle) in the historical context of Islamic wars against the non-believers. The study brings quantitative and qualitative analysis, based on the Content Analysis application on the Islamiyat textbooks, mentioning the amount of positive and negative terms. The study also provides detailed denotations and connotations of the said terms to determine the outcome of the textbooks. The study suggests that the content in Islamiyat textbooks diverts the students from using education for fundamental social change to practice negative actions towards the Kufar. This study discovers that in the existing curriculum of Islamiyat, seemingly negative terms, such as Jihad has been presented as a physical war against the non-believers. The result also shows much emphasis on Mujahideen (Warriors of Islam) who lost their lives during wars against Kufar. Therefore, it concludes that presenting Islamiyat as the sole driver of radicalization among educated youth could result in a security threat to world peace.
This article aims at analyzing the historical background of education system in the Indian subcon... more This article aims at analyzing the historical background of education system in the Indian subcontinent and tries to find out if there has been any concept of religious education before partitionwhichcontinuedin Pakistan after independence. In the wake of 9/11 attacks, Pakistan took take a strong posture towards religious (Islamic) ideology and the education syllabus in the country. Historically, the government of Pakistan had mostly used Islamic ideology as the symbolism in its education syllabus in order to promote a community that practices and follows the laws of Islam, based on Quran and Sunnah. Even the overall culture of Pakistan provides a glimpse of Islamic traditions and values than of its diverse history.
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Papers by Dr. Javed Kalhoro