Techniques in Life Science and Biomedicine for the Non-Expert
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this p... more The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
577-581The ability of Bacillus licheniformis (MCC2830) to utilize different keratin substrates (s... more 577-581The ability of Bacillus licheniformis (MCC2830) to utilize different keratin substrates (soluble keratin, hair, feather, nail and scales) was tested along with dehairing capacity. The keratinases showed high substrate specificity for soluble keratin, fish scales and chicken feathers and nails, but low specificity for human hair. The enzyme is heat stable (37–45°C) and active around wide pH range (2–9). The bacteria completely degraded whole chicken feathers after 7 days at 37 ± 2°C, and also completely dehaired goat skin within 5 hrs, without any damage to the skin. Therefore, the keratinase of Bacillus licheniformis strain could be used to develop an environmental friendly method for bioconversion of waste feather into feather feed and for dehairing process in leather industry
Nanoparticles (NPs) are being used in an increasingly wide range of fields which leads to increas... more Nanoparticles (NPs) are being used in an increasingly wide range of fields which leads to increased human exposure. It is evident from mounting data that exposure to NPs leads to cell toxicity, immunotoxicity, genotoxicity, non-genotoxic carcinogenicity, reproductive toxicity, etc. Recently there is abundant proof available to link sublethal NP toxicity to epigenetic variations, which may lead to reprogramming of variety of gene expression. Being the most sensitive and first retort, epigenetic modifications are extensively studied and used as potential biomarkers in several disease conditions. The early NP exposure biomarker may go unnoticed by traditional toxicity assays, but epigenetic variations being more sensitive can be used as fingerprint for nanotoxicity and provide guidance for creating safe nanomaterials. This review collates the literate on “nanoepigenetic toxicity” and its contribution to both genotoxicity and cytotoxicity experienced by cell. Even at concentration at wh...
Enzymes are natural catalysts and protein molecules executing specialized catalysis of substrate ... more Enzymes are natural catalysts and protein molecules executing specialized catalysis of substrate to product in chemical reactions. Enzyme technology uses enzyme as a biocatalyst to manufacture new products in bulk in the most dynamic fields such as food, fine chemicals, pharmaceuticals, biofuels, and biopolymers. The most common types of industrial enzymes are proteases, amylases, lipase, cellulases, and xylanases. Enzymes are now increasingly being used in medical application such as therapeutics, drug delivery, diagnostic, new drug development, bioanalysis, and biosensors. Examples of some biomedical enzymes are cytochrome oxidase, creatine kinase, streptokinase, urokinase, trypsin, chymotrypsin, and serratiopeptidase. New advancements in “white biotechnology,” mainly in protein engineering, have offered imperative techniques for the effective development of new enzymes using directed evolution. The present paper aims to provide a review on industrial enzymes, stressing on recent advances in enzyme engineering and applications in medical field.
Titanium dioxide (TiO2) and zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles (NPs) are promising candidates for num... more Titanium dioxide (TiO2) and zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles (NPs) are promising candidates for numerous applications in consumer products. This will lead to increased human exposure, thus posing a threat to human health. Both these types of NPs have been studied for their cell toxicity, immunotoxicity, and genotoxicity. However, effects of these NPs on epigenetic modulations have not been studied. Epigenetics is an important link in the genotype and phenotype modulation and misregulation can often lead to lifestyle diseases. In this study, we have evaluated the DNA methylation-based epigenetic changes upon exposure to various concentrations of NPs. The investigation was designed to evaluate global DNA methylation, estimating the corresponding methyltransferase activity and expression of Dnmt gene using lung fibroblast (MRC5) cell line as lungs are the primary route of entry and target of occupational exposure to TiO2 and ZnO NPs. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay-based immunochemical...
Control of cellular processes by epigenetic modification of cytosine in DNA is widespread among l... more Control of cellular processes by epigenetic modification of cytosine in DNA is widespread among living organisms, but, is hitherto unknown in the extremely radioresistant microbe D. radiodurans. C-5 methyl cytosines (m(5)C) were detected by immuno-blotting with m(5)C-specific antibody. Site of cytosine methylation by DR_C0020 encoded protein was investigated by bisulfite sequencing. The DR_C0020 knockout mutant (Δdcm), constructed by site directed mutagenesis, was assessed for effect on growth, radiation resistance and proteome. Proteins were identified by mass spectrometry. Methylated cytosines were detected in the D. radiodurans genome. The DR_C0020 encoded protein (Dcm, NCBI accession: WP_034351354.1), whose amino acid sequence resembles m(4)C methylases, was shown to be the lone SAM-dependent C-5 cytosine methyltransferase. Purified Dcm protein was found to methylate CpN sequence with a preference for methylation of two consecutive cytosines. The Δdcm strain completely lost m(5)...
Techniques in Life Science and Biomedicine for the Non-Expert
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this p... more The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
577-581The ability of Bacillus licheniformis (MCC2830) to utilize different keratin substrates (s... more 577-581The ability of Bacillus licheniformis (MCC2830) to utilize different keratin substrates (soluble keratin, hair, feather, nail and scales) was tested along with dehairing capacity. The keratinases showed high substrate specificity for soluble keratin, fish scales and chicken feathers and nails, but low specificity for human hair. The enzyme is heat stable (37–45°C) and active around wide pH range (2–9). The bacteria completely degraded whole chicken feathers after 7 days at 37 ± 2°C, and also completely dehaired goat skin within 5 hrs, without any damage to the skin. Therefore, the keratinase of Bacillus licheniformis strain could be used to develop an environmental friendly method for bioconversion of waste feather into feather feed and for dehairing process in leather industry
Nanoparticles (NPs) are being used in an increasingly wide range of fields which leads to increas... more Nanoparticles (NPs) are being used in an increasingly wide range of fields which leads to increased human exposure. It is evident from mounting data that exposure to NPs leads to cell toxicity, immunotoxicity, genotoxicity, non-genotoxic carcinogenicity, reproductive toxicity, etc. Recently there is abundant proof available to link sublethal NP toxicity to epigenetic variations, which may lead to reprogramming of variety of gene expression. Being the most sensitive and first retort, epigenetic modifications are extensively studied and used as potential biomarkers in several disease conditions. The early NP exposure biomarker may go unnoticed by traditional toxicity assays, but epigenetic variations being more sensitive can be used as fingerprint for nanotoxicity and provide guidance for creating safe nanomaterials. This review collates the literate on “nanoepigenetic toxicity” and its contribution to both genotoxicity and cytotoxicity experienced by cell. Even at concentration at wh...
Enzymes are natural catalysts and protein molecules executing specialized catalysis of substrate ... more Enzymes are natural catalysts and protein molecules executing specialized catalysis of substrate to product in chemical reactions. Enzyme technology uses enzyme as a biocatalyst to manufacture new products in bulk in the most dynamic fields such as food, fine chemicals, pharmaceuticals, biofuels, and biopolymers. The most common types of industrial enzymes are proteases, amylases, lipase, cellulases, and xylanases. Enzymes are now increasingly being used in medical application such as therapeutics, drug delivery, diagnostic, new drug development, bioanalysis, and biosensors. Examples of some biomedical enzymes are cytochrome oxidase, creatine kinase, streptokinase, urokinase, trypsin, chymotrypsin, and serratiopeptidase. New advancements in “white biotechnology,” mainly in protein engineering, have offered imperative techniques for the effective development of new enzymes using directed evolution. The present paper aims to provide a review on industrial enzymes, stressing on recent advances in enzyme engineering and applications in medical field.
Titanium dioxide (TiO2) and zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles (NPs) are promising candidates for num... more Titanium dioxide (TiO2) and zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles (NPs) are promising candidates for numerous applications in consumer products. This will lead to increased human exposure, thus posing a threat to human health. Both these types of NPs have been studied for their cell toxicity, immunotoxicity, and genotoxicity. However, effects of these NPs on epigenetic modulations have not been studied. Epigenetics is an important link in the genotype and phenotype modulation and misregulation can often lead to lifestyle diseases. In this study, we have evaluated the DNA methylation-based epigenetic changes upon exposure to various concentrations of NPs. The investigation was designed to evaluate global DNA methylation, estimating the corresponding methyltransferase activity and expression of Dnmt gene using lung fibroblast (MRC5) cell line as lungs are the primary route of entry and target of occupational exposure to TiO2 and ZnO NPs. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay-based immunochemical...
Control of cellular processes by epigenetic modification of cytosine in DNA is widespread among l... more Control of cellular processes by epigenetic modification of cytosine in DNA is widespread among living organisms, but, is hitherto unknown in the extremely radioresistant microbe D. radiodurans. C-5 methyl cytosines (m(5)C) were detected by immuno-blotting with m(5)C-specific antibody. Site of cytosine methylation by DR_C0020 encoded protein was investigated by bisulfite sequencing. The DR_C0020 knockout mutant (Δdcm), constructed by site directed mutagenesis, was assessed for effect on growth, radiation resistance and proteome. Proteins were identified by mass spectrometry. Methylated cytosines were detected in the D. radiodurans genome. The DR_C0020 encoded protein (Dcm, NCBI accession: WP_034351354.1), whose amino acid sequence resembles m(4)C methylases, was shown to be the lone SAM-dependent C-5 cytosine methyltransferase. Purified Dcm protein was found to methylate CpN sequence with a preference for methylation of two consecutive cytosines. The Δdcm strain completely lost m(5)...
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Papers by Nayana Patil