Harold Alexander
Fil Marsyal Harold Rupert Leofric George Alexander, Earl Alexander Tunis Pertama, KG, GCB, OM, GCMG, CSI, DSO, MC, CD, PCc, PC (10 Disember 1891 - 16 Jun 1969), adalah seorang pegawai kanan Tentera Darat British yang berkhidmat dengan cemerlang di kedua-dua Perang Dunia I dan Perang Dunia II dan, selepas itu, sebagai Gabenor Jeneral Kanada yang Ke-17 semenjak Konfederasi Kanada.
Earl Alexander dari Tunis | |
---|---|
Gabenor Jeneral Kanada Ke-17 | |
Dalam jawatan 12 April 1946 – 28 Februari 1952 | |
Raja | George VI Elizabeth II |
Perdana Menteri | William Lyon Mackenzie King Louis St. Laurent |
Didahului oleh | Earl Athlone |
Digantikan oleh | Vincent Massey |
Maklumat peribadi | |
Lahir | London, England | 10 Disember 1891
Mati | 16 Jun 1969 Slough, Buckinghamshire, England | (umur 77)
Pasangan | Margaret Alexander |
Anak | Shane Alexander, Brian James Alexander, Rose Maureen Alexander |
Bidang pengkhususan | Tentera |
Tandatangan | |
Perkhidmatan tentera | |
Kesetiaan | United Kingdom |
Cabang/khidmat | Tentera Darat British |
Tahun khidmat | 1911–1946 |
Pangkat | Fil Marsyal |
Unit | Pengawal Ireland |
Perang/Pertempuran | Perang Dunia I Perang Kemerdekaan Latvia Kempen Mohmand Kedua Perang Dunia II |
Alexander telah dilahirkan di London, England, kepada keluarga bangsawan dan mendapat pendidikan di Sekolah Harrow sebelum berpindah ke Maktab Tentera Diraja, Sandhurst, untuk dilatih sebagai pegawai tentera Pengawal Ireland. Beliau menjadi terkenal menerusi perkhidmatannya dalam Perang Dunia Pertama, menerima pelbagai anugerah dan pingat, dan menyambung kerjaya tenteranya melalui pelbagai kempen British di serata Eropah dan Asia. Dalam Perang Dunia II, Alexander menyelia peringkat akhir pemindahan tentera Bersekutu dari Dunkirk dan kemudian memegang jawatan tinggi pemerintahan medan di Burma, Afrika Utara dan Itali, termasuk bertugas sebagai Panglima Tertinggi Timur Tengah dan memerintah Kumpulan Tentera Darat Ke-18 di Tunisia. Beliau kemudian memerintah Kumpulan Tentera Darat Ke-15 untuk menawan Sicily dan sekali lagi berjuang di Itali sebelum menerima baton fil marsyalnya dan dilantik Pemerintah Bersekutu Tertinggi Mediterranean.
Pada tahun 1946 beliau telah dilantik sebagai Gabenor Jeneral oleh Raja George VI, atas cadangan Perdana Menteri Kanada William Lyon Mackenzie King, bagi menggantikan Earl Athlone sebagai Wizurai, dan beliau menduduki jawatan itu sehingga digantikan oleh Vincent Massey pada 1952. Alexander terbukti bersemangat dengan padang belantara Kanada dan merupakan seorang gabenor jeneral yang popular dengan rakyat Kanada. Beliau adalah gabenor jeneral terakhir yang bukan kelahiran Kanada sebelum pelantikan Adrienne Clarkson pada tahun 1999, serta gabenor jeneral terakhir dilantik sebagai bangsawan Britain.
Selepas tamat tempoh pemerintahannya, Alexander mengangkat sumpah ke Majlis Privi Ratu bagi Kanada dan selepas itu,[1] untuk berkhidmat sebagai Menteri Pertahanan British dalam Kabinet Winston Churchill, ke Majlis Privi Imperial. Alexander bersara pada 1954 dan meninggal dunia pada tahun 1969.
Gelaran, gaya panggilan, kurniaan dan lambang
suntingGelaran
suntingTemplat:Infobox Viceroy styles United Kingdom
- 10 Disember 1891 – Februari 1915: Yang Berhormat Harold Alexander
- Februari 1915 – Ogos 1917: Yang Berhormat Kapten Harold Alexander
- Ogos 1917 – Mei 1922: Yang Berhormat Mejar Harold Alexander
- Mei 1922 – Februari 1928: Yang Berhormat Leftenan Kolonel Harold Alexander
- Februari 1928 – Oktober 1934: Yang Berhormat Kolonel Harold Alexander
- Oktober 1934 – Oktober 1937: Yang Berhormat Brigedier Harold Alexander
- Oktober 1937 – Julai 1940: Yang Berhormat Mejar Jeneral Harold Alexander
- Julai 1940 – 1 Januari 1942: Yang Berhormat Leftenan Jeneral Harold Alexander
- 1 Januari 1942 – 12 Disember 1944: Yang Berhormat Sir Jeneral Harold Alexander
- 12 Disember 1944 – 1 Mac 1946: Yang Berhormat Sir Fil Marsyal Harold Alexander
- 1 Mac 1946 – 14 Mac 1952: Yang Amat Berhormat Fil Marsyal Viscount Alexander dari Tunis
- 14 Mac 1952 – 16 Jun 1969: Yang Amat Berhormat Fil Marsyal Earl Alexander dari Tunis
- 12 April 1946 – 1 Oktober 1947: Tuan Terutama Yang Amat Berhormat Fil Marsyal Viscount Alexander Tunis, Gabenor Jeneral dan Panglima Tertinggi Militia, Tentera Laut dan Tentera Udara Kanada
- 1 Oktober 1947 – 28 Februari 1952: Tuan Terutama Yang Amat Berhormat Fil Marsyal Viscount Alexander Tunis, Gabenor Jeneral dan Panglima Tertinggi Kanada
Tidak rasmi
sunting- Chief Eagle Head[2]
Kurniaan
suntingLantikan
- 7 February 1936 – 16 June 1969: Companion of the Order of the Star of India (CSI)[3]
- 1938 – 1 January 1942: Companion of the Most Honourable Order of the Bath 8(CB)[4]
- 1 January 1946 – 16 June 1969: Knight of the Most Venerable Order of the Hospital of Saint John of Jerusalem (KStJ)[7]
- 16 September 1946 – 28 February 1952: Knight of Justice, Prior, and Chief Officer in Canada of the Venerable Order of Saint John of Jerusalem (KStJ)[n 1]
- 20 January 1946 – 25 March 1960: Knight Grand Cross of the Most Distinguished Order of Saint Michael and Saint George (GCMG)[9]
- 12 April 1946 – 28 February 1952: Chief Scout of Canada[12]
- 13 July 1946 – 16 June 1969: Honorary Chief of the Kwakiutl Tribe[2]
- 3 December 1946 – 16 June 1969: Knight of the Most Noble Order of the Garter (KG)[13]
- 1950 – 16 June 1969: Chief of the Blackfoot Tribe[2]
- 29 January 1952 – 16 June 1969: Member of the King's Privy Council for Canada (PC (Can))[14]
- 1952 – 16 June 1969: Member of His Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council (PC)[15]
- 17 May 1957 – 1 April 1965: Lord Lieutenant of the County of London[16]
- 1 April 1965 – 28 December 1966: Lord Lieutenant of Greater London[17]
- 1960–1965: Constable of the Tower of London[18]
- 1 January 1959 – 16 June 1969: Member of the Order of Merit (OM)[19]
Darjah
- 14 January 1916: Military Cross (MC)[20]
- 20 October 1916: Companion of the Distinguished Service Order (DSO)[21]
- 7 June 1951: Canadian Forces Decoration (CD)[22]
Pingat
- 1919: 1914 Star with clasp
- 1919: British War Medal
- 1919: Victory Medal
- 1935: King George V Silver Jubilee Medal
- 1935: India General Service Medal (1909)
- 1937: King George VI Coronation Medal
- 1945: 1939–45 Star
- 1945: Burma Star
- 1945: Africa Star
- 1945: Italy Star
- 1945: War Medal 1939–1945
- 1953: Queen Elizabeth II Coronation Medal
Anugerah
- 4 January 1917: Dipuji Dalam Perutusan[23]
- 27 December 1918: Mentioned in Despatches[24]
- 8 July 1919: Mentioned in Despatches[24]
- 3 February 1920: Mentioned in Despatches[24]
- 7 February 1936: Mentioned in Despatches[25]
- 8 May 1936: Mentioned in Despatches[26]
- 20 December 1940: Mentioned in Despatches[27]
- 28 October 1942: Mentioned in Despatches[28]
- Templat:Royal Standard-UK: Augmentation of honour
- 1945 Freedom of the City of Manchester [29]
- 25 March 1946 Freedom of the City of London[30]
- Freedom of the City of Edinburgh[31]
Kurniaan dan pingat asing
- 20 October 1916 – 16 June 1969: Knight of the Légion d'honneur[2]
- : Member Second Class with Swords of the Order of St. Anna[24]
- 10 August 1943: Chief Commander of the Legion of Merit[32]
- 29 February 1944 – 16 June 1969: Member First Class of the Order of Suvorov[33]
- 20 June 1944 – 16 June 1969: Member Grand Cross of the Royal Order of George I[34]
- 5 December 1944 – 16 June 1969: Member Fifth Class of the Order Virtuti Militari[35]
- 2 August 1945: Distinguished Service Medal[36]
Lantikan kehormat tentera
sunting- Templat:Royal Standard-UK 7 Mac 1936 – 19 November 1937: Juruiring kepada Baginda Raja (ADC)[37][38]
- 2 Julai 1937 – 14 Ogos 1947: Kolonel Battalion Ke-3 Rejimen Ke-2 Punjab[39]
- Templat:Royal Standard-UK 20 Julai 1944 – 2 Ogos 1946: Juruiring Jeneral kepada Baginda Raja (ADC General)[40][41]
- 28 Ogos 1946 – 16 Jun 1969: Kolonel Pengawal Ireland[42]
- 10 November 1949 – n/a: Kolonel Raifal Ulster Diraja (London Irish Rifles)[43]
- 10 Julai 1951 – n/a: Kolonel Kontinjen Kor Latihan Universiti Oxford[44]
Ijazah kehormat
sunting- 22 May 1946: McGill University, Doctor of Laws (LLD)[45]
- 1946: Queen's University, Doctor of Laws (LLD)[46]
- 1946: University of Toronto, Doctor of Laws (LLD)[47]
- 13 May 1948: University of British Columbia, Doctor of Laws (LLD)[48]
- 21 March 1949: University of California Los Angeles, Doctor of Laws (LLD)[49]
- 22 October 1949: University of Western Ontario, Doctor of Laws (LLD)[50]
- 1953: University of Liverpool, Doctor of Laws (LLD)[51]
- 1955: University of Nottingham, Doctor of Laws (LLD)[52]
Penghormatan eponim
suntingLokasi Geografi
Sekolah
Lambang
suntingSenarai karya
sunting- Alexander, Harold (3 February 1948). "The African Campaign from El Alamein to Tunis, from 10 August 1942 to 13 May 1943". London Gazette. London: King's Printer (Supplement 38196): 839–887. Dicapai pada 22 March 2009.
- Alexander, Harold (10 February 1948). "Conquest of Sicily 10 July 1943 to 17 August 1943". London Gazette. London: King's Printer (Supplement 38205): 1009–1025. Dicapai pada 22 March 2009.
- Alexander, Harold (6 June 1950). "The Allied Armies in Italy, from 3 September 1943 to 12 December 1944". London Gazette. London: King's Printer (Supplement 38937): 2879–2975. Dicapai pada 22 March 2009.
Lihat juga
suntingNota
sunting- ^ It was on 16 September 1946 that the Canadian priory of the Order of Saint John was created, and Alexander became the first prior and chief officer in Canada. He relinquished this status on 28 February 1952 to his viceregal successor, thus returning to holding solely the rank of knight of justice in the British priory of the order.[8]
Petikan
sunting- ^ Privy Council Office (30 October 2008). "Historical Alphabetical List since 1867 of Members of the Queen's Privy Council for Canada". Queen's Printer for Canada. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 2012-01-17. Dicapai pada 20 March 2009.
- ^ a b c d Office of the Governor General of Canada. "Field Marshal the Earl Alexander of Tunis". Queen's Printer for Canada. Dicapai pada 11 May 2013.
- ^ Ralat petik: Tag
<ref>
tidak sah; tiada teks disediakan bagi rujukan yang bernamaLGazCSI
- ^ Ralat petik: Tag
<ref>
tidak sah; tiada teks disediakan bagi rujukan yang bernamaLGazCB
- ^ Ralat petik: Tag
<ref>
tidak sah; tiada teks disediakan bagi rujukan yang bernamaLGazKCB
- ^ Ralat petik: Tag
<ref>
tidak sah; tiada teks disediakan bagi rujukan yang bernamaLGazGCB
- ^ "No. 37417". The London Gazette. 1 January 1946. m/s. 203.
- ^ "Saint John Ambulance > About Us > The Order of St. John > The Order of St. John in Canada". St. John Ambulance Canada. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 2009-10-04. Dicapai pada 7 April 2009.
- ^ a b Ralat petik: Tag
<ref>
tidak sah; tiada teks disediakan bagi rujukan yang bernamaLGazGCMG
- ^ "No. 41998". The London Gazette. 1 April 1960. m/s. 2365.
- ^ "No. 44450". The London Gazette. 14 November 1967. m/s. 12347.
- ^ "Deputy Chief Scout will visit Gibsons". Coast News. 28 January 1960. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 16 June 2013. Dicapai pada 11 May 2013.
- ^ Ralat petik: Tag
<ref>
tidak sah; tiada teks disediakan bagi rujukan yang bernamaLGazKG
- ^ "Canada: Dominion High Commissioners; use of suffix 'PC (Can)' (member of the Canadian Privy Council) and title 'Right Honorable'". Records of the Privy Council and other records collected by the Privy Council Office. The National Archives. Dicapai pada 3 June 2012.
- ^ "No. 39566". The London Gazette. 6 June 1952. m/s. 3166.
- ^ "No. 41072". The London Gazette. 17 May 1957. m/s. 2934.
- ^ "No. 43616". The London Gazette. 2 April 1965. m/s. 3297.
- ^ "No. 42110". The London Gazette. 5 August 1960. m/s. 5372.
- ^ "No. 41589". The London Gazette (Supplement). 30 December 1958. m/s. 3.
- ^ Ralat petik: Tag
<ref>
tidak sah; tiada teks disediakan bagi rujukan yang bernamaLGazMC
- ^ Ralat petik: Tag
<ref>
tidak sah; tiada teks disediakan bagi rujukan yang bernamaDSOCit
- ^ McCreery, Christopher (2005). The Canadian Honours System. Toronto: Dundurn Press. ISBN 978-1550025545.
- ^ "No. 29890". The London Gazette (Supplement). 2 January 1917. m/s. 219.
- ^ a b c d "Harold Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis". World War II Unit Histories & officers. Dicapai pada 11 May 2013.
- ^ Ralat petik: Tag
<ref>
tidak sah; tiada teks disediakan bagi rujukan yang bernamaMID34253
- ^ Ralat petik: Tag
<ref>
tidak sah; tiada teks disediakan bagi rujukan yang bernamaMID34282
- ^ Ralat petik: Tag
<ref>
tidak sah; tiada teks disediakan bagi rujukan yang bernamaMID35020
- ^ Ralat petik: Tag
<ref>
tidak sah; tiada teks disediakan bagi rujukan yang bernamaMID35763
- ^ "Who has been awarded the 'Freedom of Manchester'?". Confidentials.
- ^ "FM Lord Alexander Receives City Freedom". British Pathé. 1946. Dicapai pada 6 January 2016.
- ^ Canadian Press (12 March 1946). "Daily Visits To Canada House In London Paid By Viscount Alexander". Ottawa Citizen. Dicapai pada 6 January 2016.
- ^ "No. 36125". The London Gazette (Supplement). 6 August 1943. m/s. 3579.
- ^ "No. 36398". The London Gazette (Supplement). 25 February 1944. m/s. 985.
- ^ "No. 36569". The London Gazette (Supplement). 16 June 1944. m/s. 2913.
- ^ "No. 36828". The London Gazette (Supplement). 5 December 1944. m/s. 5616.
- ^ "No. 37204". The London Gazette (Supplement). 31 July 1945. m/s. 3962.
- ^ Ralat petik: Tag
<ref>
tidak sah; tiada teks disediakan bagi rujukan yang bernamaLGazAdC
- ^ "No. 34456". The London Gazette. 19 November 1937. m/s. 7263.
- ^ Ralat petik: Tag
<ref>
tidak sah; tiada teks disediakan bagi rujukan yang bernamaLGazColPun
- ^ "No. 36616". The London Gazette (Supplement). 18 July 1944. m/s. 3379.
- ^ "No. 37673". The London Gazette (Supplement). 30 July 1946. m/s. 3927.
- ^ "No. 37739". The London Gazette (Supplement). 27 September 1946. m/s. 4842.
- ^ "No. 38829". The London Gazette (Supplement). 3 February 1950. m/s. 590.
- ^ "No. 39316". The London Gazette (Supplement). 24 August 1951. m/s. 4487.
- ^ "Honorary degrees" (PDF). McGill University. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal (PDF) pada 2020-08-01. Dicapai pada 1 March 2017.
- ^ "Honorary degrees" (PDF). Queen's University. Dicapai pada 1 March 2017.
- ^ Honorary Degree Recipients 1850–2015 (PDF), University of Toronto, June 2015, dicapai pada 6 January 2016
- ^ "The Degree of Doctor of Laws (honoris causa) Conferred at Congregation, October 31st, 1945". University of British Columbia. Dicapai pada 6 January 2016.
- ^ University of California, Berkeley (1950). "Register – University of California". University of California Press. m/s. 67. Dicapai pada 6 January 2016.
- ^ Honorary Degrees Awarded 1881–Present (PDF), University of Western Ontario, dicapai pada 6 January 2015
- ^ Honorary Graduates of the University (PDF), University of Liverpool, diarkibkan daripada yang asal (PDF) pada 2018-02-07, dicapai pada 6 January 2016
- ^ "Honorary degrees" (PDF). Nottingham University. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal (PDF) pada 2017-03-01. Dicapai pada 1 March 2017.
- ^ Department of National Defence (16 March 2008). "Viscount Alexander Public School". National Inventory of Military Memorials. Queen's Printer for Canada. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 21 May 2014. Dicapai pada 21 May 2014.
Rujukan
sunting- Bradley, Omar N. (1951). A Soldier's Story. New York: Henry Holt and Company. ISBN 978-0-8371-7924-7.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Graham, Dominick; Bidwell, Shelford (1986). Tug of War: the Battle for Italy 1943–5. London: Hodder & Stoughton. ISBN 1-84415-098-4.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Coucill, Irma (1998). Canada's Prime Ministers, Governors General, and Fathers of Confederation. Stenhouse Publishing. ISBN 978-1551381145.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Heathcote, Tony (1999). The British Field Marshals 1736–1997. London: Pen & Sword Books Ltd. ISBN 0-85052-696-5.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Hunt, David (1990) [1st publ. 1966]. A Don at War (ed. Revised). Abingdon: Frank Cass. ISBN 0-7146-3383-6.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Jackson, General W.G.F.; Gleave, Group Captain T.P. (2004) [1st. pub. HMSO 1987]. Butler, J.R.M (penyunting). The Mediterranean and Middle East, Volume VI: Part II – June to October 1944. History of the Second World War United Kingdom Military Series. Uckfield, UK: Naval & Military Press. ISBN 1-84574-071-8. Unknown parameter
|lastauthoramp=
ignored (bantuan) - Keegan, John; Reid, Brian Holden (1991). Churchill's Generals. London: Cassell Military. ISBN 0-304-36712-5.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Mead, Richard (2007). Churchill's Lions: A biographical guide to the key British generals of World War II. Stroud: Spellmount. ISBN 978-1-86227-431-0.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Molony, C.J.C.; with Flynn, F.C.; Davies, H.L.; Gleave, T.P. (2004) [1st. pub. HMSO 1973]. Butler, J.R.M (penyunting). The Mediterranean and Middle East, Volume V: The Campaign in Sicily 1943 and The Campaign in Italy 3rd September 1943 to 31st March 1944. History of the Second World War United Kingdom Military Series. Uckfield, UK: Naval & Military Press. ISBN 1-84574-069-6. Unknown parameter
|lastauthoramp=
ignored (bantuan) - Playfair, I.S.O.; Flynn, F.C.; Molony, C.J.C.; Gleave, T.P. (2004) [1st. pub. HMSO 1960]. Butler, J.R.M (penyunting). The Mediterranean and Middle East, Volume III: British Fortunes reach their Lowest Ebb (September 1941 to September 1942). History of the Second World War United Kingdom Military Series. Naval & Military Press. ISBN 1-84574-067-X. Unknown parameter
|lastauthoramp=
ignored (bantuan) - Playfair, I.S.O.; Molony, C.J.C.; Flynn, F.C.; Gleave, T.P. (2004) [1st. pub. HMSO 1966]. Butler, J.R.M (penyunting). The Mediterranean and Middle East, Volume IV: The Destruction of the Axis Forces in Africa. History of the Second World War United Kingdom Military Series. Uckfield, UK: Naval & Military Press. ISBN 1-84574-068-8. Unknown parameter
|lastauthoramp=
ignored (bantuan) - Wilson, John S. (1959). Scouting Round the World (ed. 1st). Poole: Blandford Press. OCLC 58863729.
Pautan luar
suntingWikimedia Commons mempunyai media berkaitan Harold Alexander |
- Website of the Governor General of Canada entry for Harold Alexander
- The Canadian Encyclopedia entry for Harold Alexander
- Petikan akbar mengenai Harold Alexander di 20th Century Press Archives daripada ZBW
- British Army Officers 1939−1945
- Generals of World War II