Abstract Ayun Mousa area lies at the northern part of the Eastern Gulf of Suez. It has a world-wi... more Abstract Ayun Mousa area lies at the northern part of the Eastern Gulf of Suez. It has a world-wide reputation for its touristic, historical and religious concepts for the skyey believers (Muslims, Christians and Jewfishes). The already known Ayun (water springs) Mousa are seven, while the hidden are five. Therefore, it is planned to adapt these geoelectrical surveys to explore the five concealed ayun. The used shallow geoelectric methods are: the natural self-potential, the artificial vertical electrical sounding and two-dimensional electrical resistivity tomography. This is to trace these ayun laterally and vertically. The self-potential measurements were done using high impedance voltmeter and porous pots containing saturated solution of copper sulfate through four parts of the study area (A, B, C and D). Also, the vertical electrical resistivity measurements were acquired, using Eleric-T instrument, through Schlumberger array for six VESes, three to the north and three to the south directions. Moreover, the two-dimensional electrical resistivity tomography measurements were been accomplished, using Eleric-T instrument through six profiles, based on the results of the spontaneous polarization positive anomalies. However, the self-potential anomalies succeeded to outline the SP anomalies around seven of these ayun and other number of positive SP anomalies, defining the ambiguous ayun. Both types of these ayun were affected by a major NNW-SSE normal fault throwing westward and dissected by a number of ENE-WSW strike-slip faults. The VES results succeeded to subdivide the shallow section into five layers of varying rock and water contents, consequently defined the layers saturated with water and those barren, without any indication about the sites of known and unknown ayun. Finally, the ERT results succeeded to follow the seven already discovered ayun and other seven unknown ones. By this way, it is recommend to carryout GPR profiles, to reduce the seven unknown ayun into five.
The importance of polymers is comprised in their industrial and technological applications. A low... more The importance of polymers is comprised in their industrial and technological applications. A low-cost waterproofing product with good thermal insulation properties is the aim of this paper. Natural rubber (NR)/clay composite was prepared with different concentrations of clay (20, 40, 60, 80,100, 150 and 200) phr. An experimental investigation was carried out to obtain low-cost construction material with desirable mechanical, thermal and waterproofing properties. The influences of clay loading on mechanical, water absorption, swelling, specific gravity and thermal properties were inspected. It was observed that the incorporation of clay into the NR increases the thermal conductivity, the maximum degree of swelling and swelling index decrease with increasing clay content. The tensile properties of NR composite were found to be increased with the increase of clay content due to the increase of crosslinking density the incorporation of clay into the NR decreases the swelling parameters, Crosslink density calculations from both swelling and mechanical measurements have the same trend and order of magnitude. It exhibited some extent of improvement in tensile, hardness and compression set properties with the addition of clay. NR loaded with 60 phr clay was chosen as the reasonable value of thermal conductivity which lies in the range of thermal insulating material and suitable mechanical properties and other concentrations with the higher thermal conductivity can be used as a waterproofing sheet.
Abstract Karstifiеd rock formations are, sometimes, responsible for major hazards to urban develo... more Abstract Karstifiеd rock formations are, sometimes, responsible for major hazards to urban development and to human life as well. Thе cartographic and descriptive inventory of karst phenomenon is a concrete contribution to thе management and conservation of thosе arеas whеrе solublе carbonatеs and evaporites arе prеsеnt at thе surfacе and/or in thе subsurface. Thе prеsеnt gеohazards and risk assеssmеnt study concеrns with thе highly karstifiеd and risky area of Sohag, wеst of the Nilе Vallеy, Еgypt. It is dominatеd by thе top surfacе of thе highly wеathеrеd and karstifiеd Miocеnе Drunka Formation. This highly karstifiеd bеdrock was еxplorеd and monitorеd for thе prеsеncе of cavеs and sinkholеs using the ground penetrating radar ‘GPR’ and the еlеctrical rеsistivity tomography ‘ЕRT’. Thе study succееdеd to monitor thе lеss hazardous arеas by introducing a hazard assеssmеnt map to hеlp in futurе planning for dеvеlopmеnt. Finally, a panorama for thе best еnginееring treatments is proposed in ordеr to mitigate the hazard related to collapses linked to thе prеsеncе of some palеodolinеs. The present study indicated that only the areas that are located to the west and southwest of the study area, close to the mountainous areas and away from the Nile valley, are suitable for constructions.
Acta Geologica Sinica-english Edition, Oct 1, 2021
This study focuses on the heterogeneity of the middle Miocene syn‐rift Belayim nullipore (reefal)... more This study focuses on the heterogeneity of the middle Miocene syn‐rift Belayim nullipore (reefal) marine sequences in the Gulf of Suez and its impacts on reservoir quality. The sequences consist of coralline algal reef limestones with a highly complex dual‐porosity system of primary and secondary porosities of widely varying percentages. To achieve a precise mathematical modeling of these reservoir sequences, a workflow protocol was applied to separate these sequences into a number of hydraulic flow units (HFUs) and reservoir rock types (RRTs). This has been achieved by conducting a conventional core analysis on the nullipore marine sequence. To illustrate the heterogeneity of the nullipore reservoir, the Dykstra‐Parsons coefficient (V) has been estimated (V = 0.91), indicating an extremely heterogeneous reservoir. A slight to high anisotropy (λk) has been assigned for the studied nullipore sequences. A stratigraphic modified Lorenz plot (SMLP) was applied to define the optimum number of HFUs and barriers/baffles in each of the studied wells. Integrating the permeability‐porosity, reservoir quality index‐normalized porosity index (RQI‐NPI) and the RQI‐flow zone indicator (RQI‐FZI) plots, the discrete rock types (DRT) and the R35 techniques enable the discrimination of the reservoir sequences into 4 RRTs/HFUs. The RRT4 packstone samples are characterized by the best reservoir properties (moderate permeability anisotropy, with a good‐to‐fair reservoir quality index), whereas the RRT1 mudstone samples have the lowest flow and storage capacities, as well as the tightest reservoir quality.
The Mediterranean Sea has a progressive geological significance; it is considered a vast extensiv... more The Mediterranean Sea has a progressive geological significance; it is considered a vast extensive promising basin for gas exploration. Herodotus and Levantine basins are the main basins in the eastern Mediterranean basin, which are similar in their evolution stages and accommodate similar sedimentary sequences. The recent geophysical and petrophysical studies proved that Herodotus and Levantine basins are promising for gas with possible great reserves exceeding 2,000 bcm. Recent discoveries and increased exploration activities including seismic acquisition and offshore drilling made the Eastern Mediterranean a hot area for gas exploration, especially after the discovery of Zohr gas Field in 2015, offshore Egypt. However, the regional extension of the complex Messinian salt beds and domes make the exploration of high risk. The subsalt seismic imaging in a time domain and the resolution of the underlying carbonate/clastic reservoirs' primary reflections are a big challenge in thi...
The present work aims to flash up at the microfacies and integration of reservoir properties of 8... more The present work aims to flash up at the microfacies and integration of reservoir properties of 86 core limestone samples collected from Matulla Formation (Upper Cretaceous) at Gabal Libni were collected. The studied Matulla Formation is classified into five types of microfacies: Dolostone, Echinoidal foraminiferal grainstone, Echinoidal foraminiferal packstone, Echinoidal bioclastic packstone/grainstone, and Molluscan echinoidal packstone, the studied samples reveals most of the carbonate samples were tight, and various diagenetic processes including Dolomitization, Neomorphism, and Dissolution with iron oxides, carbonates, or clays. The porosity of rock samples directly affects the bulk density, as it increases if the porosity is filled by oxides (iron oxide) or cemented by clay content (cementation). The limestone reservoir reflects poor characteristics in most intervals as a result of low porosity and low permeability due to matrix and diagenesis. The reservoir quality index (RQI) is controlled mainly by permeability and the reservoir quality of carbonate rock samples are very low. The FZI for all carbonate microfacies ranged from 0.06 to 1.91 μm which infers impervious to poor reservoir quality. The pore throat radius R35 ranges from 0.01 to 2.66 µm, comprised of micromesoporosity 0.01 µm < R35 ≤ 2 µm, due to their tight nature, are generally impervious to poor flow potential and the studied carbonate microfacies are expressed by two hydraulic flow units.
Purpose.This paper aims to understand the genesis and nature of the manganese ore deposits associ... more Purpose.This paper aims to understand the genesis and nature of the manganese ore deposits associated with the Ras Samra Member of the Um Bogma Formation in the southwest of Sinai. Methods. Mineralogical and geochemical studies of 50 selected samples of manganese ores and host shale have been conducted. These samples have been taken from different sites representing the Ras Samra Member. Findings. The dominant manganese minerals are pyrolusite and hausmannite. In most samples, helvite and hematite are noted in association with pyrolusite. In the investigated manganese ores, wide ranges of MnO (17.70-81.90 wt. %) and Fe2O3 (1.16-65.49 wt. %) concentrations are observed. Based on their Mn/Fe ratio, they can be classified into high-Mn ore content (76.94-6.46%), medium-Mn ore content (4.87-2.58%), and low-Mn ore content (1.51-0.30%). Originality. The compositions of major and trace elements in Ras Samra manganese ores, together with their textures and mineralogical compositions, suggest...
US/DOE Patent Clearance is not required prior to the publication of this document. GEOLOGICAL AND... more US/DOE Patent Clearance is not required prior to the publication of this document. GEOLOGICAL AND PETROPHYSICAL CHARACTERDXTION OF THE FERRON SANDSTONE FOR 3-D SIMULATION OF A IFLUVXAL-DELTAIC RESERVOIR (Contract No. DE-AC22-93BC14896). DELIVERABLE 2.5.4 FERRON SANDSTONE LITHOLOGIC STRIP LOGS EMERY & SEWER COUNTIES, UTAH Volume 11
The Nubia sandstone is among the most important aquifers/reservoirs system in and around the Gulf... more The Nubia sandstone is among the most important aquifers/reservoirs system in and around the Gulf of Suez province in Egypt. It is composed of very fine to coarse siliceous highly porous sandstone. It can be differentiated into four formations, named Araba, Naqus, Abu Durba and Malha. The capillary imbibition properties of the Nubia sandstone have been studied using two different techniques: 1) Increasing mass against time and 2) X-Ray CT scanning imaging. Both methods are valuable in characterizing the different capillary properties of the studied rocks, i.e., the coefficient of capillary ‘C’ (measured in g/(cm2.s1/2) using the first method and the capillary parameter ‘A’ (measured in cm/s1/2) using the second one. In addition, porosity (17.7 to 23.5%) was measured using two techniques: 1) Water saturation under vacuum, and 2) mercury injection ‘MICP’ under high pressure. The mercury injection test indicated homogeneity in the pore throat distribution of the studied samples. Liquid permeability (41.6 to 374.2 md) was measured using water flow; it is very good to excellent and mostly controlled by the rock porosity and average pore throat diameter. Both capillary parameters ‘A’ and ‘C’ show a positive correlation with permeability. On a limited set of samples the anisotropy linked to pore fabric could be estimated.
The present study aims to model the bulk thermal fabric of the highly porous (26.5 øHesiliceous N... more The present study aims to model the bulk thermal fabric of the highly porous (26.5 øHesiliceous Nubia sandstones in south Egypt, as well as their pore-and petroanisotropy. The thermal fabric concept is used in the present study to describe the magnitude and direction of the thermal foliation 'F', lineation 'L' and anisotropy 'l'. Cementation, pressure solution, compaction and the authigenic clay content are the main pore volume-controlling factors, whereas the cement dissolution and fracturing are the most important porosity-enhancing factors. The bulk thermal fabric of the Nubia sandstone is raised mostly from the contribution of the mineral composition and the pore volume. The kaolinite content and pore volume are the main reducing factors for the measured bulk thermal conductivity 'k', whereas the quartz content is the most important enhancing factors. The optical scanning technique, which is one of the most accurate and precise techniques, was applied for measuring the bulk thermal conductivity 'k' of the studied samples. For the dry state, the average thermal condutivity 'kav' in the NEeSW, NWeSE and vertical directions, varies from 1.53 to 2.40, 1.54 to 2.36 and from 1.31 to 2.20 W/(mK), respectively. On other hand, 'kav' for the saline water-saturated state for the NEeSW, NWeSE and vertical directions varies between 2.94 & 4.42, 2.90 & 4.31 and between 2.39 & 3.65 W/(mK), respectively. The present thermal pore fabric is slightly anisotropic, 'l' varies from 1.10 to 1.41, refers mostly to the NWeSE direction (kmax direction, elongation direction), whereas the petro-fabric refers to NEeSW direction (kmax direction, elongation direction). This gives rise to a conclusion that the pore-and petro-fabrics have two different origins. Therefore, studying the thermal conductivity of the Nubia sandstone in 3-D indicates a pore fabric elongation fluctuating around the NeS direction.
Sab’atayn basin is one of the two main hydrocarbon fields in Yemen. The present study is a trial ... more Sab’atayn basin is one of the two main hydrocarbon fields in Yemen. The present study is a trial to use the measured conventional core analysis data to define the potential reservoir zones in Alif and Seen members in Sab'atayn basin and to discriminate them into conductive and superconductive zones, and into potential and impervious zones using the concept of Reservoir Quality index (RQI), the Flow zone Index (FZI), and the Reservoir Potentiality Index (RPI). Samples from Alif and Seen members are composed mostly of pebbly quartz arenite, sometimes of dolomitic and ferruginous quartz arenite. Based on the petrophysical behavior, the studied Alif member is subdivided into three petrophysical facies in Alif 003 well and into two facies in Alif 005 well. Seen member is also subdivided into two petrophysical facies in Alif 005 well. The bulk density of the measured Alif and Seen samples is dependent mostly on the measured porosity with no dependence on the grain density. Due to the measuring technique, summation fluid porosity shows scattered data and is not recommended to be used for further development and exploration of future plans in the studied field. The reservoir zonation and discrimination shows a main reservoir body in Alif member in both Alif 003 and Alif 005 wells, with very good and excellent potentiality (RPI, 4–5) in Alif 003 well. The reservoir potentiality decreases to the southwest of the field in Alif 005 well, where the RPI varies from 2 to 4, ranked as fair to very good. Downward, Seen member is characterized mostly by negligible, poor to fair petrophysical data in the most top parts (RPI, 1–3). The quality controlled parameters, RPI and FZI, are mostly controlled by horizontal permeability ‘K’ and can be calculated precisely in terms of it.
The electric pore fabric concept has been testified in many previous studies, mostly concerned wi... more The electric pore fabric concept has been testified in many previous studies, mostly concerned with sandstone rock samples. The present study is a further trial to testify the reliability of the proposed concept on carbonate and clastic facies. The studied facies are representative for the Albian–Cenomanian Raha and Abu Qada Formations at the western side of the Gulf of Suez in Egypt. A total of 37 samples have been studied petrophysically by measuring electric conductivity in 3-D to rank their petrophysical potentiality and to detect their electric pore fabric. The studied samples are grouped into four facies, namely: (1) facies 1 (calcareous sandy siltstones) and (2) facies 4 (glauconitic quartz arenite) as clastic facies as well as (3) facies 2 (bioclastic limestones, and dolostones) and (4) facies 3 (clayey to sandy limestones) as carbonate facies. Porosity values of the studied carbonate facies are very good due to dolomitization and dissolution, whereas porosity values of the clastic facies are poor due to their high clay content. The formation resistivity factor values are low to medium values due to the reducing effect of the clay content and the very good porosity values. Archie’s parameters a and m are mostly related to the formation resistivity factor and to some extent to the mineralogical composition as well as the electric tortuosity. The electric pore fabrics of the studied facies are slightly anisotropic, mostly as primary depositional fabrics affected by slight foliation rather than lineation. Presence of a slight fracturing system can be revealed by assigning the minimum formation resistivity factor through the vertical direction perpendicular to the bedding plain. However, the fracturing system is still not strong enough to affect the electric pore anisotropy by increasing the electric pore lineation as a secondary fabrics’ indicator.
25.8 and 34.7 %, gas permeability 'k' varies from 0.14 to 6.92 μm 2 (very good to excellent rank)... more 25.8 and 34.7 %, gas permeability 'k' varies from 0.14 to 6.92 μm 2 (very good to excellent rank), and the mean pore diameter 'D' varies between 3.9 and 25.7 μm (macro to mega pores). The study stated the applicability of the present equation and introduced a number of equations that could be used to calculate porosity, permeability, and pore radius in terms of grain elongation. The applicability of the present study has some limitations due to (1) cementation, (2) microporosity, and (3) fracturing. The effect of cementation can be minimized by processing the grains and the surrounding cement statistically as a bulk ellipsoid unit, whereas the micropores/fractures can be measured by helium injection.
The Cenomanian marine sequence in north Sinai is mostly represented by El-Halal Formation. It is ... more The Cenomanian marine sequence in north Sinai is mostly represented by El-Halal Formation. It is composed mainly, in its type section Gebel El-Halal, of greyish white hard dolomitic limestone and dolostones with minor clastic intercalations. Petrographically, four microfacies could be assigned, namely; 1) dolomitic mudstone microfacies (dolomitic micrite), 2) micritic dolomudstone (dolomicrite), 3) clayey to sandy dolomudstone (clayey to sandy dolomicrite), and 4) sparitic dolomudstone (dolosparite). From the petrophysical investigation, porosity in the range of 15 to 30 % could be assigned. Different pore shapes could be distinguished, e.g. micro intercrystalline pore spaces, micro to meso vugs, micro pore channels. The present pore spaces are frequently reduced by drusy and/xenotopic dolosparite and micro sparite. The Cenomanian marine sediments of El-Halal Formation have been deposited in restricted marine platform (SMF-23, FZ-8) with a progressive shallowing of the sea level upward. The diagenetic history has been controlled by cementation, dolomitization, aggrading neomorphism, and creation of authigenic illite. Petrophysically, the studied samples could be grouped into three petrophysical facies: 1) dolomitic micrite/dolomicrite facies, 2) clayey to sandy dolomicrite, and 3) dolosparite. The bulk density (av. 2.01, 1.89 and 2.49 for the different microfocies, respectively) is dependent mainly on porosity (av. 27.6, 31.0 and 20.9, respectively), whereas the permeability values (av. 3.36, 1154 and 0.27, respectively) are dependant upon porosity, the pore channel radius (av. 0.79, 1.62 and 0.19, respectively) and could be related to the electric tortuosity (av. 3.66, 1.54 and 7.34, respectively). In a trial to detect the mounce potential, the formation resistivity factors were measured at five consequent saline saturation of 6, 30, 60, 90 and 120 kppm. The mounce potential dishanced the electric resistivity for the different petrophysical facies. The electric resistivity values are also affected by the effective porosity and electric tortuosity. The Cenomanian El-Halal marine sediments have fair to good petrophysical properties, which could be attributed mostly to the dolomitization process. Though the dolomization has enhancing effect on the studied petrophysical features, it had a dishancing effect in its first stages of invasion and in the last stages due to the aggrading neomorphism.
Abstract Ayun Mousa area lies at the northern part of the Eastern Gulf of Suez. It has a world-wi... more Abstract Ayun Mousa area lies at the northern part of the Eastern Gulf of Suez. It has a world-wide reputation for its touristic, historical and religious concepts for the skyey believers (Muslims, Christians and Jewfishes). The already known Ayun (water springs) Mousa are seven, while the hidden are five. Therefore, it is planned to adapt these geoelectrical surveys to explore the five concealed ayun. The used shallow geoelectric methods are: the natural self-potential, the artificial vertical electrical sounding and two-dimensional electrical resistivity tomography. This is to trace these ayun laterally and vertically. The self-potential measurements were done using high impedance voltmeter and porous pots containing saturated solution of copper sulfate through four parts of the study area (A, B, C and D). Also, the vertical electrical resistivity measurements were acquired, using Eleric-T instrument, through Schlumberger array for six VESes, three to the north and three to the south directions. Moreover, the two-dimensional electrical resistivity tomography measurements were been accomplished, using Eleric-T instrument through six profiles, based on the results of the spontaneous polarization positive anomalies. However, the self-potential anomalies succeeded to outline the SP anomalies around seven of these ayun and other number of positive SP anomalies, defining the ambiguous ayun. Both types of these ayun were affected by a major NNW-SSE normal fault throwing westward and dissected by a number of ENE-WSW strike-slip faults. The VES results succeeded to subdivide the shallow section into five layers of varying rock and water contents, consequently defined the layers saturated with water and those barren, without any indication about the sites of known and unknown ayun. Finally, the ERT results succeeded to follow the seven already discovered ayun and other seven unknown ones. By this way, it is recommend to carryout GPR profiles, to reduce the seven unknown ayun into five.
The importance of polymers is comprised in their industrial and technological applications. A low... more The importance of polymers is comprised in their industrial and technological applications. A low-cost waterproofing product with good thermal insulation properties is the aim of this paper. Natural rubber (NR)/clay composite was prepared with different concentrations of clay (20, 40, 60, 80,100, 150 and 200) phr. An experimental investigation was carried out to obtain low-cost construction material with desirable mechanical, thermal and waterproofing properties. The influences of clay loading on mechanical, water absorption, swelling, specific gravity and thermal properties were inspected. It was observed that the incorporation of clay into the NR increases the thermal conductivity, the maximum degree of swelling and swelling index decrease with increasing clay content. The tensile properties of NR composite were found to be increased with the increase of clay content due to the increase of crosslinking density the incorporation of clay into the NR decreases the swelling parameters, Crosslink density calculations from both swelling and mechanical measurements have the same trend and order of magnitude. It exhibited some extent of improvement in tensile, hardness and compression set properties with the addition of clay. NR loaded with 60 phr clay was chosen as the reasonable value of thermal conductivity which lies in the range of thermal insulating material and suitable mechanical properties and other concentrations with the higher thermal conductivity can be used as a waterproofing sheet.
Abstract Karstifiеd rock formations are, sometimes, responsible for major hazards to urban develo... more Abstract Karstifiеd rock formations are, sometimes, responsible for major hazards to urban development and to human life as well. Thе cartographic and descriptive inventory of karst phenomenon is a concrete contribution to thе management and conservation of thosе arеas whеrе solublе carbonatеs and evaporites arе prеsеnt at thе surfacе and/or in thе subsurface. Thе prеsеnt gеohazards and risk assеssmеnt study concеrns with thе highly karstifiеd and risky area of Sohag, wеst of the Nilе Vallеy, Еgypt. It is dominatеd by thе top surfacе of thе highly wеathеrеd and karstifiеd Miocеnе Drunka Formation. This highly karstifiеd bеdrock was еxplorеd and monitorеd for thе prеsеncе of cavеs and sinkholеs using the ground penetrating radar ‘GPR’ and the еlеctrical rеsistivity tomography ‘ЕRT’. Thе study succееdеd to monitor thе lеss hazardous arеas by introducing a hazard assеssmеnt map to hеlp in futurе planning for dеvеlopmеnt. Finally, a panorama for thе best еnginееring treatments is proposed in ordеr to mitigate the hazard related to collapses linked to thе prеsеncе of some palеodolinеs. The present study indicated that only the areas that are located to the west and southwest of the study area, close to the mountainous areas and away from the Nile valley, are suitable for constructions.
Acta Geologica Sinica-english Edition, Oct 1, 2021
This study focuses on the heterogeneity of the middle Miocene syn‐rift Belayim nullipore (reefal)... more This study focuses on the heterogeneity of the middle Miocene syn‐rift Belayim nullipore (reefal) marine sequences in the Gulf of Suez and its impacts on reservoir quality. The sequences consist of coralline algal reef limestones with a highly complex dual‐porosity system of primary and secondary porosities of widely varying percentages. To achieve a precise mathematical modeling of these reservoir sequences, a workflow protocol was applied to separate these sequences into a number of hydraulic flow units (HFUs) and reservoir rock types (RRTs). This has been achieved by conducting a conventional core analysis on the nullipore marine sequence. To illustrate the heterogeneity of the nullipore reservoir, the Dykstra‐Parsons coefficient (V) has been estimated (V = 0.91), indicating an extremely heterogeneous reservoir. A slight to high anisotropy (λk) has been assigned for the studied nullipore sequences. A stratigraphic modified Lorenz plot (SMLP) was applied to define the optimum number of HFUs and barriers/baffles in each of the studied wells. Integrating the permeability‐porosity, reservoir quality index‐normalized porosity index (RQI‐NPI) and the RQI‐flow zone indicator (RQI‐FZI) plots, the discrete rock types (DRT) and the R35 techniques enable the discrimination of the reservoir sequences into 4 RRTs/HFUs. The RRT4 packstone samples are characterized by the best reservoir properties (moderate permeability anisotropy, with a good‐to‐fair reservoir quality index), whereas the RRT1 mudstone samples have the lowest flow and storage capacities, as well as the tightest reservoir quality.
The Mediterranean Sea has a progressive geological significance; it is considered a vast extensiv... more The Mediterranean Sea has a progressive geological significance; it is considered a vast extensive promising basin for gas exploration. Herodotus and Levantine basins are the main basins in the eastern Mediterranean basin, which are similar in their evolution stages and accommodate similar sedimentary sequences. The recent geophysical and petrophysical studies proved that Herodotus and Levantine basins are promising for gas with possible great reserves exceeding 2,000 bcm. Recent discoveries and increased exploration activities including seismic acquisition and offshore drilling made the Eastern Mediterranean a hot area for gas exploration, especially after the discovery of Zohr gas Field in 2015, offshore Egypt. However, the regional extension of the complex Messinian salt beds and domes make the exploration of high risk. The subsalt seismic imaging in a time domain and the resolution of the underlying carbonate/clastic reservoirs' primary reflections are a big challenge in thi...
The present work aims to flash up at the microfacies and integration of reservoir properties of 8... more The present work aims to flash up at the microfacies and integration of reservoir properties of 86 core limestone samples collected from Matulla Formation (Upper Cretaceous) at Gabal Libni were collected. The studied Matulla Formation is classified into five types of microfacies: Dolostone, Echinoidal foraminiferal grainstone, Echinoidal foraminiferal packstone, Echinoidal bioclastic packstone/grainstone, and Molluscan echinoidal packstone, the studied samples reveals most of the carbonate samples were tight, and various diagenetic processes including Dolomitization, Neomorphism, and Dissolution with iron oxides, carbonates, or clays. The porosity of rock samples directly affects the bulk density, as it increases if the porosity is filled by oxides (iron oxide) or cemented by clay content (cementation). The limestone reservoir reflects poor characteristics in most intervals as a result of low porosity and low permeability due to matrix and diagenesis. The reservoir quality index (RQI) is controlled mainly by permeability and the reservoir quality of carbonate rock samples are very low. The FZI for all carbonate microfacies ranged from 0.06 to 1.91 μm which infers impervious to poor reservoir quality. The pore throat radius R35 ranges from 0.01 to 2.66 µm, comprised of micromesoporosity 0.01 µm < R35 ≤ 2 µm, due to their tight nature, are generally impervious to poor flow potential and the studied carbonate microfacies are expressed by two hydraulic flow units.
Purpose.This paper aims to understand the genesis and nature of the manganese ore deposits associ... more Purpose.This paper aims to understand the genesis and nature of the manganese ore deposits associated with the Ras Samra Member of the Um Bogma Formation in the southwest of Sinai. Methods. Mineralogical and geochemical studies of 50 selected samples of manganese ores and host shale have been conducted. These samples have been taken from different sites representing the Ras Samra Member. Findings. The dominant manganese minerals are pyrolusite and hausmannite. In most samples, helvite and hematite are noted in association with pyrolusite. In the investigated manganese ores, wide ranges of MnO (17.70-81.90 wt. %) and Fe2O3 (1.16-65.49 wt. %) concentrations are observed. Based on their Mn/Fe ratio, they can be classified into high-Mn ore content (76.94-6.46%), medium-Mn ore content (4.87-2.58%), and low-Mn ore content (1.51-0.30%). Originality. The compositions of major and trace elements in Ras Samra manganese ores, together with their textures and mineralogical compositions, suggest...
US/DOE Patent Clearance is not required prior to the publication of this document. GEOLOGICAL AND... more US/DOE Patent Clearance is not required prior to the publication of this document. GEOLOGICAL AND PETROPHYSICAL CHARACTERDXTION OF THE FERRON SANDSTONE FOR 3-D SIMULATION OF A IFLUVXAL-DELTAIC RESERVOIR (Contract No. DE-AC22-93BC14896). DELIVERABLE 2.5.4 FERRON SANDSTONE LITHOLOGIC STRIP LOGS EMERY & SEWER COUNTIES, UTAH Volume 11
The Nubia sandstone is among the most important aquifers/reservoirs system in and around the Gulf... more The Nubia sandstone is among the most important aquifers/reservoirs system in and around the Gulf of Suez province in Egypt. It is composed of very fine to coarse siliceous highly porous sandstone. It can be differentiated into four formations, named Araba, Naqus, Abu Durba and Malha. The capillary imbibition properties of the Nubia sandstone have been studied using two different techniques: 1) Increasing mass against time and 2) X-Ray CT scanning imaging. Both methods are valuable in characterizing the different capillary properties of the studied rocks, i.e., the coefficient of capillary ‘C’ (measured in g/(cm2.s1/2) using the first method and the capillary parameter ‘A’ (measured in cm/s1/2) using the second one. In addition, porosity (17.7 to 23.5%) was measured using two techniques: 1) Water saturation under vacuum, and 2) mercury injection ‘MICP’ under high pressure. The mercury injection test indicated homogeneity in the pore throat distribution of the studied samples. Liquid permeability (41.6 to 374.2 md) was measured using water flow; it is very good to excellent and mostly controlled by the rock porosity and average pore throat diameter. Both capillary parameters ‘A’ and ‘C’ show a positive correlation with permeability. On a limited set of samples the anisotropy linked to pore fabric could be estimated.
The present study aims to model the bulk thermal fabric of the highly porous (26.5 øHesiliceous N... more The present study aims to model the bulk thermal fabric of the highly porous (26.5 øHesiliceous Nubia sandstones in south Egypt, as well as their pore-and petroanisotropy. The thermal fabric concept is used in the present study to describe the magnitude and direction of the thermal foliation 'F', lineation 'L' and anisotropy 'l'. Cementation, pressure solution, compaction and the authigenic clay content are the main pore volume-controlling factors, whereas the cement dissolution and fracturing are the most important porosity-enhancing factors. The bulk thermal fabric of the Nubia sandstone is raised mostly from the contribution of the mineral composition and the pore volume. The kaolinite content and pore volume are the main reducing factors for the measured bulk thermal conductivity 'k', whereas the quartz content is the most important enhancing factors. The optical scanning technique, which is one of the most accurate and precise techniques, was applied for measuring the bulk thermal conductivity 'k' of the studied samples. For the dry state, the average thermal condutivity 'kav' in the NEeSW, NWeSE and vertical directions, varies from 1.53 to 2.40, 1.54 to 2.36 and from 1.31 to 2.20 W/(mK), respectively. On other hand, 'kav' for the saline water-saturated state for the NEeSW, NWeSE and vertical directions varies between 2.94 & 4.42, 2.90 & 4.31 and between 2.39 & 3.65 W/(mK), respectively. The present thermal pore fabric is slightly anisotropic, 'l' varies from 1.10 to 1.41, refers mostly to the NWeSE direction (kmax direction, elongation direction), whereas the petro-fabric refers to NEeSW direction (kmax direction, elongation direction). This gives rise to a conclusion that the pore-and petro-fabrics have two different origins. Therefore, studying the thermal conductivity of the Nubia sandstone in 3-D indicates a pore fabric elongation fluctuating around the NeS direction.
Sab’atayn basin is one of the two main hydrocarbon fields in Yemen. The present study is a trial ... more Sab’atayn basin is one of the two main hydrocarbon fields in Yemen. The present study is a trial to use the measured conventional core analysis data to define the potential reservoir zones in Alif and Seen members in Sab'atayn basin and to discriminate them into conductive and superconductive zones, and into potential and impervious zones using the concept of Reservoir Quality index (RQI), the Flow zone Index (FZI), and the Reservoir Potentiality Index (RPI). Samples from Alif and Seen members are composed mostly of pebbly quartz arenite, sometimes of dolomitic and ferruginous quartz arenite. Based on the petrophysical behavior, the studied Alif member is subdivided into three petrophysical facies in Alif 003 well and into two facies in Alif 005 well. Seen member is also subdivided into two petrophysical facies in Alif 005 well. The bulk density of the measured Alif and Seen samples is dependent mostly on the measured porosity with no dependence on the grain density. Due to the measuring technique, summation fluid porosity shows scattered data and is not recommended to be used for further development and exploration of future plans in the studied field. The reservoir zonation and discrimination shows a main reservoir body in Alif member in both Alif 003 and Alif 005 wells, with very good and excellent potentiality (RPI, 4–5) in Alif 003 well. The reservoir potentiality decreases to the southwest of the field in Alif 005 well, where the RPI varies from 2 to 4, ranked as fair to very good. Downward, Seen member is characterized mostly by negligible, poor to fair petrophysical data in the most top parts (RPI, 1–3). The quality controlled parameters, RPI and FZI, are mostly controlled by horizontal permeability ‘K’ and can be calculated precisely in terms of it.
The electric pore fabric concept has been testified in many previous studies, mostly concerned wi... more The electric pore fabric concept has been testified in many previous studies, mostly concerned with sandstone rock samples. The present study is a further trial to testify the reliability of the proposed concept on carbonate and clastic facies. The studied facies are representative for the Albian–Cenomanian Raha and Abu Qada Formations at the western side of the Gulf of Suez in Egypt. A total of 37 samples have been studied petrophysically by measuring electric conductivity in 3-D to rank their petrophysical potentiality and to detect their electric pore fabric. The studied samples are grouped into four facies, namely: (1) facies 1 (calcareous sandy siltstones) and (2) facies 4 (glauconitic quartz arenite) as clastic facies as well as (3) facies 2 (bioclastic limestones, and dolostones) and (4) facies 3 (clayey to sandy limestones) as carbonate facies. Porosity values of the studied carbonate facies are very good due to dolomitization and dissolution, whereas porosity values of the clastic facies are poor due to their high clay content. The formation resistivity factor values are low to medium values due to the reducing effect of the clay content and the very good porosity values. Archie’s parameters a and m are mostly related to the formation resistivity factor and to some extent to the mineralogical composition as well as the electric tortuosity. The electric pore fabrics of the studied facies are slightly anisotropic, mostly as primary depositional fabrics affected by slight foliation rather than lineation. Presence of a slight fracturing system can be revealed by assigning the minimum formation resistivity factor through the vertical direction perpendicular to the bedding plain. However, the fracturing system is still not strong enough to affect the electric pore anisotropy by increasing the electric pore lineation as a secondary fabrics’ indicator.
25.8 and 34.7 %, gas permeability 'k' varies from 0.14 to 6.92 μm 2 (very good to excellent rank)... more 25.8 and 34.7 %, gas permeability 'k' varies from 0.14 to 6.92 μm 2 (very good to excellent rank), and the mean pore diameter 'D' varies between 3.9 and 25.7 μm (macro to mega pores). The study stated the applicability of the present equation and introduced a number of equations that could be used to calculate porosity, permeability, and pore radius in terms of grain elongation. The applicability of the present study has some limitations due to (1) cementation, (2) microporosity, and (3) fracturing. The effect of cementation can be minimized by processing the grains and the surrounding cement statistically as a bulk ellipsoid unit, whereas the micropores/fractures can be measured by helium injection.
The Cenomanian marine sequence in north Sinai is mostly represented by El-Halal Formation. It is ... more The Cenomanian marine sequence in north Sinai is mostly represented by El-Halal Formation. It is composed mainly, in its type section Gebel El-Halal, of greyish white hard dolomitic limestone and dolostones with minor clastic intercalations. Petrographically, four microfacies could be assigned, namely; 1) dolomitic mudstone microfacies (dolomitic micrite), 2) micritic dolomudstone (dolomicrite), 3) clayey to sandy dolomudstone (clayey to sandy dolomicrite), and 4) sparitic dolomudstone (dolosparite). From the petrophysical investigation, porosity in the range of 15 to 30 % could be assigned. Different pore shapes could be distinguished, e.g. micro intercrystalline pore spaces, micro to meso vugs, micro pore channels. The present pore spaces are frequently reduced by drusy and/xenotopic dolosparite and micro sparite. The Cenomanian marine sediments of El-Halal Formation have been deposited in restricted marine platform (SMF-23, FZ-8) with a progressive shallowing of the sea level upward. The diagenetic history has been controlled by cementation, dolomitization, aggrading neomorphism, and creation of authigenic illite. Petrophysically, the studied samples could be grouped into three petrophysical facies: 1) dolomitic micrite/dolomicrite facies, 2) clayey to sandy dolomicrite, and 3) dolosparite. The bulk density (av. 2.01, 1.89 and 2.49 for the different microfocies, respectively) is dependent mainly on porosity (av. 27.6, 31.0 and 20.9, respectively), whereas the permeability values (av. 3.36, 1154 and 0.27, respectively) are dependant upon porosity, the pore channel radius (av. 0.79, 1.62 and 0.19, respectively) and could be related to the electric tortuosity (av. 3.66, 1.54 and 7.34, respectively). In a trial to detect the mounce potential, the formation resistivity factors were measured at five consequent saline saturation of 6, 30, 60, 90 and 120 kppm. The mounce potential dishanced the electric resistivity for the different petrophysical facies. The electric resistivity values are also affected by the effective porosity and electric tortuosity. The Cenomanian El-Halal marine sediments have fair to good petrophysical properties, which could be attributed mostly to the dolomitization process. Though the dolomization has enhancing effect on the studied petrophysical features, it had a dishancing effect in its first stages of invasion and in the last stages due to the aggrading neomorphism.
Uploads
Papers by Bassem Nabawy