Pertempuran Atlantik
Pertempuran Atlantik merupakan kempen ketenteraan yang paling lama dalam sejarah Perang Dunia II, bermula dari tahun 1939 sehinggalah kepada kekalahan Jerman pada tahun 1945. Pihak Bersekutu membuat sekatan laut keatas Jerman, diumumkan selepas hari pengisytiharan perang, dan kemudiannya pihak Jerman membuat sekatan balas. Ia berada dikemuncaknya dari pertengahan tahun 1940 sehingga akhir tahun 1943. Pertempuran Atlantik meletakkan U-bot dan kapal perang lain Kriegsmarine (Tentera Laut Jerman) dan kapal terbang Luftwaffe (Tentera Udara Jerman) menentang Tentera Laut Diraja Kanada, Tentera Laut Diraja British, dan kapal-kapal dagang Pihak Berikat. Konvoi-konvoi, kebanyakannya datang dari Amerika Utara dan pergi ke United Kingdom dan Soviet Union, telah dilindungi oleh tentera laut British dan Kanada dan tentera udara masing-masing. Pasukan ini telah dibantu oleh kapal-kapal dan pesawat udara dari Amerika Syarikat dari 13 September 1941. Pihak Jerman telah disertai oleh kapal selam dari Tentera Laut Diraja Itali (Regia Marina) selepas sekutu Paksinya Itali memasuki perang pada 10 Jun 1940.
Pertempuran Atlantik | |||||||
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Sebahagian daripada Perang Dunia II | |||||||
Pegawai di atas anjungan sebuah kapal pembinasa British sedang meneropong kapal selam musuh, Oktober 1941. | |||||||
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Pihak yang terlibat | |||||||
United Kingdom | Itali (1940–43) | ||||||
Komandan dan pemimpin | |||||||
Martin E. Nasmith (1939–41) |
Erich Raeder Karl Donitz Hermann Goering | ||||||
Kerugian dan korban | |||||||
36,200 kelasi terkorban 36,000 kelasi kapal dagang terkorban 3,500 kapal dagang 175 kapal perang |
~30,000 kelasi terkorban 783 kapal selam |
Selaku sebuah negara yang berkepulauan, United Kingdom sangat bergantung kepada barang-barang import. Britain memerlukan hampir sejuta tan barang import setiap minggu supaya dapat hidup dan berjuang. Pada dasarnya, Pertempuran Atlantik adalah peperangan berat tan: pihak Sekutu berjuang untuk membekalkan Britain dan pihak Paksi cuba mengekang aliran kapal-kapal dagang yang membolehkan Britain terus berjuang. Dari tahun 1942 keatas, pihak Jerman juga berusaha menghalang pembinaan bekalan dan kelengkapan pihak Bersekutu di Kepulauan British yang sedang bersiap untuk menceroboh Eropah yang diduduki Jerman. Kekalahan U-bot merupakan prasyarat untuk mengekang Jerman. Winston Churchill kemudian berkata:
The Battle of the Atlantic was the dominating factor all through the war. Never for one moment could we forget that everything happening elsewhere, on land, at sea or in the air depended ultimately on its outcome.
Hasilnya ialah satu kemenangan strategik bagi pihak Bersekutu—sekatan Jerman gagal—tetapi pada kos yang besar: 3,500 kapal dagang dan 175 kapal perang tenggelam manakala Jerman kehilangan 783 U-bot.
Nama "Pertempuran Atlantik" telah dicanangkan oleh Winston Churchill pada Februari 1941. Ia telah digelar peperangan laut yang "paling panjang, paling besar, dan paling sukar" dalam sejarah. Kempen ini bermula sejurus selepas perang Eropah tercetus, dan berlangsung selama enam tahun. Ia melibatkan beribu buah kapal dengan lebih kurang 100 pertempuran konvoi dan mungkin 1,000 kali pertembungan satu lawan satu, didalam kancah yang meliputi ribuan batu persegi lautan. Keadaan sentiasa berubah, dengan satu pihak atau pihak lain mendapat kelebihan, serta senjata baru, taktik, langkah-langkah penyelesaian, dan kelengkapan baru telah dibangunkan oleh kedua-dua belah pihak. Pihak Sekutu secara perlahan-lahan akhirnya berjaya, mengekang kapal-kapal penyerang Jerman menjelang akhir tahun 1942 dan mengalahkan U-bot pada pertengahan tahun 1943, walaupun kerugian disebabkan U-bot berterusan sehingga akhir perang.
Lihat juga
suntingBibliografi
sunting- Alexander, C. Hugh O'D. (c. 1945), Cryptographic History of Work on the German Naval Enigma, The National Archives, Kew, Reference HW 25/1
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(bantuan) - Copeland, Jack (2004), "Enigma", dalam Copeland, B. Jack (penyunting), The Essential Turing: Seminal Writings in Computing, Logic, Philosophy, Artificial Intelligence, and Artificial Life plus The Secrets of Enigma, ISBN 0-19-825080-0
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ignored (bantuan)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) - Roskill, S.W., The War at Sea, volumes I-III (part 2). London: HMSO, 1954–61.
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- Woodman, Richard, The Real Cruel Sea
Bacaan lanjut
sunting- Sejarawan
- Behrens, C.B.A. Merchant Shipping and the Demands of War London: HMSO)
- Douglas, William A.B., Roger Sarty and Michael Whitby, No Higher Purpose: The Official Operational History of the Royal Canadian Navy in the Second World War, 1939–1943, Volume 2 Part 1, Vanwell Publishing 2002, ISBN 1-55125-061-6
- Douglas, William A.B., Roger Sarty and Michael Whitby, A Blue Water Navy: The Official Operational History of the Royal Canadian Navy in the Second World War, 1943–1945, Volume 2 Part 2, Vanwell Publishing 2007, ISBN 1-55125-069-1
- Morison, S.E. The Two Ocean War and History of United States Naval Operation in World War II in 15 Volumes. Volume I The Battle of the Atlantic and volume X The Atlantic Battle Won deal with the Battle of the Atlantic
- Schull, Joseph, Far Distant Ships: An Official Account of Canadian Naval Operations in World War II, King's Printer, Ottawa, 1952 - reprinted by Stoddart Publishing, Toronto, 1987, ISBN 0-7737-2160-6
- Aircraft against U-Boats (New Zealand official history)
- Biografi
- Cremer, Peter. U-333
- Dönitz, Karl. Ten Years And Twenty Days
- Gretton, Peter. Convoy Escort Commander (London). Autobiography of a former escort group commander
- Macintyre, Donald. U-boat Killer (London). Autobiography of another former escort group commander (1956)
- Rayner, Denys, Escort: The Battle of the Atlantic (London: William Kimber 1955)
- Robertson, Terence. The Golden Horseshoe (London). Biography of the top German U-boat ace, Otto Kretschmer
- Robertson, Terence. Walker R.N. (London 1955). Biography of the leading British escort group commander, Frederick John Walker
- Werner, Herbert A. Iron Coffins: The account of a surviving U-boat captain with historical and technical details
- Sejarah am kempen ini
- Blair, Clay. Hitler's U-boat War. Two volumes. ISBN 0-304-35260-8 Comprehensive history of the campaign
- Doherty, Richard, 'Key to Victory: The Maiden City in the Battle of the Atlantic'
- Fairbank, David. Bitter Ocean: The Battle of the Atlantic, 1939–1945
- Gannon, Michael. 1990. Operation Drumbeat: The Dramatic True Story of Germany's First U-Boat Attacks Along the American Coast in World War II. Harper and Row. ISBN 0-06-092088-2
- Gannon, Michael. 1998. Black May: The Epic Story of the Allies' Defeat of the German U-Boats in May 1943. Dell. ISBN 0-440-23564-2
- Keegan, John. Atlas of World War II (2006)
- Macintyre, Donald. The Battle of the Atlantic. (London 1961). Excellent single volume history by one of the British Escort Group commanders
- O'Connor, Jerome M, "FDR's Undeclared War", WWW.Historyarticles.com
- Rohwer, Dr. Jürgen. The Critical Convoy Battles of March 1943 (London: Ian Allan 1977). ISBN 0-7110-0749-7. A thorough and lucid analysis of the defeat of the U-boats
- Sarty, Roger, The Battle of the Atlantic: The Royal Canadian Navy's Greatest Campaign, 1939–1945, CEF Books, Ottawa, 2001 ISBN 1-896979-44-0
- Terraine, John, Business in Great Waters, (London 1987) Wordsworth Military Library. The best single-volume study of the U-Boat Campaigns, 1917–1945
- van der Vat, Dan. The Atlantic Campaign, 1988 ISBN 0-340-37751-8
- Williams, Andrew, The Battle of the Atlantic: Hitler's Gray Wolves of the Sea and the Allies' Desperate Struggle to Defeat Them
- Woodman, Richard. The Real Cruel Sea; The Merchant Navy in the Battle of the Atlantic, 1939–1943 (London 2004) ISBN 0-7195-6403-4
Pautan luar
suntingWikimedia Commons mempunyai media berkaitan: Pertempuran Atlantik. |
- U-Boat histories & Fates 1945
- The Royal Naval Patrol Service
- Battle of the Atlantic 70th Anniversary Commemorations
- Navy Department Library, Convoys in World War II: World War II Commemorative Bibliography No. 4, April 1993, AD-A266 529