Objective This single center parallel, randomized controlled trial aimed to determine the propens... more Objective This single center parallel, randomized controlled trial aimed to determine the propensity of microbial adherence on vacuum-formed retainers (VFRs) with different surface roughness imprints. Materials and methods Thirty-six patients debonded from fixed appliances at a teaching institution were allocated by block randomization stratified for gender to three groups [VFRs fabricated on conventional, fused deposition modeling (FDM) or stereolithography apparatus (SLA) working models]. Participants wore the VFRs for three months full-time followed by three months part-time. VFRs were collected after each follow-up for Streptococcus and yeast counts. Surface roughness was measured indirectly on the working models using a 3D optical surface texture analyzer. Blinding was not feasible due to appliance appearance. The trial was registered [NCT03844425 (Clini calTr ials. gov)] and funded by the Universiti Malaya Dental Postgraduate Research Grant (DPRG/14/19). Results Thirty participants (eleven conventional, ten FDM, and nine SLA) were analyzed after six dropped out. No harms were reported. Microbial counts between the groups were not significantly different. There were more microbes in the lower VFRs than upper VFRs (total count: p<0.05; effect size, 0.5 during full-time wear and 0.4 during part-time wear). SLA had significantly (p<0.05) smoother surface than FDM (effect size, 0.3) and conventional models (effect size, 0.5). Microbial adherence was not associated with working model surface roughness. Conclusion Microbial adherence on VFRs was not influenced by degree of surface roughness imprints from working models. Clinical relevance 3D printed models can be used to make VFRs. Lower VFRs tended to accumulate oral microbes, potentially increasing the oral health risk in the lower arch.
The adhesion of early settlers of dental plaque to the tooth surface has a role in the initiation... more The adhesion of early settlers of dental plaque to the tooth surface has a role in the initiation of the development of dental plaque. The hydrophobic surface properties of the bacteria cell wall are indirectly responsible for the adhesion of the bacteria cell to the acquired pellicle on the tooth surfaces. In this study, the effect of aqueous extract of two plants (Psidium guajava and Piper betle) on the cell-surface hydro-phobicity of early settlers of dental plaque was determined in vitro. Hexadecane, a hydrocarbon was used to represent the hydrophobic surface of the teeth in the oral cavity. It was found that treatment of the early plaque settlers with 1 mg/ml extract of Psidium guajava reduced the cell-surface hydrophobicity of Strep. sanguinis, Strep. mitis and Actinomyces sp. by 54.1%, 49.9% and 40.6%, respectively. Treatment of these bacteria with the same concentration of Piper betle however, showed a comparatively lesser effect (< 10%). It was also observed that the anti-adhesive effect of the two extracts on the binding of the early plaque settlers to hexadecane is concentration dependent. Author a) Razak, F. A. b) Othman, R. Y.
Background: This in vitro study was carried out to screen the aqueous extracts of selected local ... more Background: This in vitro study was carried out to screen the aqueous extracts of selected local plants (clinacanthus nutans, strobilanther crispa and pereskia bleo) known locally to possess anticancer properties for cytotoxic activity. Method: The antiproliferative activity on human oral squamous cell carcinoma, ORL-48 was assessed based on a colorimetric assay using neutral red dye. Result: Clinacanthus nutans exhibited an IC50 of 49.8 ± 0.02 µg/mL on ORL-48 cells, while Strobilanther crispa and Pereskia bleo showed no antiproliferative response. Conclusion: The aqueous extract of clinacanthus nutans, strobilanther crispa and pereskia bleo does not possess anti proliferative activity towards oral squamous carcinoma cells ORL-48.
Session A. Clinical Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine Sciences: Neurological and Mental Health... more Session A. Clinical Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine Sciences: Neurological and Mental Health Conditions - Stroke 2: poster presentation no. ISPR7-0822
Background: A relationship between oral microbiota and susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection has... more Background: A relationship between oral microbiota and susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection has been extensively studied. However, the relationship between oral commensal flora and expression of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) remains to be established. In this observational study, we collected saliva from patients with COVID-19 and evaluated the relationship between ACE2 expression and Candida albicans as well as with selected gram-negative bacteria (Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Fusobacterium nucleatum, and Veillonella parvula). We investigated how this may be directly or indirectly involved in oral dysbiosis in patients with COVID-19. Methods: We included 23 hospitalized patients admitted to Universitas Indonesia Hospital with PCR-confirmed COVID-19, with six healthy participants serving as controls. Saliva and tongue surface swabs were collected from patients with diabetes (DG) and without diabetes (NDG) and subject controls. Using quantitative PCR (qPCR) we as...
Dental Journal: Majalah Kedokteran Gigi, Jun 9, 2023
Background: A good biocomposite is a structure that can provide opportunities for cells to adhere... more Background: A good biocomposite is a structure that can provide opportunities for cells to adhere, proliferate, and differentiate. It is affected by the characteristics of a material. As bone tissue regeneration occurs, biomaterials must have a high swelling ability and low biodegradability. The high swelling capability will have a larger surface area that can support maximal cell attachment and proliferation on the biocomposite surface, which accelerates the regeneration process of bone defects. Purpose: The study aimed to analyze the characteristics of swelling and biodegradation of bovine amniotic membrane-hydroxyapatite (BAM-HA) biocomposite with various ratios. Methods: The BAM-HA biocomposite with a ratio of 30:70, 35:65, and 40:60 (w/w) was synthesized using a freeze-dry method. The swelling test was done by measuring the initial weight and final weight after being soaked in phosphate-buffered saline for 24 hours and the biodegradation test was done by measuring the initial weight and final weight after being soaked in simulated body fluid for seven days.
Introduction: Aging leads to hyposalivation, which in turn alters the normal oral microflora. Can... more Introduction: Aging leads to hyposalivation, which in turn alters the normal oral microflora. Candida species often becomes a predominant inhabitant due to changes in the physiology and functions of the oral fluid and tissues. This study aimed to determine the antimicrobial activity of active compound bakuchiol on candidal population of the elderly adults. The action mechanism of bakuchiol may suggest its potential as an effective agent for the maintenance of oral health in this target group. Methods: Oral swab specimens were obtained from the elderly adults. The candidal presence was conventionally determined using selective CHROM agar. A cell suspension at the determined proportion was prepared and its susceptibility towards bakuchiol was assessed based on the minimal growth inhibitory concentrations, MICso and MIC90. The minimal biofilm eliminating concentration (MBEC) was determined using crystal violet dye technique. Candidal resistance to bakuchiol was indicated by the percentage of viable cells following treatment with bakuchiol, which was quantitatively estimated using XTT assay. Real time PCR was performed to verify the influence of bakuchiol on HWPI gene that is associated with candidal adhesion during biofilm formation. Results: The MICso and MIC90 of bakuchiol towards oral candida were determined at 15.6 and 31.3 µg/ml, respectively. Within these concentrations bakuchiol was found to reduce both the biomass and viable cell population of biofilm by 54.22% and 44.23%, respectively (P < 0.05). Bakuchiol also down regulated the expression ofHWPl gene at the MICso. Conclusion: Bakuchiol exhibited antimicrobial activity on candidal population of the elderly adults by suppressing its growth and interrupting formation of its biofilm. Hence, suggest its potential as an antimicrobial agent for use in the maintenance of oral health in the elderly adults.
Clinical, Cosmetic and Investigational Dermatology, May 1, 2022
Background: The wound healing process can be optimized through the addition of a biomaterial such... more Background: The wound healing process can be optimized through the addition of a biomaterial such as recombinant secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor (rSLPI). The SLPI is a non-glycosylated proteomic material that inhibits protease enzymes and has antiinflammatory properties, thus accelerating wound healing. This study analyzed the administration of rSLPI doses 0.04 cc and 0.06 cc in skin wound healing on the CD163 expression of macrophages and cytokines such as interleukin 1 (IL-1), interleukin 6 (IL-6) and fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF-2). Materials and Methods: rSLPI produced from Escherichia coli TOP10 as the cloning host, BL21 (DE3) strains as the expression host and pET30a plasmids were used for the expression system construction. The wound was created on Wistar rat dorsal skin, then rSLPI 0.04 cc and 0.06 cc was administered. In the next four days, the back skin was biopsied and stained by immunohistochemistry to analyze the CD163, FGF-2, IL-1 and IL-6 expression. Results: The administration of rSLPI increased CD163 and FGF-2 expression dependent on dose (p<0.05). On the other hand, administration of rSLPI decreased IL-1 and IL-6 expression depending on dose (p <0.05). Conclusion: The administration of rSLPI is able to accelerate the wound healing process by increasing the CD163 and FGF-2 expression. The cytokines such as IL-1 and IL-6 decreased depending on rSLPI doses.
The fabrication of bio-composite-derived bovine amniotic membrane (BAM) with hydroxyapatite (HAp)... more The fabrication of bio-composite-derived bovine amniotic membrane (BAM) with hydroxyapatite (HAp) is an approach to combining organic and inorganic bio-material to improve the properties of both materials. This research aims to combine, fabricate and characterise the bio-composite of BAM–HA. The combination of bio-composite is made from BAM and HAp in a ratio of 30:70, 35:65, and 40:60. Dried BAM is immersed in saline and then blended until it forms an amniotic slurry with a jelly-like consistency. At this stage, HAp is added so that it can bind to BAM. After the mixture is homogeneous, the freeze-drying process is carried out. After fabrication, all the bio-composites were characterised using Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and porosity analysis, and biological activity was conducted using fibroblasts. The bio-composite has functional groups of amides I, II, III, A, B, OH, CO32− and PO43− according to the r...
The potential of using saliva as a diagnostic fluid is well documented. The aim of this study was... more The potential of using saliva as a diagnostic fluid is well documented. The aim of this study was to assess the quality and quantity of saliva DNA of alcoholic and non-alcoholic participants using three saliva collection methods; DNA-Sal TM (Oasis Diagnostics, USA), Oragene-DNA (DNA Genotek Inc, Ontario, Canada) and whole saliva collection method. Saliva DNA of non-alcoholic (n=30) and alcoholic participants (n=10) age between 25 and 35 years was assessed qualitatively and quantitatively using spectrophotometry. Saliva DNA quantity was the highest for all participants when using the DNA-Sal TM saliva collection kit (p<0.05). The use of a mechanical scraper provided only in the DNA-Sal TM kit may have contributed to the highest DNA yield for all participants. The quantity of saliva DNA when assessed using spectrophotometer was found to be significantly lower (p<0.05) for the alcoholic (16±3.57 ng/μL) than non-alcoholic participants (19.92±6.18 ng/ μL). To determine the integrity of the DNA samples, PCR amplification of the Alcohol Dehydrogenase gene, ADH1B was carried out and the PCR was found to be successful. For all participants, the DNA quality of the saliva collected using the three saliva collection methods was found to be in the acceptable range considered as pure DNA. The DNA quality and quantity of saliva collected from the three saliva collection methods were considered suitable for research purposes.
The ecosystem within the oral cavity is unique as it is a result of interactions between componen... more The ecosystem within the oral cavity is unique as it is a result of interactions between components such as the oral fluids and oral microorganisms with structures of the oral soft and hard tissues. The soft structures are represented by the mucous membranes while the hard surface is represented by the teeth. Both the soft and hard tissue structures influence the distribution of microbes in the mouth. Some surfaces like those at the gingival junction protect their microbial inhabitants from any physical forces or/and chemical interactions, whereas other surfaces like the lingual incisal surface do not. Thus, the oral cavity represents a host environment that possessed features that support the establishment and growth of a great diversity of microbes. The cheek mucosa, the tongue, the gingival crevice and the tooth surface provide sites with different physicochemical and nutritional microenvironment that allows for the adherence and growth of selective microorganisms.
Introduction: C. tropicalis and C. krusei have emerged as virulent species causing oral infection... more Introduction: C. tropicalis and C. krusei have emerged as virulent species causing oral infections. Both have developed resistance to commonly prescribed azole antifungal agents. Objective: The study aimed to determine the effect of mouth rinses containing chlorhexidine digluconate (CHX), cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) and their combination (CHX–CPC) on the growth of these strains. Methods: The minimal inhibition concentrations (MIC) of the mouth rinses were determined. The growth curves of the strains produced under the mouth rinse-treated and untreated conditions, as well as alterations to the morphology of the growth colonies and cells following the treatments were compared and analysed. Results: The MICs of CPC compared to CHX mouth rinses were found to be lower for both Candida sp. In the mixed formulation, CPC doubled the inhibitory effect of CHX towards both Candida sp., while CHX quadrupled the activity of CPC towards C. tropicalis. The growth colonies also appeared coarse, ...
The use of oral gargle has gained popularity recently. Despite being either alcohol-based or plan... more The use of oral gargle has gained popularity recently. Despite being either alcohol-based or plant-based, the main purpose for the usage of oral gargle is to prevent the accumulation of heavy plaque or oral malodour, that usually caused by the growth of oral biofilm. In this study, the antimicrobial effect of Psidium guajava, Mangifera sp. and Mentha sp. was tested against the single-species biofilm consisting of Streptococcus sanguinis and Streptococcus mitis. The biofilms were allowed to grow on the saliva-coated glass beads in Nordini’s Artificial Mouth (NAM) model to represent the oral cavity for 24 hours. The saliva would form the experimental pellicle on the glass beads. The results obtained showed that biofilm of Streptococcus mitis displayed a maximum adherence (11.53%) compared to Streptococcus sanguinis (1.83%) on the untreated experimental pellicle. When the aqueous extraction of plant extract was applied on the experimental pellicle, the bacterial adherence was significa...
Objective: To compare the effect of phenotypic switching of Candida krusei on its susceptibility ... more Objective: To compare the effect of phenotypic switching of Candida krusei on its susceptibility towards fluconazole and voriconazole Methods: Candida krusei was revived from ATCC stock and cultured using spreading technique on Yeast Extract Potato Dextrose (YEPD) agar containing 5 mg Phloxine B dye. Following a 5-days incubation period, colonies showing a switch in the colour from the original were counted and considered as having a phenotypic switch in the first generation. These colonies were then subcultured on new media plates. Phenotypic switching of Candida krusei was repeated and observed for four generations. Each generation was tested for their response to fluconazole and voriconazole disks on Mueller-Hinton (MH) agar plate and incubated for 24 hours at 37C. Results: Candida krusei in the first to the third generation was found to be resistant to fluconazole. In contrast, a mild susceptibility was observed in the fourth switched generation. Alternatively, Candida krusei we...
Objective This single center parallel, randomized controlled trial aimed to determine the propens... more Objective This single center parallel, randomized controlled trial aimed to determine the propensity of microbial adherence on vacuum-formed retainers (VFRs) with different surface roughness imprints. Materials and methods Thirty-six patients debonded from fixed appliances at a teaching institution were allocated by block randomization stratified for gender to three groups [VFRs fabricated on conventional, fused deposition modeling (FDM) or stereolithography apparatus (SLA) working models]. Participants wore the VFRs for three months full-time followed by three months part-time. VFRs were collected after each follow-up for Streptococcus and yeast counts. Surface roughness was measured indirectly on the working models using a 3D optical surface texture analyzer. Blinding was not feasible due to appliance appearance. The trial was registered [NCT03844425 (Clini calTr ials. gov)] and funded by the Universiti Malaya Dental Postgraduate Research Grant (DPRG/14/19). Results Thirty participants (eleven conventional, ten FDM, and nine SLA) were analyzed after six dropped out. No harms were reported. Microbial counts between the groups were not significantly different. There were more microbes in the lower VFRs than upper VFRs (total count: p<0.05; effect size, 0.5 during full-time wear and 0.4 during part-time wear). SLA had significantly (p<0.05) smoother surface than FDM (effect size, 0.3) and conventional models (effect size, 0.5). Microbial adherence was not associated with working model surface roughness. Conclusion Microbial adherence on VFRs was not influenced by degree of surface roughness imprints from working models. Clinical relevance 3D printed models can be used to make VFRs. Lower VFRs tended to accumulate oral microbes, potentially increasing the oral health risk in the lower arch.
The adhesion of early settlers of dental plaque to the tooth surface has a role in the initiation... more The adhesion of early settlers of dental plaque to the tooth surface has a role in the initiation of the development of dental plaque. The hydrophobic surface properties of the bacteria cell wall are indirectly responsible for the adhesion of the bacteria cell to the acquired pellicle on the tooth surfaces. In this study, the effect of aqueous extract of two plants (Psidium guajava and Piper betle) on the cell-surface hydro-phobicity of early settlers of dental plaque was determined in vitro. Hexadecane, a hydrocarbon was used to represent the hydrophobic surface of the teeth in the oral cavity. It was found that treatment of the early plaque settlers with 1 mg/ml extract of Psidium guajava reduced the cell-surface hydrophobicity of Strep. sanguinis, Strep. mitis and Actinomyces sp. by 54.1%, 49.9% and 40.6%, respectively. Treatment of these bacteria with the same concentration of Piper betle however, showed a comparatively lesser effect (< 10%). It was also observed that the anti-adhesive effect of the two extracts on the binding of the early plaque settlers to hexadecane is concentration dependent. Author a) Razak, F. A. b) Othman, R. Y.
Background: This in vitro study was carried out to screen the aqueous extracts of selected local ... more Background: This in vitro study was carried out to screen the aqueous extracts of selected local plants (clinacanthus nutans, strobilanther crispa and pereskia bleo) known locally to possess anticancer properties for cytotoxic activity. Method: The antiproliferative activity on human oral squamous cell carcinoma, ORL-48 was assessed based on a colorimetric assay using neutral red dye. Result: Clinacanthus nutans exhibited an IC50 of 49.8 ± 0.02 µg/mL on ORL-48 cells, while Strobilanther crispa and Pereskia bleo showed no antiproliferative response. Conclusion: The aqueous extract of clinacanthus nutans, strobilanther crispa and pereskia bleo does not possess anti proliferative activity towards oral squamous carcinoma cells ORL-48.
Session A. Clinical Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine Sciences: Neurological and Mental Health... more Session A. Clinical Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine Sciences: Neurological and Mental Health Conditions - Stroke 2: poster presentation no. ISPR7-0822
Background: A relationship between oral microbiota and susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection has... more Background: A relationship between oral microbiota and susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection has been extensively studied. However, the relationship between oral commensal flora and expression of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) remains to be established. In this observational study, we collected saliva from patients with COVID-19 and evaluated the relationship between ACE2 expression and Candida albicans as well as with selected gram-negative bacteria (Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Fusobacterium nucleatum, and Veillonella parvula). We investigated how this may be directly or indirectly involved in oral dysbiosis in patients with COVID-19. Methods: We included 23 hospitalized patients admitted to Universitas Indonesia Hospital with PCR-confirmed COVID-19, with six healthy participants serving as controls. Saliva and tongue surface swabs were collected from patients with diabetes (DG) and without diabetes (NDG) and subject controls. Using quantitative PCR (qPCR) we as...
Dental Journal: Majalah Kedokteran Gigi, Jun 9, 2023
Background: A good biocomposite is a structure that can provide opportunities for cells to adhere... more Background: A good biocomposite is a structure that can provide opportunities for cells to adhere, proliferate, and differentiate. It is affected by the characteristics of a material. As bone tissue regeneration occurs, biomaterials must have a high swelling ability and low biodegradability. The high swelling capability will have a larger surface area that can support maximal cell attachment and proliferation on the biocomposite surface, which accelerates the regeneration process of bone defects. Purpose: The study aimed to analyze the characteristics of swelling and biodegradation of bovine amniotic membrane-hydroxyapatite (BAM-HA) biocomposite with various ratios. Methods: The BAM-HA biocomposite with a ratio of 30:70, 35:65, and 40:60 (w/w) was synthesized using a freeze-dry method. The swelling test was done by measuring the initial weight and final weight after being soaked in phosphate-buffered saline for 24 hours and the biodegradation test was done by measuring the initial weight and final weight after being soaked in simulated body fluid for seven days.
Introduction: Aging leads to hyposalivation, which in turn alters the normal oral microflora. Can... more Introduction: Aging leads to hyposalivation, which in turn alters the normal oral microflora. Candida species often becomes a predominant inhabitant due to changes in the physiology and functions of the oral fluid and tissues. This study aimed to determine the antimicrobial activity of active compound bakuchiol on candidal population of the elderly adults. The action mechanism of bakuchiol may suggest its potential as an effective agent for the maintenance of oral health in this target group. Methods: Oral swab specimens were obtained from the elderly adults. The candidal presence was conventionally determined using selective CHROM agar. A cell suspension at the determined proportion was prepared and its susceptibility towards bakuchiol was assessed based on the minimal growth inhibitory concentrations, MICso and MIC90. The minimal biofilm eliminating concentration (MBEC) was determined using crystal violet dye technique. Candidal resistance to bakuchiol was indicated by the percentage of viable cells following treatment with bakuchiol, which was quantitatively estimated using XTT assay. Real time PCR was performed to verify the influence of bakuchiol on HWPI gene that is associated with candidal adhesion during biofilm formation. Results: The MICso and MIC90 of bakuchiol towards oral candida were determined at 15.6 and 31.3 µg/ml, respectively. Within these concentrations bakuchiol was found to reduce both the biomass and viable cell population of biofilm by 54.22% and 44.23%, respectively (P < 0.05). Bakuchiol also down regulated the expression ofHWPl gene at the MICso. Conclusion: Bakuchiol exhibited antimicrobial activity on candidal population of the elderly adults by suppressing its growth and interrupting formation of its biofilm. Hence, suggest its potential as an antimicrobial agent for use in the maintenance of oral health in the elderly adults.
Clinical, Cosmetic and Investigational Dermatology, May 1, 2022
Background: The wound healing process can be optimized through the addition of a biomaterial such... more Background: The wound healing process can be optimized through the addition of a biomaterial such as recombinant secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor (rSLPI). The SLPI is a non-glycosylated proteomic material that inhibits protease enzymes and has antiinflammatory properties, thus accelerating wound healing. This study analyzed the administration of rSLPI doses 0.04 cc and 0.06 cc in skin wound healing on the CD163 expression of macrophages and cytokines such as interleukin 1 (IL-1), interleukin 6 (IL-6) and fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF-2). Materials and Methods: rSLPI produced from Escherichia coli TOP10 as the cloning host, BL21 (DE3) strains as the expression host and pET30a plasmids were used for the expression system construction. The wound was created on Wistar rat dorsal skin, then rSLPI 0.04 cc and 0.06 cc was administered. In the next four days, the back skin was biopsied and stained by immunohistochemistry to analyze the CD163, FGF-2, IL-1 and IL-6 expression. Results: The administration of rSLPI increased CD163 and FGF-2 expression dependent on dose (p<0.05). On the other hand, administration of rSLPI decreased IL-1 and IL-6 expression depending on dose (p <0.05). Conclusion: The administration of rSLPI is able to accelerate the wound healing process by increasing the CD163 and FGF-2 expression. The cytokines such as IL-1 and IL-6 decreased depending on rSLPI doses.
The fabrication of bio-composite-derived bovine amniotic membrane (BAM) with hydroxyapatite (HAp)... more The fabrication of bio-composite-derived bovine amniotic membrane (BAM) with hydroxyapatite (HAp) is an approach to combining organic and inorganic bio-material to improve the properties of both materials. This research aims to combine, fabricate and characterise the bio-composite of BAM–HA. The combination of bio-composite is made from BAM and HAp in a ratio of 30:70, 35:65, and 40:60. Dried BAM is immersed in saline and then blended until it forms an amniotic slurry with a jelly-like consistency. At this stage, HAp is added so that it can bind to BAM. After the mixture is homogeneous, the freeze-drying process is carried out. After fabrication, all the bio-composites were characterised using Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and porosity analysis, and biological activity was conducted using fibroblasts. The bio-composite has functional groups of amides I, II, III, A, B, OH, CO32− and PO43− according to the r...
The potential of using saliva as a diagnostic fluid is well documented. The aim of this study was... more The potential of using saliva as a diagnostic fluid is well documented. The aim of this study was to assess the quality and quantity of saliva DNA of alcoholic and non-alcoholic participants using three saliva collection methods; DNA-Sal TM (Oasis Diagnostics, USA), Oragene-DNA (DNA Genotek Inc, Ontario, Canada) and whole saliva collection method. Saliva DNA of non-alcoholic (n=30) and alcoholic participants (n=10) age between 25 and 35 years was assessed qualitatively and quantitatively using spectrophotometry. Saliva DNA quantity was the highest for all participants when using the DNA-Sal TM saliva collection kit (p<0.05). The use of a mechanical scraper provided only in the DNA-Sal TM kit may have contributed to the highest DNA yield for all participants. The quantity of saliva DNA when assessed using spectrophotometer was found to be significantly lower (p<0.05) for the alcoholic (16±3.57 ng/μL) than non-alcoholic participants (19.92±6.18 ng/ μL). To determine the integrity of the DNA samples, PCR amplification of the Alcohol Dehydrogenase gene, ADH1B was carried out and the PCR was found to be successful. For all participants, the DNA quality of the saliva collected using the three saliva collection methods was found to be in the acceptable range considered as pure DNA. The DNA quality and quantity of saliva collected from the three saliva collection methods were considered suitable for research purposes.
The ecosystem within the oral cavity is unique as it is a result of interactions between componen... more The ecosystem within the oral cavity is unique as it is a result of interactions between components such as the oral fluids and oral microorganisms with structures of the oral soft and hard tissues. The soft structures are represented by the mucous membranes while the hard surface is represented by the teeth. Both the soft and hard tissue structures influence the distribution of microbes in the mouth. Some surfaces like those at the gingival junction protect their microbial inhabitants from any physical forces or/and chemical interactions, whereas other surfaces like the lingual incisal surface do not. Thus, the oral cavity represents a host environment that possessed features that support the establishment and growth of a great diversity of microbes. The cheek mucosa, the tongue, the gingival crevice and the tooth surface provide sites with different physicochemical and nutritional microenvironment that allows for the adherence and growth of selective microorganisms.
Introduction: C. tropicalis and C. krusei have emerged as virulent species causing oral infection... more Introduction: C. tropicalis and C. krusei have emerged as virulent species causing oral infections. Both have developed resistance to commonly prescribed azole antifungal agents. Objective: The study aimed to determine the effect of mouth rinses containing chlorhexidine digluconate (CHX), cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) and their combination (CHX–CPC) on the growth of these strains. Methods: The minimal inhibition concentrations (MIC) of the mouth rinses were determined. The growth curves of the strains produced under the mouth rinse-treated and untreated conditions, as well as alterations to the morphology of the growth colonies and cells following the treatments were compared and analysed. Results: The MICs of CPC compared to CHX mouth rinses were found to be lower for both Candida sp. In the mixed formulation, CPC doubled the inhibitory effect of CHX towards both Candida sp., while CHX quadrupled the activity of CPC towards C. tropicalis. The growth colonies also appeared coarse, ...
The use of oral gargle has gained popularity recently. Despite being either alcohol-based or plan... more The use of oral gargle has gained popularity recently. Despite being either alcohol-based or plant-based, the main purpose for the usage of oral gargle is to prevent the accumulation of heavy plaque or oral malodour, that usually caused by the growth of oral biofilm. In this study, the antimicrobial effect of Psidium guajava, Mangifera sp. and Mentha sp. was tested against the single-species biofilm consisting of Streptococcus sanguinis and Streptococcus mitis. The biofilms were allowed to grow on the saliva-coated glass beads in Nordini’s Artificial Mouth (NAM) model to represent the oral cavity for 24 hours. The saliva would form the experimental pellicle on the glass beads. The results obtained showed that biofilm of Streptococcus mitis displayed a maximum adherence (11.53%) compared to Streptococcus sanguinis (1.83%) on the untreated experimental pellicle. When the aqueous extraction of plant extract was applied on the experimental pellicle, the bacterial adherence was significa...
Objective: To compare the effect of phenotypic switching of Candida krusei on its susceptibility ... more Objective: To compare the effect of phenotypic switching of Candida krusei on its susceptibility towards fluconazole and voriconazole Methods: Candida krusei was revived from ATCC stock and cultured using spreading technique on Yeast Extract Potato Dextrose (YEPD) agar containing 5 mg Phloxine B dye. Following a 5-days incubation period, colonies showing a switch in the colour from the original were counted and considered as having a phenotypic switch in the first generation. These colonies were then subcultured on new media plates. Phenotypic switching of Candida krusei was repeated and observed for four generations. Each generation was tested for their response to fluconazole and voriconazole disks on Mueller-Hinton (MH) agar plate and incubated for 24 hours at 37C. Results: Candida krusei in the first to the third generation was found to be resistant to fluconazole. In contrast, a mild susceptibility was observed in the fourth switched generation. Alternatively, Candida krusei we...
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