Papers by maryam rezazadeh
Trends in Analytical Chemistry, Nov 1, 2018
Despite the significant advances in analytical equipment, measuring drugs in biological fluids, m... more Despite the significant advances in analytical equipment, measuring drugs in biological fluids, metabolic studies and determining their therapeutic range and side effects requires a sample preparation step, which is due to the low concentration of the drug and/or the complexity of the sample matrix. In fact, sample preparation is considered as the bottleneck of an analytical procedure and this issue has led to the emergence and developments of a wide range of solid or liquid based extraction methods in both macro and micro scales. This review intends to study the pharmaceutical applications of liquid-phase microextraction (LPME) methods, in which principal, history, pros and cons, influence of the key experimental factors, commercialization and automation, recent developments and future directions will be discussed. Finally, different LPME methods are compared in terms of repeatability, sample cleanup, extraction efficiency, operational simplicity and automation possibility for pharmaceutical applications in routine laboratories.
Bioanalysis, 2019
Saliva, as the first body fluid encountering with the exogenous materials, has good correlation w... more Saliva, as the first body fluid encountering with the exogenous materials, has good correlation with blood and plays an important role in bioanalysis. However, saliva has not been studied as much as the other biological fluids mainly due to restricted access to its large volumes. In recent years, there is a growing interest for saliva analysis owing to the emergence of miniaturized sample preparation methods. The purpose of this paper is to review all microextraction methods and their principles of operation. In the following, we examine the methods used to analyze saliva up to now and discuss the potential of the other microextraction methods for saliva analysis to encourage research groups for more focus on this important subject area.
ChemInform, Apr 3, 2014
Sample preparation is an important issue in analytical chemistry, and is often a bottleneck in ch... more Sample preparation is an important issue in analytical chemistry, and is often a bottleneck in chemical analysis. So, the major incentive for the recent research has been to attain faster, simpler, less expensive, and more environmentally friendly sample preparation methods. The use of auxiliary energies, such as heat, ultrasound, and microwave, is one of the strategies that have been employed in sample preparation to reach the above purposes. Application of electrical driving force is the current state-of-the-art, which presents new possibilities for simplifying and shortening the sample preparation process as well as enhancing its selectivity. The electrical driving force has scarcely been utilized in comparison with other auxiliary energies. In this review, the different roles of electrical driving force (as a powerful auxiliary energy) in various extraction techniques, including liquid-, solid-, and membrane-based methods, have been taken into consideration. Also, the references have been made available, relevant to the developments in separation techniques and Lab-on-a-Chip (LOC) systems. All aspects of electrical driving force in extraction and separation methods are too specific to be treated in this contribution. However, the main aim of this review is to provide a brief knowledge about the different fields of analytical chemistry, with an emphasis on the latest efforts put into the electrically assisted membrane-based sample preparation systems. The advantages and disadvantages of these approaches as well as the new achievements in these areas have been discussed, which might be helpful for further progress in the future.
Bioanalysis, Apr 1, 2016
Sample preparation is a vital and inseparable part of an analytical procedure. This issue has mot... more Sample preparation is a vital and inseparable part of an analytical procedure. This issue has motivated the analytical research community around the world to develop new, fast and cost-effective extraction methods which can eliminate interfering substances, provide high preconcentration factors and increase the determination sensitivity. Electrical field induced extraction technique is a topic that has received major attention in recent years. This fact can be attributed to the considerable advantages provided by imposition of an electrical driving force especially control of different properties of an extraction system such as selectivity, cleanup, rate and efficiency. In this review, focus is centered on the electrical field induced liquid phase extraction techniques and their potential for bioanalysis.
Journal of Chromatography B, May 1, 2011
Nalmefene and naltrexone are used to block the effects of narcotics and alcohol. In the present w... more Nalmefene and naltrexone are used to block the effects of narcotics and alcohol. In the present work, for the first time a microextraction technique was presented to reduce matrix interferences and improve detection limits of the drugs in urine and plasma samples. Electromembrane extraction (EME) followed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled with ultraviolet (UV) detection was optimized and validated for quantification of nalmefene and naltrexone from biological fluids. The membrane consists 85% of 2-nitrophenyl octyl ether (NPOE) and 15% di-(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate (DEHP) immobilized in the pores of a hollow fiber. A 100 V electrical field was applied to make the analytes migrate from sample solution with pH 2.0, through the supported liquid membrane (SLM) into an acidic acceptor solution with pH 1.0 which was located inside the lumen of hollow fiber. Extraction recoveries in the range of 54% and 75% were obtained in different biological matrices which resulted in preconcentration factors in the range of 109-149 and satisfactory repeatability (2.0<RSD%<8.3). The method offers good linearity with estimation of coefficient higher than 0.9946. Finally, it was applied to determination and quantification of drugs in human plasma and urine samples and satisfactory results were yielded.
Journal of Chromatography A, Dec 1, 2017
Highlights An on-chip pulsed electromembrane extraction (On-chip-PEME) technique was developed.... more Highlights An on-chip pulsed electromembrane extraction (On-chip-PEME) technique was developed. Method was applied for extraction of codeine, naloxone and naltrexone from biological fluids. Separation and analysis of the extracted analytes were performed by HPLC-UV. Effective parameters of the method were optimized using one-variable-at-a-time method. Under optimized conditions, model analytes were effectively extracted from different matrices.
Journal of Chromatography A, May 1, 2015
Application of a new carbon-based sorbent was studied for the first time for extraction and quant... more Application of a new carbon-based sorbent was studied for the first time for extraction and quantification of amphetamine and methamphetamine as model analytes by means of electromembrane surrounded solid phase microextraction (EM-SPME). Since the basis of this microextraction method is adsorption of target analytes on the sorbent surface (after transferring across a supported liquid membrane) in an electrical field, the sorbent, which also performs the electrical potential, should have a conductive nature. On the other hand, using a synthesized fiber is a suitable solution to eliminate the interfering compounds existing in the fiber. To extract the model analytes from acidic sample solution through a thin layer of organic phase and into the aqueous acceptor phase and their final adsorption, 150V electrical potential was applied for 15min. Regardless of the high sample cleanup ability of the proposed method, which makes the analysis of complicated biological fluids possible, admissible extraction recoveries (9.0-18.8%) and suitable detection limits (less than 2.0ngmL(-1)) were obtained. Repeatability and reproducibility of the method were studied and intra- and inter-assay precisions were in the ranges of 2.0-7.3% and 7.5-12.5%, respectively. Coefficients of determination larger than 0.9964 were achieved by scrutinizing of the linearity up to 500ngmL(-1) and calibration curves were utilized for quantification of analytes of interest in human urine and whole blood samples.
Journal of Separation Science, Jan 10, 2012
Electromembrane extraction followed by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with ultrav... more Electromembrane extraction followed by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with ultraviolet detection was validated for the determination and quantification of salbutamol (SB) and terbutaline in aqueous samples. A 200-V electrical field was applied to extract the analytes from 2.5 mL sample solution with pH 3.0, through an organic phase which consisted of 80% 2-nitrophenyl octyl ether, 10% di-(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate and 10% tris-(2-ethylhexyl)phosphate as supported liquid membrane into an acidic acceptor solution with pH 1.0, located inside the lumen of a hollow fiber. To achieve the best extraction conditions, the organic membrane composition was optimized separately and other parameters, such as extraction time, applied voltage and pH in sample solution and acceptor phase were studied using experimental design. Under optimal conditions, extraction recoveries of 53 and 43% were obtained for SB and terbutaline, respectively, which corresponded to preconcentration factors of 89 for SB and 72 for terbutaline. The method offers acceptable linearity with correlation coefficient higher than 0.9947 and relative standard deviation less than 4.7%. Finally, it was applied for analysis of drugs in wastewater samples.
Journal of Chromatography A, Jun 22, 2012
In the present work, for the first time a new setup was presented for simultaneous extraction of ... more In the present work, for the first time a new setup was presented for simultaneous extraction of acidic and basic drugs using a recent novel electrically-enhanced microextraction technique, termed electromembrane extraction at low voltages followed by high performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection. Nalmefene (NAL) as a basic drug and diclofenac (DIC) as an acidic drug were extracted from 24 mL aqueous sample solutions at neutral pH into 10 L of each acidified (HCl 50 mM) and basic (NaOH 50 mM) acceptor solution, respectively. Supported liquid membranes including 2-nitrophenyl octyl ether containing 5% di-(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate and 1-octanol were used to ensure efficient extraction of NAL and DIC, respectively. Low voltage of 40 V was applied over the SLMs during 14 min extraction time. The influences of fundamental parameters affecting the transport of target drugs were optimized using experimental design. Under optimal conditions, NAL and DIC were extracted with extraction recoveries of 12.5 and 14.6, respectively, which corresponded to preconcentration factors of 300 and 350, respectively. The proposed technique provided good linearity with correlation coefficient values higher than 0.9956 over a concentration range of 8-500 g L −1 and 12-500 g L −1 for NAL and DIC, respectively. Limits of detection and quantifications, and intra-day precisions (n = 3) were less than 4 g L −1 , 12 g L −1 , and 10.1%, respectively. Extraction and determination of NAL and DIC in human urine samples were successfully performed. In light of the data obtained in the present work, this new setup for EME with low voltages has a future potential as a simple, selective, and fast sample preparation technique for simultaneous extraction and determination of acidic and basic drugs in different complicated matrices.
Trends in Analytical Chemistry, Sep 1, 2019
solid-phase extraction (pipette tip and spin column) and thin film solid-phase microextraction: M... more solid-phase extraction (pipette tip and spin column) and thin film solid-phase microextraction: Miniaturized concepts for chromatographic analysis, Trends in Analytical Chemistry,
Analytica Chimica Acta, Sep 1, 2011
Opium determination is of great importance from toxicological and pharmaceutical standpoints. In ... more Opium determination is of great importance from toxicological and pharmaceutical standpoints. In present work, electromembrane extraction (EME) coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and ultraviolet (UV) detection was developed for determination of thebaine as a natural alkaloid, in different matrices containing water, urine, poppy capsule, street heroine, and codeine tablet. Thebaine migrated from 3 mL of sample solutions, through a thin layer of 2-nitrophenyl octyl ether (NPOE) immobilized in the pores of a porous hollow fiber, and into a 15 L acidic aqueous acceptor solution present inside the lumen of the fiber. The variables of interest, such as chemical composition of the organic liquid membrane, stirring speed, extraction time and voltage, pH of donor and acceptor phases and salt effect in the EME process were optimized. Under optimal conditions, thebaine was effectively extracted from different matrices with recoveries in the range of 45-55%, which corresponded to preconcentration factors in the range of 90-110. Good linearity was achieved for calibration curves with a coefficient of estimation higher than 0.997. Detection limits and intra-day precision (n = 3) were less than 15 g L −1 and 8.9%, respectively.
Trends in Analytical Chemistry, Sep 1, 2019
Nowadays, in situ analysis attracts the interests and becomes one of the main purposes in analyti... more Nowadays, in situ analysis attracts the interests and becomes one of the main purposes in analytical chemistry. Design of portable analysis devices facilitates reaching this goal. An ideal analysis system contains different parts enabling extraction, detection and quantification of target analytes. Preparation of a portable quantification approach is a bottle neck in such system creation. Common lab analysis instruments do not have the transportation ability and using these facilities limits the complete in situ analysis. Smartphones are the modern life phenomena and their usage becomes more widespread, every day. Their abilities and features are also swiftly developed. There are several strategies making the smartphone a suitable quantifier. This paper provides an overview of the currently applications of smartphones in analytical chemistry. Different applications of smartphones including optical detection (colorimetric, fluorescence, chemiluminescence, bioluminescence, and photoluminescence detections, pixelation as well as label-free detection), electrochemical detection, barcode reading, chemometric applications and smartphone imaging with fluorescence microscopy were classified and advantages and disadvantages of each approach were investigated. This modern common item could be a new part of analytical chemistry.
Trends in Analytical Chemistry, Mar 1, 2019
Liquid-phase microextraction is a miniaturized form of traditional liquid-liquid extraction in wh... more Liquid-phase microextraction is a miniaturized form of traditional liquid-liquid extraction in which the extracting organic phase is limited to a few microliters for extraction of target analytes. Despite the advantages of solid-phase microextraction, liquid-phase microextraction was also rapidly become a popular method due to its unique characteristics. Different liquidphase microextraction systems have been introduced in order to simplify the extraction approach, increase the selectivity and sample cleanup, efficiency enhancement and make the extraction of various classes of analytes possible. Herein, different microextraction methods, including single drop microextraction, dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction, solidified floating organic drop and hollow fiber based liquid-phase microextraction were reviewed and their principles and configurations were compared. This review is mostly focused on the characteristics of present liquid-phase microextraction techniques and compares the efficiencies of these techniques over each other.
New Journal of Chemistry, 2016
Journal of Supercritical Fluids, 2016
Abstract Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) followed by supramolecular solvents microextraction... more Abstract Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) followed by supramolecular solvents microextraction (SUPRAS) has been developed for extraction and determination of levonorgestrel (LeV) and megestrol acetate (MA) in blood samples. LeV and MA were employed as model compounds to assess the extraction procedure and were determined by high performance liquid chromatography coupled with ultraviolet detection. SUPRAS is a nano-structured liquid, generated from the amphiphiles through a sequential self-assembly process occurring on two scales; molecular and nano. SUPRAS tests were generated from solutions of reverse micelles of decanoic acid (DeA) in tetrahydrofuran (THF) by addition of water, which acted as the coacervating agent. In SFE–SUPRAS procedure, the blood sample were mixed with anhydrous sodium sulfate and loaded into SFE extraction vessel and extraction was performed in a predetermined time. The DeA solution and SFE (THF) collecting solvent were immediately injected into water for SUPRAS formation. The effective parameters on the SUPRAS efficiency were studied and optimized utilizing rotatable central composite design (RCCD). The Taguchi orthogonal array (OAD) experimental design with an OA 16 (4 5 ) matrix was employed to optimize the SFE conditions. The calibration plots were linear in the range of 0.5–7.0 mg kg −1 and the limits of detection (LODs) were 0.1 and 0.2 mg kg −1 for MA and LeV, respectively. Analysis of drugs in different blood samples showed that the improved technique has great potential for extraction and determination of LeV and MA in blood samples.
Analytical Methods, Jun 27, 2014
In the present study, high throughput extraction of three highly polar opium alkaloids, namely mo... more In the present study, high throughput extraction of three highly polar opium alkaloids, namely morphine, oxymorphone, and methylmorphine (codeine), was investigated using electromembrane extraction. Each alkaloid migrated from 24 mL of the sample solution through a supported liquid membrane containing di-(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate as the anionic carrier, dissolved in 2-nitrophenyl octyl ether, and into 10 μL of the acidic aqueous acceptor solution present inside the fiber lumen. Experimental design and response surface methodology were used for optimization of fundamental parameters affecting the extraction efficiencies of alkaloids including extraction voltage, extraction time, and pH of the donor and acceptor phases. After the microextraction process, the extracts were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection. Under optimal conditions, alkaloids were extracted from various samples with enrichment factors in the range of 114–308 and 37–176 in water and urine samples, respectively. The proposed technique provided good linearity with correlation coefficient values higher than 0.9886. Limits of detection were in the range of 0.5–2.0 and 10.0–50.0 μg L−1 in water and urine samples, respectively. Also, limits of quantification were found in the range of 2.0–5.0 and 25.0–125.0 μg L−1 in water and urine samples, respectively. The maximum intra- and inter-day precisions (n = 3) were less than 9.5% and 12.4%, respectively.
Journal of Chromatography A, Mar 1, 2013
A nanocomposite was electrochemically synthesized from polypyrrole and manganese dioxide (PPy/MnO... more A nanocomposite was electrochemically synthesized from polypyrrole and manganese dioxide (PPy/MnO 2) and deposited on a stainless-steel wire for use in electromembrane surrounded solid-phase microextraction (SPME). In order to evaluate the performance of the method, the antihistamines cyproheptadine (CYP) and ketotifen (KET) were selected as model analytes. To increase the selectivity of the method and to improve sample cleanup, an organic solvent was immobilized in the pores of the wall of a hollow fiber. The SPME fiber was placed in its lumen which was initially filled with the aqueous acceptor phase. The basic analytes (CYP, KET) were migrated, by applying an electrical field, from the aqueous sample solution through the liquid membrane into the aqueous acceptor phase. As a result, they are adsorbed by the solid sorbent which acts as the cathode. The composition of the organic liquid membrane, the pH values of the donor and acceptor phases, the applied voltages and the extraction times were optimized. Under optimal conditions, extraction recoveries are in the range of 26.8 to 46.9%, and detection limits of less than 1.1 and 0.7 ng mL −1 in water, urine and plasma samples were obtained by using GC with FID detection for KET and CYP, respectively. Response is linear in the range of 0.3 to 200 ng mL −1 in water, 1.2 to 200 ng mL −1 in urine and 1.0 to 200 ng mL −1 in plasma samples for CYP, and from 0.7 to 200 ng mL −1 in water, 1.4 to 200 ng mL −1 in urine and 1.2 to 200 ng mL −1 in plasma samples for KET. The method was applied to the analysis of CYP and KET in human urine and plasma samples, and satisfactory results were obtained.
Journal of The Iranian Chemical Society, Jul 31, 2014
Canadian Journal of Chemistry, Jul 1, 2015
Recently, electro-assisted extraction of ionic drugs from biological fluids through a supported l... more Recently, electro-assisted extraction of ionic drugs from biological fluids through a supported liquid membrane and into an aqueous acceptor solution was introduced as a new sample preparation technique and has been termed electromembrane extraction (EME). In the present work, this microextraction technique combined with high-performance liquid chromatography and ultraviolet detection has been developed for detection of phenazopyridine (PP) as a local analgesic drug in human plasma and urine samples. From a 6.5 mL neutral aqueous sample, PP was extracted for 20 min through a thin supported liquid membrane of 2-nitrophenyl octyl ether sustained in the pores of the wall of a porous hollow fiber and into an aqueous acidic acceptor solution (25 μL, containing negative electrode) by application of a DC electrical potential. The effects of several factors, including the nature of organic solvent, HCl concentration in donor and acceptor solutions, stirring speed, extraction time, and applied voltage on the extraction efficiency of the drug, were investigated and optimized. Satisfactory linearity ranges with correlation coefficients higher than 0.996 in different extraction media, admissible limits of detection (0.5 and 1.0 ng mL−1 in urine and plasma samples, respectively) and good repeatability and reproducibility (intra- and inter-assay precisions ranged between 3.7%–6.8% and 8.8%–12.5%, respectively) were obtained. The optimized EME procedure was applied to determine the concentration of PP in various matrices, such as plasma and urine samples, and satisfactory results were obtained.
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Papers by maryam rezazadeh