Astragalus is a medicinal plant rich in phenolic compounds, saponins, and polysaccharide gum trag... more Astragalus is a medicinal plant rich in phenolic compounds, saponins, and polysaccharide gum tragacanth which are potentially important in traditional medicine. This makes the plant endangered because of uncontrolled collection from nature. Plant cell culture has been carried out for the preservation of medicinal plant resources and efficient production of pharmaceutically important primary and secondary metabolites. A few species of Astragalus accumulate Selenium (Se). It is not an essential micronutrient but a beneficial for certain plants in the promotion of their growth and antioxidant activities. In the present study, first a rapid growing cell line of Astragalus gossypinus was established. Then the impact of Se on the primary (gum tragacanth production) and secondary (phenolic and saponin compounds enhancement) metabolism of suspension-cultured A. gossypinus cells was evaluated. The cells in their logarithmic growth phase were exposed to 0, 0.5 2.5, 12.5, and 62.5 µM Se in the form of sodium selenate for one week. No significant metabolic changes were observed in A. gossypinus cells up to 2.5 µM Se supply. Higher Se concentrations however significantly increased soluble sugar and amino acids contents, the total amount of exopolysaccharides, enzymatic and non-enzymatic radical scavenging system. The result showed that glutathione was the main non-enzymatic compartment that functions in an intricate network with phenolic compounds. In this network increase of oxidants scavenging capacity was initiated by caffeic acid, tannins, and phlobaphene while an increase of saponin production was triggered by salicylic acid. This paper clarifies how Se treatment reprogrammed primary metabolism of Astragalus gossypinus cells and modulated oxidative status thereby altered phenolics and saponins and activated defense system.
Journal of chemical and pharmaceutical research, 2015
In this article, a fast, simple, accurate and selective HPLC method was validated for the qualita... more In this article, a fast, simple, accurate and selective HPLC method was validated for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of the main flavonoids (rutin, hesperidin, catechin, epicatechin, naringenin, quercetin, and kaempferol) in Mexican lime and was appliedto monitor the variation of them during progression of witches' broom disease of lime (WBDL).The separation of flavonoids was achieved on a C18 column (25 mm×4.6 mm I.D., 5 µm), with a gradient elution composed of two solvents,at a flow rate of 0.7 mL/min and280 nm as wavelength. The method was evaluated with respect to ICH guidelines and then the flavonoids were quantified.The validated method was selective, so that flavonoids were well separated from each other with good resolution. This method showed an excellent linearity (r 2 > 0.99), high accuracy (recovery), with other validation data, including precision, specificity, limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantitation (LOQ), and robustness. The analysis of flavonoids during progression of WBDL showed that after 30 days of inoculation, levels of flavonoids were considerably increased, but significantly decreased after 120 days. These changes in the levels of metabolites are in good agreement with the activity of phenyl alanine ammonia-lyase (PAL). According to the results, the validated method highly is valuable for quantification analysis of flavonoids during the progression of WBDL and can be effective for diagnosis of healthy plant from infected plant.
Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research, Jan 21, 2007
The increase of atmospheric pollutants and depletion of ozone, are subsequently the main causes f... more The increase of atmospheric pollutants and depletion of ozone, are subsequently the main causes for the increase of ultraviolet radiation on the earth. In the present research the effect of ultraviolet C (100-280 nm) on the content of some of the biochemical compounds and growth parameters of Aloe vera L. were examined. According to the results, exposure to ultraviolet C decreased both longitudinal and expansion growth, as well as the size of mesophyll layers of aloe leaves, but increased the thickness of cuticle layer. The histochemical methods also showed that phenolic compounds in the cell walls of those plants which were exposed to ultraviolet irradiation were deposited more esterified to the wall polysaccharides rather than being polymerized compared to those of the non-exposed plants. The content of the ultraviolet-absorbing compounds (i.e., anthocyanins and flavonoids) of UV-exposed plants were also changed. Increase of flavonoids and anthocyanins in these plants, may be related to defensive strategy of these compounds against irradiation.
Taxanes are widely known as great family of antitumor compounds. Identification of certain taxane... more Taxanes are widely known as great family of antitumor compounds. Identification of certain taxanes, particularly taxol, has opened new perspectives for further researches in plant and medical sciences. The aim of the present study was to manipulate chromatographic method in order to detect and quantified novel trace taxanes in suspension-cultured hazel (Corylus avellana L.) cells. A rapid growing cell line established from hazel seeds were grown in a modified LS media. The cells were harvested and extracted at days 10 and 15 when based on growth curve they were in the second half of logarithmic growth phase. Separation of taxanes was conducted by a coupled gradient-isocratic high performance liquid chromatography, equipped with a photo diode array detector. Base on chromatographic behavior and UV spectrum, the method enabled us to determine and quantified not only previously reported taxoides i.e., taxol, 10-deacetylbaccatin III, baccatin III, but also trace novel ones e.g., cephalomannine, 7-epi-taxol, 7epi-10-deacetyltaxol and 10-deacetyltaxol. Certain taxanes i.e., 10-deacetylbaccatin III, baccatin III, taxol, and 10-deacetyltaxol were the most abundant taxanes detected at day 10, while 7-epitaxol, 7-epi-10deacetyltaxol, cephalomannine were identified and quantified at day 15. Moreover, total content of taxanes was higher in day 15 than day 10. It should be noted that different taxanes bear different applications, for example taxol is directly used in medicine while 10-deacetylbaccatin III, baccatin III, 10deacetyltaxol are more considered as valuable precursors in semisynthetic production of other taxanes. Therefore, the results presented here can provide approaches in decision making and time management toward extract maximum amounts of a desired taxane.
Sucrose is a dominant sugar transported to the sink organs of a plant where it is metabolized to ... more Sucrose is a dominant sugar transported to the sink organs of a plant where it is metabolized to other compounds or stored. Here, the importance of sucrose metabolism in a drought-tolerant wheat cultivar was compared to a droughtsensitive one. The 4-d-old Triticum aestivum L. seedlings were exposed to drought induced by water cessation for 7 d and recovery after re-watering for further 7 d. Under control conditions, constitutive expression of genes encoding vacuolar invertase (VI) and sucrose synthase (SuS) and activity of sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS) were significantly higher in the tolerant cultivar than in the sensitive one. Drought promoted the expressions of SPS and VI genes in the tolerant cultivar and increased their activities to 175 and 132 %, respectively, of those under control conditions. The activity of SuS and expression of its gene, however, were identical in both cultivars under drought stress. These changes resulted in more remarkable accumulation of sucrose in tolerant than in sensitive cultivar under water stress.
Although bioproduction of Paclitaxel by endophytic fungi is highly considered as an alternative p... more Although bioproduction of Paclitaxel by endophytic fungi is highly considered as an alternative promising source, but its yield is usually very low in comparison with other taxoids. Different strategies i.e., chemical and physical elicitations have been developed in order to overcome the shortage of Paclitaxel production. Paclitaxel biosynthesis is started with terpenoid pathway followed by phenylpropanoid metabolism where a benzoylphenylisoserine moiety is attached to C13 of baccatin III skeleton. This point which is catalyzed by the function of PAM seems to be a bottleneck that limits the rate of Paclitaxel production. Whether phenylpropanoids pathway regulates the taxanes biosynthesis in Cryptosporiopsis tarraconensis endophytic fungus elicited with benzoic acid (BA) was hypothesized in the present paper. The involvement of certain signal molecules and key enzymes of terpenoid and phenylpropanoid metabolism were investigated. According to the results, application of BA promoted a signaling pathway which was started with increase of H2O2 and ABA and continued by increase of NO and MJ, and finally resulted in increase of both phenylpropanoids and taxanes. However, again the rate of Paclitaxel production was lower than other taxoids, and the latter was much lower than phenolics. Therefore, supplying benzoic acid provided the precursor for the common taxan ring production. It is unlikely that Paclitaxel production is merely controlled by side chain production stage. It is more likely that in C. tarraconensis endophytic fungus, similar to Taxus sp., the competition between phenylpropanoid and taxoid pathways for substrate ended in favor of the former. The interaction network which was constructed based on DSPC algorithm confirmed that most compounds with close proximity have shared metabolic pathway relationships. Therefore, it is unlikely that the feeding with a given precursor directly result in increase of a desired metabolite which is composed of different merits.
Aluminum and silicon are usually abundant in the soil and most plants are affected by them. There... more Aluminum and silicon are usually abundant in the soil and most plants are affected by them. Therefore, in the present study, the effect of the interaction of Si (0 and 2 mM) and low concentrations of Al (0, 50, 100, and 150 µM) on some physiological parameters of Zea mays var. Merit were investigated and were analyzed by cluster heatmaps for better interpretation of results. Results showed that application of Al increased the fresh and dry weight of maize, and plant growth rate was increased by increasing Al concentration in treatments. However adding Si to Al-treated plants had no effects on the maize plant biomass. Pigments content of plant increased and decreased in Al treatments and Ai + Si treatments, respectively. Also, both Al and Si had negative effect on the activity of antioxidant enzyme and proline content of maize in general. Aluminum treatments mostly enhanced the K and Fe content of plants, but decreased Mg and Ca content. However, adding Si to Al-treated plants reversed this trend. Apparently, Ai and Si have an antagonist effect on the mineral content of the plant. Results of the present study suggested that increasing of the plant pigment content contributes to the enhancing of plant growth rate, and the K content of the shoot in maize has an important role in increasing the plant growth.
Melatonin is a pleiotropic molecule that can influence various aspects of plant performance. Rece... more Melatonin is a pleiotropic molecule that can influence various aspects of plant performance. Recent studies have exhibited that it mediates plant defensive responses, probably through managing redox homeostasis. We tried to track the regulatory effects of melatonin on the antioxidant machinery of Linum album cell culture. To this, different concentrations of melatonin were applied, and the oxidative status of cells was investigated by measuring the levels of oxidative molecules and antioxidant agents. The results showed that H2O2 content did not change at the low melatonin levels, while it increased at the high concentrations. It can be correlated with the low melatonin dosages capacity to remove excessive amounts of H2O2, while the high melatonin dosages exhibit toxicity effects. In contrast, the NO enhancement occurred at 50 μM melatonin, proposing its role in triggering melatonin-induced defensive responses. The MDA results stated that NO led to oxidative stress in melatonin-trea...
Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences, Jun 14, 2022
An experiment was conducted to evaluate the phytoremediation efficiency, growth and biochemical r... more An experiment was conducted to evaluate the phytoremediation efficiency, growth and biochemical responses of vetiver grass (Vetiveria Zizanioides) in response to irrigation with magnetized water [in 3 levels including magnetized water, semi-magnetized water and non-magnetized water] and Pb from the source of Pb-Nitrate salt [in 4 levels including 0, 5, 10 and 20 mg/L). This study was carried out as a factorial arrangement based on a completely randomized design with three replications in the central nursery of Green Area and Parks Organization Bandar Abbas Municipality, Bandar Abbas, Iran, during 2020-21. A magnetic water generating device called a magnetic ion stirrer with an intensity of 110 Tesla was used in this study. The results showed that irrigation with the magnetized water significantly increased the growth and yield of vetiver, and uptake and translocation factor of Pb to the shoots. Increase in the activities of enzymatic antioxidants affected by the magnetized water was observed which led to the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and activated the plant defense system. In general, despite high accumulation of Pb in plant tissues evident from accumulation of ROS, but still vetiver growth and yield were not significantly affected, indicating the phyto-toxic tolerance of vetivar against Pb accumulation. It is concluded that irrigation with the magnetized water through stimulating the antioxidants of vetiver can improve the growth, yield, uptake and translocation of Pb and therewith increases the phytoremediation efficiency of Vetiver.
Many researchers and scientists have contributed significantly to provide structural and molecula... more Many researchers and scientists have contributed significantly to provide structural and molecular characterizations of biochemical interactions using microscopic techniques in the recent decade, as these biochemical interactions play a crucial role in the production of diverse biomaterials and the organization of biological systems. The properties, activities, and functionalities of the biomaterials and biological systems need to be identified and modified for different purposes in both the material and life sciences. The present study aimed to review the advantages and disadvantages of three main branches of microscopy techniques (optical microscopy, electron microscopy, and scanning probe microscopy) developed for the characterization of these interactions. First, we explain the basic concepts of microscopy and then the breadth of their applicability to different fields of research. This work could be useful for future research works on biochemical self-assembly, biochemical aggr...
Taxol (Paclitaxel) and its derivative taxanes are widely used in chemotherapy and treatment of di... more Taxol (Paclitaxel) and its derivative taxanes are widely used in chemotherapy and treatment of different types of cancer. Although the extracted taxanes from Taxus sp. are currently used in semi-synthetic production of Taxol, providing alternative always available sources is still a main concern. Due to availability and fast growth rate, microorganisms are much potent alternative sources for taxanes. In the present study, 249 endophytic fungi were isolated from Corylus avellana at six different locations of Iran, among which 18 species were capable to produce taxanes. Genotyping analysis indicated that 17 genera were ascomycetes but only one basidiomycete. Seven taxanes were detected and quantified in solid and suspension cultures by HPLC and their structures were confirmed by LC-Mass analysis. Among endophytes, CA7 had all 7 taxoids and CA1 had the highest Taxol yield. In 78% of endophytes transferring to liquid media was accompanied by increase of taxanes yield and increased taxan...
بهمنظور ارزیابی اثر دمای محیط ریشه بر رشد و فعالیت آنتی اکسیدانتهای موجود در بنه زعفران، آزمایش... more بهمنظور ارزیابی اثر دمای محیط ریشه بر رشد و فعالیت آنتی اکسیدانتهای موجود در بنه زعفران، آزمایشی در قالب طرح کاملا تصادفی با سه تکرار در شرایط اتاق رشد اجرا گردید. در این آزمایش اثر دو دمای 1±23 و 1±33 درجه سانتیگراد بر فعالیت آنزیمهای آنتیاکسیدانت: پراکسیداز، پلی فنل اکسیداز، سوپر اکسید دیسموتاز، کاتالاز و اکسین اکسیداز در جوانه انتهایی و بنه زعفران از تیرماه (دوره خواب بنه) تا مهرماه (شروع رشد بنه) مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. نتایج نشان داد که در هر دو دما، فعالیت آنزیمها در تیرماه حداقل بود. در مهرماه فعالیت آنزیمهای مذکور در دمای 23 درجه سانتیگراد همزمان با شروع رشد ریشه، جوانه انتهایی و برگ در بنههای زعفران افزایش یافت، اما در دمای 33 درجه سانتیگراد، هیچگونه تغییری در فعالیتهای آنزیمی مشاهده نشد. همچنین بیشترین میزان قندهای محلول (گلوکز، مانوز و آرابینو) در جوانه و بنه زعفران در دمای 23 درجه سانتیگراد به دست آمد. با توجه به نتایج حاصل از این پژوهش، به نظر میرسد دمای 33 درجه سانتیگراد در محیط کشت با ایجاد اختلال در فعالیت آنها موجب ادامه خواب در بنههای زعفران میشود ...
Marshmallow is a medicinal plant containing mucilage polysaccharides and various phenolic acids. ... more Marshmallow is a medicinal plant containing mucilage polysaccharides and various phenolic acids. Boron (B) is an essential micronutrient whose necessity for plant growth and development has been attributed to its role in cell wall pectin network and maintenance of integrity and performance of membranes. The present study was aimed to investigate the effects of different concentrations of B (0.01, 0.1, and 1 mM respectively as deficient, sufficient or control, and excess concentrations) on cell wall polysaccharides of suspension-cultured Althaea officinalis cells in a modified LS medium. The results showed that under B deficiency higher ratio of cell production was devoted to produce wall materials (4.4% of fresh weight), compared with normal and excess B supply (2.3% and 1.8% of fresh weights, respectively). Moreover, B deficiency drastically reduced relative contents of hemicellulose A and cellulose (78% and 72%) compared to those of the control cells. No significant change appeare...
Nickel (Ni) is one of the essential micronutrients for higher plants and its known function is be... more Nickel (Ni) is one of the essential micronutrients for higher plants and its known function is being the metal component of urease. The effects of various Ni levels on urease activity in maize (Zea maize L.) plants grown in two nutrient media containing urea or ammonium nitrate as two separate nitrogen sources were investigated. The experiments were performed as completely randomized blocks with three replications. Treatments included two growth media, the nitrogen of which was either urea or ammonium nitrate added at the rate of 84 mg L -1 and four Ni levels (0, 0.01, 0.05 and 0.1 mg L -1 ) supplied as NiSO4. Plants were grown in the nutrient solutions for six weeks. On the second, fourth and sixth week of the growth period, both the leaves and root samples were taken to determine their urease activities. At the end of the sixth week, the dry weights of both the shoots and roots were also measured. Urease activity in leaves of corn supplied with urea increased significantly with th...
Callus cultures were established in vitro from leaf explants of Malva neglecta and were subcultur... more Callus cultures were established in vitro from leaf explants of Malva neglecta and were subcultured several times until a rapid-growing cell line was obtained. The calluses were exposed to different doses of ultraviolet (UV) radiation as follows: 0, 432, 864, and 1296 J/m 2 for UV B and 0, 612, 1284, and 1836 J/m 2 for UV C, corresponding to 0, 30, 60, and 90 min radiations, in tandem. Exposure to UV, in particular for longer periods, reduced the viability and membrane integrity of Malva cells. This however, increased total contents of flavonoids, anthocyanins, and wall-bound phenolic acids. Among different pharmaceutical compounds of Malva cells increase of malvidin, catchin, cinnamic acid, and tannic acid was remarkable in UV-treated cells, compared to those of the control cells. According to the results, treatment of Malva cells with UV provides an attractive alternative to whole plants for effective production of specific phenolic compounds.
In order to assessment of yield, yield components, quality traits and some morphological traits o... more In order to assessment of yield, yield components, quality traits and some morphological traits of sixteen rapeseed cultivars (Brassica napus L.) a field experiment was conducted during 2008-2009 in Arak Research Institute Agriculture. In this experiment cultivars were compared in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Effect of cultivars were significant on grain yield, and 1000 seed weight, seed number per siliqua in plant, siliqua number in plant, flowering period, growth period, the percentage of protein and oil, the amount of seed glucosinolate and fatty acids; palmetic acid stearic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid and linolenic acid percentage. In this experiment, Triangle had the highest and Anatol had the lowest grain yield. The most oil content was observed in cultivar SLM046, while the highest protein content belonged to cultivar Lioness. The lowest glucosinolate was observed in cultivar Talaye and ES Astrid produced the highest it. In order to produce ...
Early prediction of pathogen infestation is a key factor to reduce the disease spread in plants. ... more Early prediction of pathogen infestation is a key factor to reduce the disease spread in plants. Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goid, as one of the main causes of charcoal rot disease, suppresses the plant productivity significantly. Charcoal rot disease is one of the most severe threats to soybean productivity. Prediction of this disease in soybeans is very tedious and non-practical using traditional approaches. Machine learning (ML) techniques have recently gained substantial traction across numerous domains. ML methods can be applied to detect plant diseases, prior to the full appearance of symptoms. In this paper, several ML techniques were developed and examined for prediction of charcoal rot disease in soybean for a cohort of 2,000 healthy and infected plants. A hybrid set of physiological and morphological features were suggested as inputs to the ML models. All developed ML models were performed better than 90% in terms of accuracy. Gradient Tree Boosting (GBT) was the best ...
Iron is a component of many proteins that have crucial roles in plant growth and development, suc... more Iron is a component of many proteins that have crucial roles in plant growth and development, such as ferritin and catalase. Iron also, as a ferromagnetic element, is assumed to be influenced by a static magnetic field (SMF). In the present study, we examined the relationship between ferrous content and gene expression and activity of ferritin and catalase in soybean plants under the influence of 0, 20, and 30 mT SMF for 5 day, 5 h each. Exposure to 20 mT decreased gene expression of Fe transporter, ferrous and HO contents and gene expression, content and activity of ferritin and catalase. Opposite responses were observed under 30 mT treatments. The results suggest that SMF triggered a signaling pathway that is mediated by iron. The structure and activity of purified ferritin and apoferritin from horse spleen, and catalase from bovine liver proteins under SMF were evaluated as well. Secondary structure of proteins were not influenced by SMF (evidenced by far-UV circular dichroism), ...
Astragalus is a medicinal plant rich in phenolic compounds, saponins, and polysaccharide gum trag... more Astragalus is a medicinal plant rich in phenolic compounds, saponins, and polysaccharide gum tragacanth which are potentially important in traditional medicine. This makes the plant endangered because of uncontrolled collection from nature. Plant cell culture has been carried out for the preservation of medicinal plant resources and efficient production of pharmaceutically important primary and secondary metabolites. A few species of Astragalus accumulate Selenium (Se). It is not an essential micronutrient but a beneficial for certain plants in the promotion of their growth and antioxidant activities. In the present study, first a rapid growing cell line of Astragalus gossypinus was established. Then the impact of Se on the primary (gum tragacanth production) and secondary (phenolic and saponin compounds enhancement) metabolism of suspension-cultured A. gossypinus cells was evaluated. The cells in their logarithmic growth phase were exposed to 0, 0.5 2.5, 12.5, and 62.5 µM Se in the form of sodium selenate for one week. No significant metabolic changes were observed in A. gossypinus cells up to 2.5 µM Se supply. Higher Se concentrations however significantly increased soluble sugar and amino acids contents, the total amount of exopolysaccharides, enzymatic and non-enzymatic radical scavenging system. The result showed that glutathione was the main non-enzymatic compartment that functions in an intricate network with phenolic compounds. In this network increase of oxidants scavenging capacity was initiated by caffeic acid, tannins, and phlobaphene while an increase of saponin production was triggered by salicylic acid. This paper clarifies how Se treatment reprogrammed primary metabolism of Astragalus gossypinus cells and modulated oxidative status thereby altered phenolics and saponins and activated defense system.
Journal of chemical and pharmaceutical research, 2015
In this article, a fast, simple, accurate and selective HPLC method was validated for the qualita... more In this article, a fast, simple, accurate and selective HPLC method was validated for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of the main flavonoids (rutin, hesperidin, catechin, epicatechin, naringenin, quercetin, and kaempferol) in Mexican lime and was appliedto monitor the variation of them during progression of witches' broom disease of lime (WBDL).The separation of flavonoids was achieved on a C18 column (25 mm×4.6 mm I.D., 5 µm), with a gradient elution composed of two solvents,at a flow rate of 0.7 mL/min and280 nm as wavelength. The method was evaluated with respect to ICH guidelines and then the flavonoids were quantified.The validated method was selective, so that flavonoids were well separated from each other with good resolution. This method showed an excellent linearity (r 2 > 0.99), high accuracy (recovery), with other validation data, including precision, specificity, limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantitation (LOQ), and robustness. The analysis of flavonoids during progression of WBDL showed that after 30 days of inoculation, levels of flavonoids were considerably increased, but significantly decreased after 120 days. These changes in the levels of metabolites are in good agreement with the activity of phenyl alanine ammonia-lyase (PAL). According to the results, the validated method highly is valuable for quantification analysis of flavonoids during the progression of WBDL and can be effective for diagnosis of healthy plant from infected plant.
Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research, Jan 21, 2007
The increase of atmospheric pollutants and depletion of ozone, are subsequently the main causes f... more The increase of atmospheric pollutants and depletion of ozone, are subsequently the main causes for the increase of ultraviolet radiation on the earth. In the present research the effect of ultraviolet C (100-280 nm) on the content of some of the biochemical compounds and growth parameters of Aloe vera L. were examined. According to the results, exposure to ultraviolet C decreased both longitudinal and expansion growth, as well as the size of mesophyll layers of aloe leaves, but increased the thickness of cuticle layer. The histochemical methods also showed that phenolic compounds in the cell walls of those plants which were exposed to ultraviolet irradiation were deposited more esterified to the wall polysaccharides rather than being polymerized compared to those of the non-exposed plants. The content of the ultraviolet-absorbing compounds (i.e., anthocyanins and flavonoids) of UV-exposed plants were also changed. Increase of flavonoids and anthocyanins in these plants, may be related to defensive strategy of these compounds against irradiation.
Taxanes are widely known as great family of antitumor compounds. Identification of certain taxane... more Taxanes are widely known as great family of antitumor compounds. Identification of certain taxanes, particularly taxol, has opened new perspectives for further researches in plant and medical sciences. The aim of the present study was to manipulate chromatographic method in order to detect and quantified novel trace taxanes in suspension-cultured hazel (Corylus avellana L.) cells. A rapid growing cell line established from hazel seeds were grown in a modified LS media. The cells were harvested and extracted at days 10 and 15 when based on growth curve they were in the second half of logarithmic growth phase. Separation of taxanes was conducted by a coupled gradient-isocratic high performance liquid chromatography, equipped with a photo diode array detector. Base on chromatographic behavior and UV spectrum, the method enabled us to determine and quantified not only previously reported taxoides i.e., taxol, 10-deacetylbaccatin III, baccatin III, but also trace novel ones e.g., cephalomannine, 7-epi-taxol, 7epi-10-deacetyltaxol and 10-deacetyltaxol. Certain taxanes i.e., 10-deacetylbaccatin III, baccatin III, taxol, and 10-deacetyltaxol were the most abundant taxanes detected at day 10, while 7-epitaxol, 7-epi-10deacetyltaxol, cephalomannine were identified and quantified at day 15. Moreover, total content of taxanes was higher in day 15 than day 10. It should be noted that different taxanes bear different applications, for example taxol is directly used in medicine while 10-deacetylbaccatin III, baccatin III, 10deacetyltaxol are more considered as valuable precursors in semisynthetic production of other taxanes. Therefore, the results presented here can provide approaches in decision making and time management toward extract maximum amounts of a desired taxane.
Sucrose is a dominant sugar transported to the sink organs of a plant where it is metabolized to ... more Sucrose is a dominant sugar transported to the sink organs of a plant where it is metabolized to other compounds or stored. Here, the importance of sucrose metabolism in a drought-tolerant wheat cultivar was compared to a droughtsensitive one. The 4-d-old Triticum aestivum L. seedlings were exposed to drought induced by water cessation for 7 d and recovery after re-watering for further 7 d. Under control conditions, constitutive expression of genes encoding vacuolar invertase (VI) and sucrose synthase (SuS) and activity of sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS) were significantly higher in the tolerant cultivar than in the sensitive one. Drought promoted the expressions of SPS and VI genes in the tolerant cultivar and increased their activities to 175 and 132 %, respectively, of those under control conditions. The activity of SuS and expression of its gene, however, were identical in both cultivars under drought stress. These changes resulted in more remarkable accumulation of sucrose in tolerant than in sensitive cultivar under water stress.
Although bioproduction of Paclitaxel by endophytic fungi is highly considered as an alternative p... more Although bioproduction of Paclitaxel by endophytic fungi is highly considered as an alternative promising source, but its yield is usually very low in comparison with other taxoids. Different strategies i.e., chemical and physical elicitations have been developed in order to overcome the shortage of Paclitaxel production. Paclitaxel biosynthesis is started with terpenoid pathway followed by phenylpropanoid metabolism where a benzoylphenylisoserine moiety is attached to C13 of baccatin III skeleton. This point which is catalyzed by the function of PAM seems to be a bottleneck that limits the rate of Paclitaxel production. Whether phenylpropanoids pathway regulates the taxanes biosynthesis in Cryptosporiopsis tarraconensis endophytic fungus elicited with benzoic acid (BA) was hypothesized in the present paper. The involvement of certain signal molecules and key enzymes of terpenoid and phenylpropanoid metabolism were investigated. According to the results, application of BA promoted a signaling pathway which was started with increase of H2O2 and ABA and continued by increase of NO and MJ, and finally resulted in increase of both phenylpropanoids and taxanes. However, again the rate of Paclitaxel production was lower than other taxoids, and the latter was much lower than phenolics. Therefore, supplying benzoic acid provided the precursor for the common taxan ring production. It is unlikely that Paclitaxel production is merely controlled by side chain production stage. It is more likely that in C. tarraconensis endophytic fungus, similar to Taxus sp., the competition between phenylpropanoid and taxoid pathways for substrate ended in favor of the former. The interaction network which was constructed based on DSPC algorithm confirmed that most compounds with close proximity have shared metabolic pathway relationships. Therefore, it is unlikely that the feeding with a given precursor directly result in increase of a desired metabolite which is composed of different merits.
Aluminum and silicon are usually abundant in the soil and most plants are affected by them. There... more Aluminum and silicon are usually abundant in the soil and most plants are affected by them. Therefore, in the present study, the effect of the interaction of Si (0 and 2 mM) and low concentrations of Al (0, 50, 100, and 150 µM) on some physiological parameters of Zea mays var. Merit were investigated and were analyzed by cluster heatmaps for better interpretation of results. Results showed that application of Al increased the fresh and dry weight of maize, and plant growth rate was increased by increasing Al concentration in treatments. However adding Si to Al-treated plants had no effects on the maize plant biomass. Pigments content of plant increased and decreased in Al treatments and Ai + Si treatments, respectively. Also, both Al and Si had negative effect on the activity of antioxidant enzyme and proline content of maize in general. Aluminum treatments mostly enhanced the K and Fe content of plants, but decreased Mg and Ca content. However, adding Si to Al-treated plants reversed this trend. Apparently, Ai and Si have an antagonist effect on the mineral content of the plant. Results of the present study suggested that increasing of the plant pigment content contributes to the enhancing of plant growth rate, and the K content of the shoot in maize has an important role in increasing the plant growth.
Melatonin is a pleiotropic molecule that can influence various aspects of plant performance. Rece... more Melatonin is a pleiotropic molecule that can influence various aspects of plant performance. Recent studies have exhibited that it mediates plant defensive responses, probably through managing redox homeostasis. We tried to track the regulatory effects of melatonin on the antioxidant machinery of Linum album cell culture. To this, different concentrations of melatonin were applied, and the oxidative status of cells was investigated by measuring the levels of oxidative molecules and antioxidant agents. The results showed that H2O2 content did not change at the low melatonin levels, while it increased at the high concentrations. It can be correlated with the low melatonin dosages capacity to remove excessive amounts of H2O2, while the high melatonin dosages exhibit toxicity effects. In contrast, the NO enhancement occurred at 50 μM melatonin, proposing its role in triggering melatonin-induced defensive responses. The MDA results stated that NO led to oxidative stress in melatonin-trea...
Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences, Jun 14, 2022
An experiment was conducted to evaluate the phytoremediation efficiency, growth and biochemical r... more An experiment was conducted to evaluate the phytoremediation efficiency, growth and biochemical responses of vetiver grass (Vetiveria Zizanioides) in response to irrigation with magnetized water [in 3 levels including magnetized water, semi-magnetized water and non-magnetized water] and Pb from the source of Pb-Nitrate salt [in 4 levels including 0, 5, 10 and 20 mg/L). This study was carried out as a factorial arrangement based on a completely randomized design with three replications in the central nursery of Green Area and Parks Organization Bandar Abbas Municipality, Bandar Abbas, Iran, during 2020-21. A magnetic water generating device called a magnetic ion stirrer with an intensity of 110 Tesla was used in this study. The results showed that irrigation with the magnetized water significantly increased the growth and yield of vetiver, and uptake and translocation factor of Pb to the shoots. Increase in the activities of enzymatic antioxidants affected by the magnetized water was observed which led to the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and activated the plant defense system. In general, despite high accumulation of Pb in plant tissues evident from accumulation of ROS, but still vetiver growth and yield were not significantly affected, indicating the phyto-toxic tolerance of vetivar against Pb accumulation. It is concluded that irrigation with the magnetized water through stimulating the antioxidants of vetiver can improve the growth, yield, uptake and translocation of Pb and therewith increases the phytoremediation efficiency of Vetiver.
Many researchers and scientists have contributed significantly to provide structural and molecula... more Many researchers and scientists have contributed significantly to provide structural and molecular characterizations of biochemical interactions using microscopic techniques in the recent decade, as these biochemical interactions play a crucial role in the production of diverse biomaterials and the organization of biological systems. The properties, activities, and functionalities of the biomaterials and biological systems need to be identified and modified for different purposes in both the material and life sciences. The present study aimed to review the advantages and disadvantages of three main branches of microscopy techniques (optical microscopy, electron microscopy, and scanning probe microscopy) developed for the characterization of these interactions. First, we explain the basic concepts of microscopy and then the breadth of their applicability to different fields of research. This work could be useful for future research works on biochemical self-assembly, biochemical aggr...
Taxol (Paclitaxel) and its derivative taxanes are widely used in chemotherapy and treatment of di... more Taxol (Paclitaxel) and its derivative taxanes are widely used in chemotherapy and treatment of different types of cancer. Although the extracted taxanes from Taxus sp. are currently used in semi-synthetic production of Taxol, providing alternative always available sources is still a main concern. Due to availability and fast growth rate, microorganisms are much potent alternative sources for taxanes. In the present study, 249 endophytic fungi were isolated from Corylus avellana at six different locations of Iran, among which 18 species were capable to produce taxanes. Genotyping analysis indicated that 17 genera were ascomycetes but only one basidiomycete. Seven taxanes were detected and quantified in solid and suspension cultures by HPLC and their structures were confirmed by LC-Mass analysis. Among endophytes, CA7 had all 7 taxoids and CA1 had the highest Taxol yield. In 78% of endophytes transferring to liquid media was accompanied by increase of taxanes yield and increased taxan...
بهمنظور ارزیابی اثر دمای محیط ریشه بر رشد و فعالیت آنتی اکسیدانتهای موجود در بنه زعفران، آزمایش... more بهمنظور ارزیابی اثر دمای محیط ریشه بر رشد و فعالیت آنتی اکسیدانتهای موجود در بنه زعفران، آزمایشی در قالب طرح کاملا تصادفی با سه تکرار در شرایط اتاق رشد اجرا گردید. در این آزمایش اثر دو دمای 1±23 و 1±33 درجه سانتیگراد بر فعالیت آنزیمهای آنتیاکسیدانت: پراکسیداز، پلی فنل اکسیداز، سوپر اکسید دیسموتاز، کاتالاز و اکسین اکسیداز در جوانه انتهایی و بنه زعفران از تیرماه (دوره خواب بنه) تا مهرماه (شروع رشد بنه) مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. نتایج نشان داد که در هر دو دما، فعالیت آنزیمها در تیرماه حداقل بود. در مهرماه فعالیت آنزیمهای مذکور در دمای 23 درجه سانتیگراد همزمان با شروع رشد ریشه، جوانه انتهایی و برگ در بنههای زعفران افزایش یافت، اما در دمای 33 درجه سانتیگراد، هیچگونه تغییری در فعالیتهای آنزیمی مشاهده نشد. همچنین بیشترین میزان قندهای محلول (گلوکز، مانوز و آرابینو) در جوانه و بنه زعفران در دمای 23 درجه سانتیگراد به دست آمد. با توجه به نتایج حاصل از این پژوهش، به نظر میرسد دمای 33 درجه سانتیگراد در محیط کشت با ایجاد اختلال در فعالیت آنها موجب ادامه خواب در بنههای زعفران میشود ...
Marshmallow is a medicinal plant containing mucilage polysaccharides and various phenolic acids. ... more Marshmallow is a medicinal plant containing mucilage polysaccharides and various phenolic acids. Boron (B) is an essential micronutrient whose necessity for plant growth and development has been attributed to its role in cell wall pectin network and maintenance of integrity and performance of membranes. The present study was aimed to investigate the effects of different concentrations of B (0.01, 0.1, and 1 mM respectively as deficient, sufficient or control, and excess concentrations) on cell wall polysaccharides of suspension-cultured Althaea officinalis cells in a modified LS medium. The results showed that under B deficiency higher ratio of cell production was devoted to produce wall materials (4.4% of fresh weight), compared with normal and excess B supply (2.3% and 1.8% of fresh weights, respectively). Moreover, B deficiency drastically reduced relative contents of hemicellulose A and cellulose (78% and 72%) compared to those of the control cells. No significant change appeare...
Nickel (Ni) is one of the essential micronutrients for higher plants and its known function is be... more Nickel (Ni) is one of the essential micronutrients for higher plants and its known function is being the metal component of urease. The effects of various Ni levels on urease activity in maize (Zea maize L.) plants grown in two nutrient media containing urea or ammonium nitrate as two separate nitrogen sources were investigated. The experiments were performed as completely randomized blocks with three replications. Treatments included two growth media, the nitrogen of which was either urea or ammonium nitrate added at the rate of 84 mg L -1 and four Ni levels (0, 0.01, 0.05 and 0.1 mg L -1 ) supplied as NiSO4. Plants were grown in the nutrient solutions for six weeks. On the second, fourth and sixth week of the growth period, both the leaves and root samples were taken to determine their urease activities. At the end of the sixth week, the dry weights of both the shoots and roots were also measured. Urease activity in leaves of corn supplied with urea increased significantly with th...
Callus cultures were established in vitro from leaf explants of Malva neglecta and were subcultur... more Callus cultures were established in vitro from leaf explants of Malva neglecta and were subcultured several times until a rapid-growing cell line was obtained. The calluses were exposed to different doses of ultraviolet (UV) radiation as follows: 0, 432, 864, and 1296 J/m 2 for UV B and 0, 612, 1284, and 1836 J/m 2 for UV C, corresponding to 0, 30, 60, and 90 min radiations, in tandem. Exposure to UV, in particular for longer periods, reduced the viability and membrane integrity of Malva cells. This however, increased total contents of flavonoids, anthocyanins, and wall-bound phenolic acids. Among different pharmaceutical compounds of Malva cells increase of malvidin, catchin, cinnamic acid, and tannic acid was remarkable in UV-treated cells, compared to those of the control cells. According to the results, treatment of Malva cells with UV provides an attractive alternative to whole plants for effective production of specific phenolic compounds.
In order to assessment of yield, yield components, quality traits and some morphological traits o... more In order to assessment of yield, yield components, quality traits and some morphological traits of sixteen rapeseed cultivars (Brassica napus L.) a field experiment was conducted during 2008-2009 in Arak Research Institute Agriculture. In this experiment cultivars were compared in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Effect of cultivars were significant on grain yield, and 1000 seed weight, seed number per siliqua in plant, siliqua number in plant, flowering period, growth period, the percentage of protein and oil, the amount of seed glucosinolate and fatty acids; palmetic acid stearic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid and linolenic acid percentage. In this experiment, Triangle had the highest and Anatol had the lowest grain yield. The most oil content was observed in cultivar SLM046, while the highest protein content belonged to cultivar Lioness. The lowest glucosinolate was observed in cultivar Talaye and ES Astrid produced the highest it. In order to produce ...
Early prediction of pathogen infestation is a key factor to reduce the disease spread in plants. ... more Early prediction of pathogen infestation is a key factor to reduce the disease spread in plants. Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goid, as one of the main causes of charcoal rot disease, suppresses the plant productivity significantly. Charcoal rot disease is one of the most severe threats to soybean productivity. Prediction of this disease in soybeans is very tedious and non-practical using traditional approaches. Machine learning (ML) techniques have recently gained substantial traction across numerous domains. ML methods can be applied to detect plant diseases, prior to the full appearance of symptoms. In this paper, several ML techniques were developed and examined for prediction of charcoal rot disease in soybean for a cohort of 2,000 healthy and infected plants. A hybrid set of physiological and morphological features were suggested as inputs to the ML models. All developed ML models were performed better than 90% in terms of accuracy. Gradient Tree Boosting (GBT) was the best ...
Iron is a component of many proteins that have crucial roles in plant growth and development, suc... more Iron is a component of many proteins that have crucial roles in plant growth and development, such as ferritin and catalase. Iron also, as a ferromagnetic element, is assumed to be influenced by a static magnetic field (SMF). In the present study, we examined the relationship between ferrous content and gene expression and activity of ferritin and catalase in soybean plants under the influence of 0, 20, and 30 mT SMF for 5 day, 5 h each. Exposure to 20 mT decreased gene expression of Fe transporter, ferrous and HO contents and gene expression, content and activity of ferritin and catalase. Opposite responses were observed under 30 mT treatments. The results suggest that SMF triggered a signaling pathway that is mediated by iron. The structure and activity of purified ferritin and apoferritin from horse spleen, and catalase from bovine liver proteins under SMF were evaluated as well. Secondary structure of proteins were not influenced by SMF (evidenced by far-UV circular dichroism), ...
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