capturing C (127.74 kg C/tree) and removing CO2 from the atmosphere (46.83 kg/tree/year) while, A... more capturing C (127.74 kg C/tree) and removing CO2 from the atmosphere (46.83 kg/tree/year) while, A. pendula was the least with corresponding carbon (8.22kg C/tree) and CO2 (3.01kg/tree/year), respectively. Positive correlation existed between carbon content and tree growth attributes (height and dbh).
The Indian Green revolution region “Indo-Gangetic Plain” (IGP) comprises of four agro-climatic zo... more The Indian Green revolution region “Indo-Gangetic Plain” (IGP) comprises of four agro-climatic zones namely lower, middle, upper, and trans gangetic plains covering West Bengal, Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Delhi, Uttarakhand, Chandigarh, Haryana, Punjab, and some part of Rajasthan state. It covers 169 districts with total geographical area of 43.70 million ha. The Indo-Gangetic plains are one of the most populous regions with its area covering nearly 13% of the total geographical area of the country. It produces about 50% of the total food grains to feed 40% of the population. The continuous cropping of rice-wheat system has degraded the soil health dramatically over the years. Hence, the incorporation of trees in agriculture would be a better option to improve the soil as well as livelihood of the farmers in IGP.Agriculture is the major enterprise of the region that is most vulnerable to climate changes particularly owing to the inadequacy of resources with the smallholder farmers. While, agroforestry has the potential to play a significant role in mitigating the atmospheric accumulation of greenhouse gases (GHG), it also helps smallholder farmers adapt to the changes. These are the reasons for recognizing agroforestry as a viable alternative to prevent and mitigate climate change (Ram Newaj et al., 2014). A considerable proportion of agroforestry area located in IGP and some of the promising tree species like Populus deltoides, Eucalyptus tereticornis, Melia azadirach, Mangifera indica, Dalbergia sissoo, and Acacia nilotica are very common in the farmer’s fields. Keeping this in view, the field survey was carried out to estimate the carbon sequestration potential at a farmer’s field in IGP.
The evolution of network-based computing has caused information security managers rethink their p... more The evolution of network-based computing has caused information security managers rethink their priorities and perceptions of risks. Studies have identified that security was not considered to be a major issue in the pre-Internet era, the early 1990s. But studies conducted in the mid-1990s revealed that managers were beginning to worry about open architectures and security issues posed by networks. But by the end of the 1990s, security was topping the list of major issues in IS. This change of perception has drawn greater attention to this issue; and this has eventually given birth to various IT control requirements and industry Standards that largely govern the process of security risk management today. The role of technology is paradoxical when it comes to security. Because, as seen earlier, technology is the one of the primary causes for the majority of security risks. For example, sophistication of technology adds to complexity and a steeper learning curve; and the complexity leads to oversights, thereby creating security holes. But paradoxically, most people turn to technology once again for solution to these security problems! Familiarity of the technology and being informed of the latest developments is one of the primary requirements of a security practitioner. KEYWORD: network security/ information system
The Indo-gangetic plains (IGP) in India occupies 13 % of the total geographical area and produces... more The Indo-gangetic plains (IGP) in India occupies 13 % of the total geographical area and produces 50 % of total food grain to feed 40 % population of the country. Dynamic CO2FIX model v3.1 has been used to assess the baseline (2011) carbon and to estimate the carbon sequestration potential (CSP) of agroforestry systems (AFS) for a simulation period of 30 years in three districts viz. Ludhiana (upper IGP in Punjab), Sultanpur (middle IGP in Uttar Pradesh) and Uttar Dinajpur (lower IGP in West Bengal) respectively. The estimated numbers of trees existing in farmer's field on per hectare basis in these districts were 37.95, 6.14 and 6.20, respectively. The baseline standing biomass in the tree components varied from 2.45 to 2.88 Mg DM ha -1 and the total biomass (tree ? crop) from 11.14 to 25.97 Mg DM ha -1 in the three districts. The soil organic carbon in the baseline ranged from 8.13 to 9.12 Mg C ha -1 and is expected to increase from 8.63 to 24.51 Mg C ha -1 . The CSP of existing AFS (for 30 years simulation) has been estimated to the tune of 0.111, 0.126 and 0.551 Mg C ha -1 year -1 for Sultanpur, Dinajpur and Ludhiana districts, respectively. CSP of AFS increases with increasing tree density per hectare. Site specific climatic parameters like monthly temperature, annual precipitation and evapotranspiration also moderates the CSP of AFS. The preliminary estimates of the area under AFS's were 2.06 % (3,256 ha), 2.08 % (6,440 ha) and 12.69 % (38,860 ha) in Sultanpur, Dinajpur and Ludhiana respectively.
The objective of this paper is to estimate the statistics surrounding the most common security th... more The objective of this paper is to estimate the statistics surrounding the most common security threats faced by Internet users. There is an estimated of more than two billion Internet users worldwide, therefore it is important to know what security threats your computer may be vulnerable to while using the Internet. Threats discussed in this paper will include spam, phishing, computer viruses, hackers, and spyware/malware. The current percentage of Incidents as they are related to different regions of the world discusses the severity of each threat, by using suitable statistical techniques. Due to the large number of Internet users, it is probable that many of them are unaware of these threats and what they can and should be doing to protect themselves. Most importantly this paper will discuss about threats. A user can take to defend themselves against these threats and known vulnerabilities. With identity theft on the rise, it is imperative to understand Internet security threats now more than ever.
capturing C (127.74 kg C/tree) and removing CO2 from the atmosphere (46.83 kg/tree/year) while, A... more capturing C (127.74 kg C/tree) and removing CO2 from the atmosphere (46.83 kg/tree/year) while, A. pendula was the least with corresponding carbon (8.22kg C/tree) and CO2 (3.01kg/tree/year), respectively. Positive correlation existed between carbon content and tree growth attributes (height and dbh).
The Indian Green revolution region “Indo-Gangetic Plain” (IGP) comprises of four agro-climatic zo... more The Indian Green revolution region “Indo-Gangetic Plain” (IGP) comprises of four agro-climatic zones namely lower, middle, upper, and trans gangetic plains covering West Bengal, Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Delhi, Uttarakhand, Chandigarh, Haryana, Punjab, and some part of Rajasthan state. It covers 169 districts with total geographical area of 43.70 million ha. The Indo-Gangetic plains are one of the most populous regions with its area covering nearly 13% of the total geographical area of the country. It produces about 50% of the total food grains to feed 40% of the population. The continuous cropping of rice-wheat system has degraded the soil health dramatically over the years. Hence, the incorporation of trees in agriculture would be a better option to improve the soil as well as livelihood of the farmers in IGP.Agriculture is the major enterprise of the region that is most vulnerable to climate changes particularly owing to the inadequacy of resources with the smallholder farmers. While, agroforestry has the potential to play a significant role in mitigating the atmospheric accumulation of greenhouse gases (GHG), it also helps smallholder farmers adapt to the changes. These are the reasons for recognizing agroforestry as a viable alternative to prevent and mitigate climate change (Ram Newaj et al., 2014). A considerable proportion of agroforestry area located in IGP and some of the promising tree species like Populus deltoides, Eucalyptus tereticornis, Melia azadirach, Mangifera indica, Dalbergia sissoo, and Acacia nilotica are very common in the farmer’s fields. Keeping this in view, the field survey was carried out to estimate the carbon sequestration potential at a farmer’s field in IGP.
The evolution of network-based computing has caused information security managers rethink their p... more The evolution of network-based computing has caused information security managers rethink their priorities and perceptions of risks. Studies have identified that security was not considered to be a major issue in the pre-Internet era, the early 1990s. But studies conducted in the mid-1990s revealed that managers were beginning to worry about open architectures and security issues posed by networks. But by the end of the 1990s, security was topping the list of major issues in IS. This change of perception has drawn greater attention to this issue; and this has eventually given birth to various IT control requirements and industry Standards that largely govern the process of security risk management today. The role of technology is paradoxical when it comes to security. Because, as seen earlier, technology is the one of the primary causes for the majority of security risks. For example, sophistication of technology adds to complexity and a steeper learning curve; and the complexity leads to oversights, thereby creating security holes. But paradoxically, most people turn to technology once again for solution to these security problems! Familiarity of the technology and being informed of the latest developments is one of the primary requirements of a security practitioner. KEYWORD: network security/ information system
The Indo-gangetic plains (IGP) in India occupies 13 % of the total geographical area and produces... more The Indo-gangetic plains (IGP) in India occupies 13 % of the total geographical area and produces 50 % of total food grain to feed 40 % population of the country. Dynamic CO2FIX model v3.1 has been used to assess the baseline (2011) carbon and to estimate the carbon sequestration potential (CSP) of agroforestry systems (AFS) for a simulation period of 30 years in three districts viz. Ludhiana (upper IGP in Punjab), Sultanpur (middle IGP in Uttar Pradesh) and Uttar Dinajpur (lower IGP in West Bengal) respectively. The estimated numbers of trees existing in farmer's field on per hectare basis in these districts were 37.95, 6.14 and 6.20, respectively. The baseline standing biomass in the tree components varied from 2.45 to 2.88 Mg DM ha -1 and the total biomass (tree ? crop) from 11.14 to 25.97 Mg DM ha -1 in the three districts. The soil organic carbon in the baseline ranged from 8.13 to 9.12 Mg C ha -1 and is expected to increase from 8.63 to 24.51 Mg C ha -1 . The CSP of existing AFS (for 30 years simulation) has been estimated to the tune of 0.111, 0.126 and 0.551 Mg C ha -1 year -1 for Sultanpur, Dinajpur and Ludhiana districts, respectively. CSP of AFS increases with increasing tree density per hectare. Site specific climatic parameters like monthly temperature, annual precipitation and evapotranspiration also moderates the CSP of AFS. The preliminary estimates of the area under AFS's were 2.06 % (3,256 ha), 2.08 % (6,440 ha) and 12.69 % (38,860 ha) in Sultanpur, Dinajpur and Ludhiana respectively.
The objective of this paper is to estimate the statistics surrounding the most common security th... more The objective of this paper is to estimate the statistics surrounding the most common security threats faced by Internet users. There is an estimated of more than two billion Internet users worldwide, therefore it is important to know what security threats your computer may be vulnerable to while using the Internet. Threats discussed in this paper will include spam, phishing, computer viruses, hackers, and spyware/malware. The current percentage of Incidents as they are related to different regions of the world discusses the severity of each threat, by using suitable statistical techniques. Due to the large number of Internet users, it is probable that many of them are unaware of these threats and what they can and should be doing to protect themselves. Most importantly this paper will discuss about threats. A user can take to defend themselves against these threats and known vulnerabilities. With identity theft on the rise, it is imperative to understand Internet security threats now more than ever.
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middle, upper, and trans gangetic plains covering West Bengal, Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Delhi, Uttarakhand, Chandigarh,
Haryana, Punjab, and some part of Rajasthan state. It covers 169 districts with total geographical area of 43.70 million ha.
The Indo-Gangetic plains are one of the most populous regions with its area covering nearly 13% of the total geographical
area of the country. It produces about 50% of the total food grains to feed 40% of the population. The continuous cropping
of rice-wheat system has degraded the soil health dramatically over the years. Hence, the incorporation of trees in
agriculture would be a better option to improve the soil as well as livelihood of the farmers in IGP.Agriculture is the major enterprise of the region that is most vulnerable to climate changes particularly owing to the
inadequacy of resources with the smallholder farmers. While, agroforestry has the potential to play a significant role in
mitigating the atmospheric accumulation of greenhouse gases (GHG), it also helps smallholder farmers adapt to the
changes. These are the reasons for recognizing agroforestry as a viable alternative to prevent and mitigate climate change
(Ram Newaj et al., 2014). A considerable proportion of agroforestry area located in IGP and some of the promising tree
species like Populus deltoides, Eucalyptus tereticornis, Melia azadirach, Mangifera indica, Dalbergia sissoo, and Acacia
nilotica are very common in the farmer’s fields. Keeping this in view, the field survey was carried out to estimate the
carbon sequestration potential at a farmer’s field in IGP.
middle, upper, and trans gangetic plains covering West Bengal, Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Delhi, Uttarakhand, Chandigarh,
Haryana, Punjab, and some part of Rajasthan state. It covers 169 districts with total geographical area of 43.70 million ha.
The Indo-Gangetic plains are one of the most populous regions with its area covering nearly 13% of the total geographical
area of the country. It produces about 50% of the total food grains to feed 40% of the population. The continuous cropping
of rice-wheat system has degraded the soil health dramatically over the years. Hence, the incorporation of trees in
agriculture would be a better option to improve the soil as well as livelihood of the farmers in IGP.Agriculture is the major enterprise of the region that is most vulnerable to climate changes particularly owing to the
inadequacy of resources with the smallholder farmers. While, agroforestry has the potential to play a significant role in
mitigating the atmospheric accumulation of greenhouse gases (GHG), it also helps smallholder farmers adapt to the
changes. These are the reasons for recognizing agroforestry as a viable alternative to prevent and mitigate climate change
(Ram Newaj et al., 2014). A considerable proportion of agroforestry area located in IGP and some of the promising tree
species like Populus deltoides, Eucalyptus tereticornis, Melia azadirach, Mangifera indica, Dalbergia sissoo, and Acacia
nilotica are very common in the farmer’s fields. Keeping this in view, the field survey was carried out to estimate the
carbon sequestration potential at a farmer’s field in IGP.