Papers by Khandker H . Ahmed
These are social dialogues on public policy issues with democracy and democratic system to build ... more These are social dialogues on public policy issues with democracy and democratic system to build in any society as the theme of writing. Highlights of this episode are:
1. Nobody can agree more that the main reason for Partition of India in 1947 (the Partition) was religious intolerance or communal mentality;
2. Whether we could find a democratic solution without the Partition is a difficult question that requires a lot of 'home works' to answer;
3. A humanitarian disaster also came about during the Partition because the mass migration on both sides caused great loss of lives and property;
4. We can consider the arguments of those who blame the Partition as the cause of impoverishment as 'ad hominem attacks' because they apply emotion or bias more than intelligence to the poverty-Partition question;
5. Whether the people of a country or society are in good condition or in peace at any one time depends on whether those people have done the necessary things to live in that way at that time;
6. The wellbeing of the people of a country depends not only on the internal politics of that country, but also on how well the internal politics is able to 'fit in' with the politics of the outside world; So, ‘equipping own house’ is the first and the foremost thing to complete; There will always be interdependence of both outside and inside of any country.
7. It is easy to understand that divided power is weaker than the undivided; By accepting the Partition, we have perhaps swallowed a bitter pill;
8. When it comes to poverty in the subcontinent, the history of the Partition and deprivation before or after the Partition arise automatically in mind;
I am trying to convey that the global value chains (GVCs) trade can add more value to readymade g... more I am trying to convey that the global value chains (GVCs) trade can add more value to readymade garments (RMG) industries of a developing country like Bangladesh than the traditional trade. This is because the GVCs trade has many distinctive characteristics (and surmountable barriers) that can contribute to even more value addition than that of traditional trade. Target audience could include development professionals, anyone engaged in international trade, academia, policy professionals, textile and clothing business or simply anyone interest in the topic.
Global Value Chains (GVCs) are a powerful driver of productivity growth, job creation, and increa... more Global Value Chains (GVCs) are a powerful driver of productivity growth, job creation, and increased living standards.
গণমাধ্যম ও বাক-স্বাধীনতাঃ তথ্য অধিকার আইন, ২০০৯ঃ একটি গণতান্ত্রিক পর্যালোচনা
Harlem Renaissance was a cultural movement and the identity of many African Americans lies in thi... more Harlem Renaissance was a cultural movement and the identity of many African Americans lies in this movement. Although historians disagree as to when the Harlem Renaissance began and ended, it is widely held that it spanned the 1920s and 1930s, the zenith of which was between 1924 and 1929. At that time, it was also known as the "New Negro Movement". It rested on a support system of black patrons, black-owned businesses and publications. However, it also depended on the patronage of white Americans, such as Carl Van Vechten and Charlotte Osgood Mason, who provided various forms of assistance. Creative works of African Americans like art, poetry, theatre, music as well as migration, politics and many social aspects are intricately related to this movement. Besides, the Harlem Renaissance helped lay the foundation for the post-World War II phase of the Civil Rights Movement.
In the view of the continued innovation, the developing countries will need to act fast to ensure... more In the view of the continued innovation, the developing countries will need to act fast to ensure that they can compete in the future world economy. To stay competitive, they will have to harness the benefits of technology and to dull its worst disruptions. For that reason, they will need to invest urgently in their people, especially in health and education, because these two sectors are the building blocks of human capital. Apparently, to this end, individuals and families often cannot afford the costs of acquiring the human capital. Even if it is affordable, individual decisions may vary because of lack of information, or may be restricted because of the established social norms. Normally, individuals also do not consider the wider social benefits created by their collective actions. For these reasons, governments should have an important role to play in fostering human capital acquisition. In this context, I strongly believe that the Human Capital Index (HCI) of the World Bank and its indicators would be useful in nurturing, comparing and tracking progress of human resource development (HRD) activities in Bangladesh as well as in capturing the country’s future productivity effectively from time to time. This paper has details about HCI 2018, Bangladesh's position and the way Bangladesh could be benefited from its use in human capital development.
In view of the continued innovation, the developing countries will need to act fast to ensure tha... more In view of the continued innovation, the developing countries will need to act fast to ensure that they can compete in the future world economy. To stay competitive, they will have to harness the benefits of technology and to dull its worst disruptions. That’s why they will need to urgently invest in their people, especially in health and education, because these two sectors are the building blocks of human capital. I strongly believe that the Human Capital Index (HCI) of the World Bank, prepared for the first time, effectively captures a country’s future productivity although it has room to excel in future.
In today's world, there are many contexts, both national and international, for the growing need ... more In today's world, there are many contexts, both national and international, for the growing need of financing and investment for an emerging market and developing economy (EMDE) like Bangladesh. According to the criteria of IMF s World Economic Outlook (WEO), Bangladesh is one of the world's 155 EMDEs. Presently, EMDEs have the higher growth potential because they offer higher returns and diversity for the investors. Moreover, like other EMDEs, Bangladesh needs to finance for its budgetary obligations every year e.g., revenue expenses (for service delivery), development expenses etc. while, as a member of the global community, it also has to unlock finance to meet global challenges like 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) by 2030 and the Paris climate agreement. As presented in a World Bank MOOC course "Unlocking Investment and Finance in Emerging Markets and Developing Economies (EMDEs)" I attended, climate change impacts could push an additional 100 million people into poverty by 2030 unless the world urgently transitions to low-carbon climate-resilient infrastructure, and value chains, and adopts climate friendly economic models. Although new global trends pose unprecedented challenges to policymakers around the world, they also create unprecedented investment opportunities for investors. However, as stated in that course, very little is being invested in EMDEs compared to the rest of the world. In other words, around USD 1.5 trillion a year goes to EMDE countries (where most of the funds only go to 10 of the EMDE countries). This indicates that several other EMDE countries are suffering lack of investment
The rising rate of obesity in young adolescents (age group 11-15) is a growing concern in the Uni... more The rising rate of obesity in young adolescents (age group 11-15) is a growing concern in the United States. “Obesity is defined as weighing 20 percent more than the average for people of similar age, height, body type and sex. Obesity correlates with increased risk of cardiovascular disease, high blood pressure, diabetes, and liver and kidney problems. Young adolescents have a greater risk of obesity than children because their metabolism rates start to decline” (Heindel, p. 49). Students with childhood obesity (SWCO) should receive an appropriate education in middle schools. Education should develop the whole child, even if a child has obesity, and cultivate all of the skills, attitudes, and knowledge necessary for successful integration into the society.
This paper will address “The Country of Origin Labeling (COOL) Issue and Its Legal Options with C... more This paper will address “The Country of Origin Labeling (COOL) Issue and Its Legal Options with Consequences in International Trade.” The thesis for this research project is " Can an importer ‘Y’ of Bangladesh importing the heart-soothing medicine, Zocor, from a US based multi-national enterprise (MNE) and manufacturer, ‘X’, which ships the Zocor consignment without the country of origin labeling (COOL) on its package have a cause of action against X to find a legal solution under prevailing international laws to release the consignment from Bangladesh customs authority?”
The paper will outline the relevant facts and identify the specific legal issue. It will then address the relevant legal authorities (both primary and secondary) and the appropriate legal jurisdictions eligible to decide on the issue. Once the facts and law are identified, it will conduct legal analysis and counter-analysis to determine the best answer to the question posed. For sources of information, I used textbooks, previous course materials in the program as well as a bulk of exciting and useful online resources including many legal texts, reports etc. from the websites of prominent organizations of the United States, Bangladesh and some inter-governmental organizations (IGOs). A list of references has been appended at the end of this document.
On these facts, the court will probably find that the claimant Y has succeeded to state a cause of action (COA) for breach of contract against X in a municipal court or World Trade Organization (TWO) because X did not conform to the requirement of international trade laws for country of origin labeling (COOL) standards under prevailing international laws. Y is likely to prevail in its COA to be compensated by the contractual remedies.
Keywords: Country of origin (COO) rules, The United States of America, Bangladesh, World Trade Organization (WTO), International Court of Justice (ICJ), World Customs Organization (WCO), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, The United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG), Uniform Commercial Code (UCC), West Law, Dispute Settlement Body, among others.
In this assignment, I will write a research paper on “Occupational Safety Issues in Readymade Gar... more In this assignment, I will write a research paper on “Occupational Safety Issues in Readymade Garments Industry of Bangladesh.” Thesis statement of this research is "Occupational safety standards in readymade garments (RMG) industry of Bangladesh must be raised to its international level." I argued in favor of the statement while outlined possible counter-arguments that pose great challenge to such amelioration of safety standards in the RMG industries as practiced in its international level. Also, present Bangladesh labor rules and policies have been discussed in details. For sources of information, I used textbook and online resources from Government of Bangladesh, International Labor Organization (ILO), many news articles, among others.
Keywords: Occupational safety, International Labor Organization (ILO), Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), Rana Plaza, International, Readymade Garments (RMG), working environment, compensation etc.
Target audience of my digital artifact will be the public in general. That is why it is written i... more Target audience of my digital artifact will be the public in general. That is why it is written in simple layperson’s perspective that will give them an overall idea on the topic. The topic of my final project is “Potentials and Challenges of Public Private Partnership (PPP) Financing in a Developing Country like Bangladesh”. Many developing countries (including Bangladesh) face great barriers in bridging the investment gaps to build theirs infrastructure bases and other large projects. This digital artifact would simply try to explain the concept of PPP financing as a solution to this problem particularly in the context of Bangladesh.
Other by Khandker H . Ahmed
Economic development of a country depends on numerous factors such as political stability, extrac... more Economic development of a country depends on numerous factors such as political stability, extraction of natural resources, industrialization, agricultural production, good governance, export incomes etc. For any production, there must be some investment beforehand. Some countries lack investment fund as well as technological advantages. Investment requirements are met up by several ways such as internal resource mobilization, foreign borrowings, portfolio investments, foreign direct investment (FDI) etc. As regards the Foreign Direct Investment, there exist wide spread controversies on whether FDI boosts host country’s economy or not. Some countries adopts restrictive approach towards FDI, for example, Korea in earlier days while others welcome FDI to enhance economic growth.
This article is about an integrated national data system (INDS) to be developed with a developing... more This article is about an integrated national data system (INDS) to be developed with a developing country perspective, like Bangladesh, as to how data could be collected, stored, analyzed, used, repurposed and reused in order to unleash their great untapped potential to generate economic and social values for the society. Target audience of this article is any individual, in general, including actors in the public sector institutions, civil society, academia, private sector as well as international and regional organizations. Although data have harmful consequences for individuals, businesses, and societies, they have tremendous potential as well, still mostly untapped for a developing country like Bangladesh, to improve the lives of poor people.
With the rapid advancement of information and communication technology (ICT) in modern times, the... more With the rapid advancement of information and communication technology (ICT) in modern times, there has been an unprecedented growth of a variety of data along with their multifarious influences, both positive and negative, in our lives. In fact, the data revolution is transforming the world. Data can be collected, stored, analyzed, used, repurposed and reused in order to unleash their great potential to generate economic and social values. In other words, data collected for one purpose can be used in applications far beyond those originally anticipated. Many ICT giants, like Google, Face Book etc., have made their fortunes by releasing these values through data transformations to momentously impact our lives and the society. Like businesses, public sector institutions can also release the values from data. However, that does not happen automatically. Promoting and strengthening data literacy of the senior leadership in the public sector institutions could also help unleash enormous amount of untapped value for the society.
Is 'choice' a democratic word?
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Papers by Khandker H . Ahmed
1. Nobody can agree more that the main reason for Partition of India in 1947 (the Partition) was religious intolerance or communal mentality;
2. Whether we could find a democratic solution without the Partition is a difficult question that requires a lot of 'home works' to answer;
3. A humanitarian disaster also came about during the Partition because the mass migration on both sides caused great loss of lives and property;
4. We can consider the arguments of those who blame the Partition as the cause of impoverishment as 'ad hominem attacks' because they apply emotion or bias more than intelligence to the poverty-Partition question;
5. Whether the people of a country or society are in good condition or in peace at any one time depends on whether those people have done the necessary things to live in that way at that time;
6. The wellbeing of the people of a country depends not only on the internal politics of that country, but also on how well the internal politics is able to 'fit in' with the politics of the outside world; So, ‘equipping own house’ is the first and the foremost thing to complete; There will always be interdependence of both outside and inside of any country.
7. It is easy to understand that divided power is weaker than the undivided; By accepting the Partition, we have perhaps swallowed a bitter pill;
8. When it comes to poverty in the subcontinent, the history of the Partition and deprivation before or after the Partition arise automatically in mind;
The paper will outline the relevant facts and identify the specific legal issue. It will then address the relevant legal authorities (both primary and secondary) and the appropriate legal jurisdictions eligible to decide on the issue. Once the facts and law are identified, it will conduct legal analysis and counter-analysis to determine the best answer to the question posed. For sources of information, I used textbooks, previous course materials in the program as well as a bulk of exciting and useful online resources including many legal texts, reports etc. from the websites of prominent organizations of the United States, Bangladesh and some inter-governmental organizations (IGOs). A list of references has been appended at the end of this document.
On these facts, the court will probably find that the claimant Y has succeeded to state a cause of action (COA) for breach of contract against X in a municipal court or World Trade Organization (TWO) because X did not conform to the requirement of international trade laws for country of origin labeling (COOL) standards under prevailing international laws. Y is likely to prevail in its COA to be compensated by the contractual remedies.
Keywords: Country of origin (COO) rules, The United States of America, Bangladesh, World Trade Organization (WTO), International Court of Justice (ICJ), World Customs Organization (WCO), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, The United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG), Uniform Commercial Code (UCC), West Law, Dispute Settlement Body, among others.
Keywords: Occupational safety, International Labor Organization (ILO), Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), Rana Plaza, International, Readymade Garments (RMG), working environment, compensation etc.
Other by Khandker H . Ahmed
1. Nobody can agree more that the main reason for Partition of India in 1947 (the Partition) was religious intolerance or communal mentality;
2. Whether we could find a democratic solution without the Partition is a difficult question that requires a lot of 'home works' to answer;
3. A humanitarian disaster also came about during the Partition because the mass migration on both sides caused great loss of lives and property;
4. We can consider the arguments of those who blame the Partition as the cause of impoverishment as 'ad hominem attacks' because they apply emotion or bias more than intelligence to the poverty-Partition question;
5. Whether the people of a country or society are in good condition or in peace at any one time depends on whether those people have done the necessary things to live in that way at that time;
6. The wellbeing of the people of a country depends not only on the internal politics of that country, but also on how well the internal politics is able to 'fit in' with the politics of the outside world; So, ‘equipping own house’ is the first and the foremost thing to complete; There will always be interdependence of both outside and inside of any country.
7. It is easy to understand that divided power is weaker than the undivided; By accepting the Partition, we have perhaps swallowed a bitter pill;
8. When it comes to poverty in the subcontinent, the history of the Partition and deprivation before or after the Partition arise automatically in mind;
The paper will outline the relevant facts and identify the specific legal issue. It will then address the relevant legal authorities (both primary and secondary) and the appropriate legal jurisdictions eligible to decide on the issue. Once the facts and law are identified, it will conduct legal analysis and counter-analysis to determine the best answer to the question posed. For sources of information, I used textbooks, previous course materials in the program as well as a bulk of exciting and useful online resources including many legal texts, reports etc. from the websites of prominent organizations of the United States, Bangladesh and some inter-governmental organizations (IGOs). A list of references has been appended at the end of this document.
On these facts, the court will probably find that the claimant Y has succeeded to state a cause of action (COA) for breach of contract against X in a municipal court or World Trade Organization (TWO) because X did not conform to the requirement of international trade laws for country of origin labeling (COOL) standards under prevailing international laws. Y is likely to prevail in its COA to be compensated by the contractual remedies.
Keywords: Country of origin (COO) rules, The United States of America, Bangladesh, World Trade Organization (WTO), International Court of Justice (ICJ), World Customs Organization (WCO), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, The United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG), Uniform Commercial Code (UCC), West Law, Dispute Settlement Body, among others.
Keywords: Occupational safety, International Labor Organization (ILO), Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), Rana Plaza, International, Readymade Garments (RMG), working environment, compensation etc.
1. In a country or society, if experts share their specialized thoughts without ‘keeping quiet,’ the common people can benefit from it; just as it would help in the sharing of knowledge, so it would discourage many people from speaking inconsiderately.
2. We would like to see the new generation of people strong in ‘mental forte,’ not immersed in despair.
3. Instead of keeping quiet, we should reflect the democratic mentality and give appropriate and reasonable answers in a polished and well-designed language at the appropriate place and time; we should understand not only the ‘benefits of being silent,’ but also the ‘benefits of raising voice’ in a democratic manner.
4. There are both ‘benefits of being silent’ and ‘benefits of raising voice;’ both can have disadvantages too; certainly, there is the issue of ‘place-time-vessel;’ therefore, after considering everything, we should do what logically appears to yield positive results in the long run.
5. If we all practice a democratic mindset, it will undoubtedly help in establishing a democratic society.
6. In a democracy, people have freedom of speech; people can speak rationally and fairly; and if someone 'stifle the vice,’ we must protest in a democratic manner.
7. We have to practice properly for a transition from an authoritarian regime or mindset to a democratic regime or mindset.
8. ‘Argumentum ex silentio’ (argument from silence) is both a Latin proverb and a ‘logical fallacy,’ which can occur if a person takes a decision or draws a conclusion in the absence of information or evidence in something; here, the absence of information or evidence indicates silence, for which the proverb is also called the ‘fallacy of quietism.’
9. For the improvement of democracy, a country or society needs many good attorneys or people like them who will analyze complex issues from all possible perspectives and present them clearly before the people; it is both necessary and expected among the new generation too.
10. The Latin phrase ‘ex aequo’ (from the equal) means ‘on equal footing;’ we can apply this concept of equality, like a tie in a competition, to democracy or human rights as well; for example, national unity or finding a common ground, equality of opportunity or equal right to access as citizens, treating everyone equally with fairness (without bias), facing problems as equals acquiring appropriate skills etc.
11. To solve the problems in human society, many ‘thoughtful minds’ are needed who will make the society beautiful and peaceful with their thoughts and innovations.
1. The proposition, as stated in the American document of declaration of independence, ‘The Declaration of Independence, 1776’, is ‘First come rights, and then comes government;’ we can consider the proposition as a political theory.
2. Human rights and fairness are the inner issues in democracy.
3. One should be a genuine human rights activist, not like one lacking ‘daisy-clad’ activism for social change.
4. It clearly appears that the number of ‘No. 2’ people is increasing day by day in society; just as the number of incidents like murder-conspiracy-irregularity-mismanagement-corruption-opacity-fabrication in society is increasing, so is the number of hypocrites; because human rights are being grossly violated, the world is gradually becoming a haven for complete selfish people today.
5. If we can increase the number of genuine human rights activists, the number of wrongdoers will decrease or be forced to retreat; then it will be easier to work in the space for human rights; however, it is not entirely correct to say that simply increasing the number of human rights activists will solve those problems, we must go from deep to deeper into the problems.
6. If there is innovation, it is possible to find simple solutions to many problems.
7. Protecting human rights is both the purpose and the duty of government; human rights may be the standard of performance for government; if the government fails to protect human rights, then people can justify the alteration or abolition of that government.
8. Inalienable rights are those rights that are so closely connected with the nature or character of a person, as a human being, that they cannot be transferred to another person; even if the person concerned allows such transfer, it cannot be done; we cannot deprive or divest them of those rights by any agreement.
9. The right to ‘life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness’ is stated in the Declaration of Independence, 1776.
10. Birth establishes the right to life, which is also a natural right; the right is an inalienable right of the child from which he/she ‘cannot be deprived or divested’ and the child has the right to stay in that place of nature; in other words, the child acquires the right to become a citizen of that country; the United States grants citizenship by birth on this principle, which is known, in jurisprudence, as the principle of jus soli (right of the soil) and it is reasonable.
11. If someone respects the right to life of a person, he/she cannot take that right away, except in the case of trial under applicable laws; one cannot take away the life that one cannot give back.
12. We should have respect for inalienable rights to improve peace, order, and security in society.
13. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR), 1948, adopted by the United Nations, embodies the rights and freedoms of all people in the world and it is the first document recognized as the protection of universal fundamental human rights.
14. The ideas and words on human rights can help end authoritarian regime and authoritarian mindset for a transition to democratic regime and democratic mindset.
2. To build a modern, knowledge-based, non-discriminatory, non-communal and advanced democratic society, we should utilize the enthusiasm and vitality of the young generation; to achieve that goal, the young generation also should dedicate themselves to acquiring essential knowledge, skills, and experiences.
3. Many young people have the curious mind and strong desire for knowledge or inquisitiveness; we can use this quality of the young generation to build a knowledge-based society.
4. The younger need appropriate 'guidance' from the older and it is the responsibility of the older to provide it to them; to bring about positive democratic change, there is a need of proper coordination between the younger and the older.
5. Just as the youth need to have a positive attitude and simplicity towards acquiring knowledge, so they need to acquire the capability to think broadly for taking good decisions or providing opinions on any issue; they need to experience the ‘hard prose’ of life as well as to find ways to solve problems.
6. We neither want any dishonest older nor any dishonest younger; we want ‘purity’ in people who will take society forward with their ‘simplicity in mind;’ we also want to bring out good leaderships from among the youth.
7. The phrase ‘totalitarian state’ means, ‘a state in which there is no place for any rival political party;’ similarly, ‘totalitarianism’ is a ‘form of government that seeks to exercise absolute control over citizens and permits no political opposition. The government claims to represent all aspects of the nation and its people.’
8. ‘Fascism’ is both ‘a political ideology, and a mass movement that found its greatest expression in post-World War I Europe, particularly in Germany and Italy. Fascism is also called national socialism. Fascists believe in the dominant role of elite in shaping the destiny of both a people and a country, and the need for a militarized nationalism. Elections, liberal cultural and social values, and democratic competition are anathema to fascist ideologies.’
9. Fascism can be considered another form of authoritarianism.
10. We need to think about how to develop a mindset of respect for human rights in contrast to the authoritarian mindset.
2. ‘Authoritarianism’ is a ‘system of government in which an individual or a small group of powerful elite[s] exercise control and in which loyalty and obedience are prized rather than safeguards to protect citizen rights and freedoms. Alternative centers of power are restricted, minorities are made into scapegoats, those in power do not tolerate political opposition, and often use power for their personal economic or political gain.’
3. In the ‘authoritarian’ system of government, an individual or a small group of powerful elites plays the role of the controller; therefore, people’s right to the opportunity for equal access is not available in ‘authoritarianism;’ for the same reason, we can easily say that the opportunity for democratic ‘empowerment’ of the people is also not there or is limited.
4. The Latin proverb ‘Ex turpi causa non oritur actio’ means that ‘from a dishonorable cause an action does not arise;’ accordingly, if the claims of an individual or interest group arise from their illegal activities, they cannot get the protection of the law because their claims arise as a result of or in continuation with their own illegal actions.
5. Persecution of minorities is an act contrary to democratic practice that occurs in different countries of the world.
6. In a democratic system, open discussion with respect at equal terms is possible and it is very important; dignified and respectful relation at equal terms is good, there is no need to look at people as major or minor. However, all concerned must be very careful at this point so that no dishonorable actions or expressions are exposed.
7. Non-tolerance of the opposition political party is contrary to the democratic practice; it is very important, in a democratic culture, to identify the true and reasonable position on any issue through discussion and accept that position by all concerned.
8. On the one hand, the term ‘autarky’ is an economic concept or movement; on the other hand, it is associated with authoritarian regimes.
9. Today’s era is the era of globalization; the fourth industrial revolution has already begun, at the center of which stays the artificial intelligence and it will control many aspects of our lives in the coming days; no one today talks about creating a ladder of prosperity alone; there is no country in the modern world that follows a complete autarkic policy.
10. Every one of the terms ‘autarchism,’ ‘autarky’ and ‘autocracy’ is an ideology or practice; ‘autarchism’ promotes individual self-governance; ‘autarky’ promotes social, cultural, and economic self-sufficiency, and ‘autocracy’ promotes the concentration of power in the hands of one person.
11. ‘Autocracy’ is ‘a political system in which power is centralized in a single individual who is accountable neither to laws, nor people through regular competitive elections, nor the political institutions through which power is exercised;’ a system or a person that is not accountable to anyone cannot be called democratic.
12. Just as the media should release news items with transparency in a democratic system, so any government in power should uphold the law and maintain transparency in dealing with the media; that is correct.
13. Although monarchy was prevalent in medieval Europe, dictatorship form of authoritarian government is found most common in the modern world; the names of numerous dictators can be found in history.
2. Whatever the amount of work may be, we should work with full concentration; if the work is not good, no due benefit can be expected from it; even the venture may fail completely and may have to start over.
3. It is possible to run the governance system with a democratic mentality by avoiding autocratic or authoritarian mindset; however, everyone must abide by the rule of law and uphold individual personality.
4. Commentary during social interaction is not an autocratic or authoritarian mindset, it is simply an expression or exchange of ideas; there is nothing wrong with social interaction if it is not forceful or coercive or against human rights.
5. 'Filibuster' is a legislative term and technique used to delay the enactment of legislation; so, it can be easily said that 'filibuster,’ even if allowed, is a kind of obstruction tactic or coercive act.
6. If a person answers 'yes' and 'no' to something without thinking rationally, which we can call 'dismiss,' then that person's mentality can be called autocratic or authoritarian and people can easily grasp it as a coercive act as well.
7. In liberal arts, 'faithful study helps to develop the qualities of human character that can free people from cruelty' and can provide 'the ability to be introspective and creative as well as to be analytic to deal with social, environmental, economic and political problems;’ thus, humanities prepare us for life and one can get out of autocratic or authoritarian mindset if one wants to; however, if one does not want to, studying humanities will do all but nothing.
8. The Magna Carta (1215) forced the despotic king to come out of an autocratic or authoritarian mindset; the document stated that the king and his government were not above the law and had to abide by the rule of law, and could not rule at will.
9. The Magna Carta (1215) helped create the United States Constitution and other documents; the document can also be considered as a milestone in the history of constitutional democracy.
1. Political systems in countries around the world are becoming increasingly authoritarian and power-oriented, which is clear from many contemporary events; to avoid a transition from a democratic system to an authoritarian system, it is necessary to think deeply about the issues to be solved.
2. Many universities or institutions in the world conduct short study program (e.g., Teach-Out MOOC) for free distribution of knowledge on the Internet, which can be very helpful for people who have quest for knowledge.
3. All of us adults were children once; may Allah (or the Creator) not make anyone an orphan on earth; let all the orphans of the world be victorious, let all the orphans' 'just rights' be fulfilled.
4. When the democratic system associates with the capitalist economic system, it is called Capitalist Democracy or Democratic Capitalism.
5. Democracy does not mean electoral 'one-day democracy;’ the real power belongs to the people, so to believe in democracy and that is right; rulers only perform the duties of governance; not only that, people's empowerment should also be achieved under democratic rules.
6. The special feature of capitalist democracy is that it has a private sector driven economic system and that it is based on a market-based economy as well as a pluralist culture.
7. During the decision-making process, the most productive or the most effective subject matters should be given priority; that is beneficial.
8. There are many things associated with the word ‘expression,’ such as speech, sign language, writing, thoughts, conscience, etc.; to speak or write anything, you must think about it and to consider if it is good or bad, you must resort to conscience.
9. The First Amendment of the United States Constitution does not ‘apply to all speech and there are some restrictions;’ speech that is ‘obscene, defamatory, false advertising, a true threat, or fighting words is not protected;’ commercial speech is ‘less protected than political speech and is subject to greater regulation.’
10. Freedom of expression is not free because there are limitations, even though it is about democracy.
2. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), a 'pandemic' disease would be "a worldwide spread of a new disease;" For example, on March 11, 2019, the organization called the COVID-19 disease a 'pandemic;’ to understand the meaning of the word 'pandemic' well, the meaning of the word 'epidemic' should also be understood alongside.
3. Spread of infectious diseases or epidemics are associated with poverty; they cause poor people job loss, material hardship as well as income, assets, and mental health consequences.
4. Due to the closure of schools and resulting distance learning systems during the pandemic, children's normal learning process is disrupted; however, it is also possible to acquire decent knowledge in distance learning method with the application of technology; much of a student’s learning depends on his/her own willingness.
5. The COVID-19 pandemic had an adverse impact on the economic, social and health sectors of the United States; however, quick, and appropriate policy action taken by the government helped overcome the crisis and maintain the lowest poverty rate in history.
6. Sources of data used in research must be reliable; otherwise, there may be room for people to doubt the research work and the results obtained out of it.
7. It is expected that keeping the 'method of producing a monthly measurement of poverty' together with the 'traditional annual measurement' to verify the country's poverty situation would be productive; it will allow to take necessary, quick, and appropriate actions, if required.
8. Poverty is a root cause of child hunger; child starvation can lead to ‘wasting;’ for the same reason, their growth may be ‘stunted,’ making them look shorter than their age.
2. That there can be differences of opinion on the same issue within a political party is part of the democratic culture where decisions can be made through secret ballots after open discussion or debate.
3. It is better empowering people by giving importance to the ‘son of the soil’ while trying to 'stand on own feet' than paying 'too much' attention to geopolitics; it is a matter of consideration to what extent we are doing that work.
4. It is evident that political governments become corrupt in many countries; there is no one to empower people today by giving importance to the ‘son of the soil.’
5. The word 'Balkanize' means 'to break up into small parts which are often hostile to each other;’ the term also has a geographic security perception.
6. If a community works unanimously, instead of being socially and psychologically 'balkanized' in their poverty alleviation efforts, then that poverty alleviation work can be easier for them.
7. In democracy, there can be difference of opinions and 'agree to disagree' is the phrase of democracy; however, in democracy, we can decide unanimously which is true.
8. The notion of 'not being balkanized' is consistent with the democratic mindset; that is, integration, not fragmentation, reflects the democratic mindset because division can narrow the space of people's 'fair rights' while integration, if it transpires, with collective consciousness can expand the space of people's 'fair rights;' here, by democracy, we mean 'fair rights' of the people.
9. To achieve a goal, we may need to do something unpleasant somewhere else in the process and move forward by overcoming the adversity. This we can express by a proverb, 'Break some eggs to make an omelet;' in other words, doing something good may require doing something unpleasant, which we justify in the greater interest of achieving the goal.
10. If we do not burden any one person and share the responsibility, then it is easier to do the work and the ‘equal rights’ or ‘fair rights’ of all are secured, which aligns with our democratic concept.
11. It is best to avoid hubris and adopt a 'low-profile' mindset; this mindset was one of the psychological aspects in China's development process; as we know, for that purpose, there was necessary guideline from their leaders to the people.
12. Experience teaches (experientia docet) and experience is what we need to take with us; in poverty alleviation efforts, we may also need to 'learn from mistakes' and to move forward by correcting them; there is no substitute for experience though, the new generation has a lot to put in their 'repertoire of experience.’
13. Poverty alleviation is a gigantic work, a collective form of many specific tasks; it is an ongoing process too; however, we must move forward with the objective in mind, which is true; there is no time to be slothful.
1. There is no precise definition of consensus about poverty; there are different methods, techniques, etc. at different levels to explain or measure poverty; however, there are also differences between or among them.
2. The sayings 'After meat comes mustard' and 'An empty sack cannot stand upright' are two proverbs that help a lot to understand what poverty is and who we should label as the poor.
3. Expert opinion has value; however, it is quite easy for people to understand, grasp or follow when they are led by example.
4. The core of the past five hundred years of European history on the Reformation, Enlightenment, etc. is 'why' or ‘the reasoning’ or ‘the rationale;’ the value of 'why' is immense, it is an invaluable skill; we can say that a person who lacks understanding of 'why' will make wrong decisions for sure. There is a phrase called ‘logical fallacy,’ which we can explain in details; we are not talking about it here though.
5. Deng Xiaoping is the artisan of China's astonishing progress, who took the helm of the Chinese Communist Party in 1978; many of his policy changes and directions have made the rapid growth in China possible as we see today; for this contribution, Deng Xiaoping is called the "Architect of Modern China."
6. Without experience, many things in life cannot be understood properly; there must be a connection with feelings.
7. The younger generation has enthusiasm and vitality; they can become skilled if they want to; skills are to be acquired; it is possible to acquire skills by working with innovation, effort, hard work, undivided attention, and sincerity.
8. Just as it is not desirable for anyone to go without food within the same population or community, so is also not acceptable for anyone to take (or get) unfair advantage; everyone except children, disabled, elderly people must come to the point of productivity or value creation; for eradication of poverty, there is no alternative to it.
9. In addition to sharing experience of the elders, we should also employ the youth in various activities related to poverty alleviation; the youth is mettlesome and, if that power is utilized, we can obtain good results from it.
10. Many countries in the world have reached the peak of development, many countries or regions are lagging; leveraging the experience of those who have reached the peak of development can yield good results.
1. All three words or phrases can be associated with poverty alleviation: economics, economic and economical.
2. Women, old people, and children are ‘the poorest of the poor’ in the society because they are systematically denied equal access to the resources available in the family; however, there may be some exceptions.
3. Philosophy, theology, modern science etc. can be relevant in the discussion of poverty alleviation.
4. The Latin phrase ex nihilo nihil fit means 'nothing comes from nothing;’ the phrase can be taken as a philosophical thought and its veracity can also be found.
5. Theologically, the Latin phrase ex nihilo nihil fit is not correct because, according to theology, the Creator created the universe from 'nothingness;’ In other words, creation from ‘nothingness’ only applies to Allah (or Creator) and not to our real lives.
6. Words or sayings that have the reflection of deep thoughts can be taken as philosophical thoughts or sayings.
2. It is good to encourage the practice of any religion, at the individual level, as part of the freedom of belief in democracy because the practice of religion (not religious politics) helps maintain peace and order in the society.
3. Suppressing-oppressing-injustice-torturing people, creating an environment of irregularity-mismanagement-corruption etc. go against the 'fair rights' of the people; there is no place, therefore, for these things in the 'democracy and democratic system;’ for the same reason, the concept of imperialism, feudalism and its practices or customs, colonial legacy, kingship, ‘familycracy’ etc. are also contrary to the 'democracy and democratic system.’
4. We should continue intellectual discussion to find the 'fair society' and the 'equitable solutions’ for any issue raised.
5. If we can act globally based on 'fair rights' of the people then it can play a big role in maintaining world peace; we should all cooperate in this regard so that the people of the world can benefit from such a 'democracy and democratic system.’
6. The Appalachian region is an area rich in many natural resources; the region is full of history, creativity, kindness, friendliness, understanding, hospitality etc.; travelers and tourists can visit the region to take away a lot of knowledge and experiences.
7. Tourism falls within travel; however, not all travel can be called tourism; that is, all tourisms are travels, but not all travels are tourisms.
8. The development of the travel and tourism industry is possible in both ways: either government or private ownership; what is more, there is no harm in developing it in a mixture of both; it can be coordination of public and private ownership or competition between them.
9. We can expand Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) to create many jobs in the tourism sector; this sector creates many small businesses run by small communities.
10. People's representatives need to think deeply about human poverty because solving the problems in people's lives, helping them to improve their quality of lives, and making necessary laws etc. fall under their responsibilities, although there are separate authorities, almost everywhere, to look after the development works.
11. Tourism development is linked to the alleviation of poverty in any region; we can apply many concepts related to tourism to that end.
12. The more goods or services are sold, the higher is the tax collection; the higher the number of tourists is in tourism, the higher goods or services are sold; As such, ‘pro-growth tourism’ is good for higher amount of tax collection.
13. Tourism industry cannot be developed without good workers; they are the lifeblood of this industry; necessary administrative measures should be taken to provide healthy and affordable housing for the workers.
14. A region's natural and cultural resources are very important for tourism development; it is also important to protect the natural environment for development of the tourism industry.
15. In the 1990s, the United Nations World Tourism Organization developed a global standard for measuring the impact of the tourism sector on development, called the 'Tourism Satellite Account' (TSA); TSA is an established framework used to measure the impact of an industry, such as the tourism industry (which cannot be defined easily), on development.
16. Although the amount of tourism is small, it has many indirect benefits; regional and local leadership must come forward to create a new narrative for Appalachian tourism; the Appalachian community must also step up.
1. It is the seller's responsibility to collect sales tax from the buyer and pay it to the government with every sale of good or service.
2. Lately, several organizations are being developed to provide services based on shared economy ideas; For example, Uber offers ride sharing and Airbnb offers temporary lodging services.
3. To fully understand travel and tourism, one must travel.
4. Ecotourism and conservation of biodiversity are very important for the development of a region and its tourism business.
5. The saying 'customers first' is very important and demands from of the customers are the lifeblood of businesses; business planning should be done keeping in mind the customers’ needs and preferences.
6. Suggestions or opinions (feedback) should be collected from the buyers and, in some cases, the buyers should also understand or should be given an opportunity to understand that the salable products or services can bring benefits to them in various ways.
7. Retaining good employees is critical to business growth; some may also have substance abuse problems.
8. Highly educated chef Mr. Matt Corbin thinks that 'a work ethic counts more than experience;’ an employee can be trained in skills, but whether he will work hard or not cannot be taught.
9. Instead of focusing on big businesses first, more attention should be paid to small businesses, and it is the small business that pulls the big business.
1. The people of the downtown Erwin (Tennessee) are proof that crises can be overcome by using innovative power; Erwin is a role model for other backward communities.
2. If there is a crisis of image, investors do not want to come forward for any development or support work.
3. A negative idea can be transformed into a positive one among people; we must learn how to change the image.
1. 'Poverty and poverty eradication' is a broad and complex concept; addressing the problem of poverty eradication is also a complex, broad, and comprehensive issue with no 'one-size-fits-all' solution.
2. If there is goodwill, the development programs can be taken forward in the right direction by eliminating corruption and democratically establishing a space for social justice.
3. Corruption-irregularity-mismanagement (corruption, in general) has a strong relationship with democracy, just like poverty; however, 'democracy' has to be perceived from the perspective of 'fair rights' of people and the term has to be defined accordingly.
4. Increasing the number of development programs, allocations etc. in rural communities will reduce the need for 'food for work' programs; if the transport and communication sectors are developed, there will be no such thing as remote areas; business and market expand because of increase in the movement of people.
5. We should emphasize on ‘rural economy’ and bring about 'structural changes' in the economy; we can lay the foundation for 'structural change' in rural communities through 'agricultural to agro-processing' transition, expansion of small and medium enterprises (SMEs), etc.
6. It is essential to establish the space for transparency and accountability, as part of the democratic system; otherwise, corruption-irregularity-mismanagement will spread and poverty alleviation efforts will be hindered.
7. Corruption is, indeed, harmful to a country or society as a whole; if the corruption is at a tolerable level, the entire country's production process may not be 'stalled'; if it happens on a large scale, the entire production process will be hampered and the worst victims of it will be the ordinary working people who have no chance of corruption; overall value creation will also be disrupted, no doubt.
8. There is a difference between someone who ‘earns huge money through corrupt and deceptive practices’ and someone who ‘earns money through hard work;’ social justice cannot be achieved in this way.
9. Many people want to live comfortably on honest earnings; such people believe in innovative power and hard work and, thereby, create the necessary value (products, services, skills, etc. whatever, that fulfills some type of need in life).
10. It is not correct to make any attempt to exculpate someone when there is clear evidence of major corruption against the person.
11. Wherever there is opacity as opposed to transparency, people will take advantage of it; it can be termed as human nature or character; however, because of reality, corruption must be controlled as well.
12. There is only one thing to say, which is the rule of law; legal and administrative actions should be taken against any corrupt person, no matter how high; however, if the power shelters or harbors them (for whatever reason), the drives will never be fully successful.
13. If a self-reliant, connected, and adaptive economy could be created (as far as possible), it would survive in the face of external pressures, shocks, natural events, war, global financial crisis, etc.; if that is the case, there will be no need for corruption, much can be done with transparency.
1. Not only poverty in general, homelessness and social stigma exacerbate 'substance abuse;’ ‘substance abuse’ can also make people homeless.
2. People with mental anxieties fall easy prey to drugs; drugs will yield to strong-minded people, not in mutuality; irrespective of the mentality of people, it is not desirable for anyone to lose the normal rhythm of life by 'substance abuse.’
3. People may 'yield to mental anxieties' because of social stigma; one who falls prey to social stigma, for whatever reason, may not have appropriate social balance; where the man needs help, he is subjected to social stigma, which is futile.
4. Someone can be the better speaker than a good speaker; that room of democratic excellence has to be maintained, which we often do not see in society.
5. The same thing can be perceived differently from different perspectives; whatever the point of view is, it must be founded on logic and appropriate data; if not, decision should not be taken from that perspective because, if the decision is wrong, everyone concerned will have to pay for it, no doubt.
6. 'Addiction does not discriminate'; the adage is also true in the affirmative; one person may 'welcome' drugs while the other may reject them; the difference is right there.
7. If a person grows up in an environment and/or circumstance in which drug dealing operates freely (i.e., not drug-free environment), that environment will ‘touch’ him for sure; a system must be devised so that such social environment is not or cannot be created.
8. We cannot identify ‘substance abuse’ or drug overdose as a human right.
9. When a person comes out of prison after a long imprisonment, he is in dire need of some assistance or supportive situation; all concerned can agree upon the post-prison planning so that a citizen of the state can re-enter the society properly and engage in productive works.
10. Opioid is a class of drugs; Opioids have morphine-like effects on the brain and they can be used for medical purposes; abuse of this substance can lead to the death of the person consuming it.
11. The number of Opioid overdose deaths in the United States continues to rise, with 81,806 deaths in 2022; according to the World Health Organization (WHO), the number of prescribed Opioid users is also increasing day by day.
12. At the national level, we can strengthen more specific programs on 'substance abuse' or drug overdose than they are in operation now; treatment plans can be made at the individual level.
13. Once recovered, necessary measures should be taken to ensure that no one gets involved in drugs again; these persons should be engaged in the productive activities of the mainstream society.
1. Every year many people die from ‘substance abuse’ in the world.
2. 'Substance abuse' means overindulgence in or dependence on addictive substances; 'substance abuse' causes social, physical, emotional, and occupational harms.
3. A patient should use narcotic substances as prescribed by the doctor; doctors cannot be blamed if the patient does not follow the advice and uses it excessively; however, doctors should be transparent in carrying out their professional responsibilities.
4. Poverty is associated with mental illness and/or 'substance abuse'.
5. The issue of 'substance abuse' can involve multiple parties; that is why it is important to bring all the stakeholders involved in 'substance abuse' into the process of accountability, transparency, monitoring and upgrading.
6. When people become poor, a sense of economic incapability works within them; although many other types of capabilities (mental, moral, intellectual, physical, etc.) are needed to survive in this world, being economically capable is quite important; no one should, however, wait for the worthless competition for wealth.
7. Economic incapability can cause a person to suffer from anxiety and low self-esteem; it is exactly at this time that the person can fall into mental illness (or imbalance) or start the 'substance abuse' habit.
8. Lack of education, mental or emotional instability and social discrimination increase the risk of drug addiction; anxious people turn to drugs easily and, with continued use, eventually develop the habit of 'substance abuse'.
9. Once a person gets caught up in the trap of 'substance abuse,’ it becomes very difficult for him/her to return to any stable economic position.
10. Like the 'vicious cycle of poverty,' 'substance abuse' can lead to the 'vicious cycle of drugs;’ it is true that ‘fighting addiction means fighting poverty and the vice versa.’
11. Many countries are legalizing drug use today, even the developed countries; governments can take necessary measures to cure their addiction and provide other facilities as needed; there is, however, no need to make everything legal for the public in general.
12. The problem of 'overdose deaths' is a gigantic social and global problem and we must find a solution to it.
1. The role of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) program in reducing world poverty is positive; although the program is not 100% successful in poverty alleviation, we can say it half successful.
2. The success of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) program is that the program has moved out of the policy world and entered the everyday lives of ordinary people; although the program has created its space of public awareness, we can say that, till date, the expected progress has not been achieved.
3. 'Eliminating poverty' (SDG1) from the world and making the world of 'zero hunger' (SDG 2) are not quite the same thing; while we must save lives the hungry by giving them food, we must help the poor to stand on their own feet as well.
4. South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa are home to 80 percent of the world's people under extreme poverty; here, too, progress of poverty alleviation is limited.
5. According to the United Nations, to alleviate world poverty, developed countries should provide developing (or poor) countries with several advantages that have not been fully achieved yet; some developed countries have met some of their promises or have partially met them.
6. Although large and influential countries of the world have an obligation to take care of in-house poverty, they should look at the poor countries at the same time; it is better to maintain a balance between the two; the ODA receiving countries should, however, make the best use of the assistance provided and try their best to stand on own feet.
7. Many countries lack the capacity to properly utilize ODA assistance; therefore, the developed countries can come forward to build the necessary capacity and, thus, it is better to work based on partnership, so that the development progress can be reviewed from time to time.
8. Loans or assistance are not given to any entity to sit on and eat away; it must create value to gradually become self-reliant; it would be good for all if weaker countries could stand up like this.
9. Using foreign aid successfully, it is possible to lay the foundation for development; countries like Taiwan, Botswana, Uganda, Mozambique, South Korea etc. have been able to do so; Not only the foreign aid has been effective, but its effectiveness has also increased day by day since 1980.
10. To “make poverty part of history,” large and well-targeted aid flows are not enough; developed and developing (or poor) countries need to do more.
11. Everyone has the responsibility to “make poverty part of history”; elimination of world poverty is not the work of any single party; if it succeeds, everyone will benefit, and if it fails, everyone will suffer in one way or another.
2. Be they poor or rich countries, all are somehow connected or dependent on all; no country can afford to remain alone or isolated.
3. Rich countries or their alliances can play a leading role in eliminating global poverty.
4. Poverty exists or may exist, more or less, in all countries of the world; although poverty is less in developed countries or regions, there are people living in poverty in some parts of the population or in some regions of the country.
5. If there is no poverty today, there is no way to say that no one will be poor tomorrow; moreover, the issue of rising or falling above or below the poverty line is a constant matter in many people's lives.
6. The World Bank plays a positive role in eradicating global poverty; the organization indirectly helps alleviate poverty through global development programs.
7. The speed and scale of poverty reduction in China is unprecedented in history; the reasons for it to happen are rapid economic growth, supported by broad-based economic transformation as well as the policies adopted and implemented by the government for the elimination of persistent poverty, behind which effective governance and a relatively high level of human capital have worked well.
8. The international community is playing a positive role in eradicating world poverty and their cooperation is very important.
9. The role of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) in eliminating world poverty is positive; the organization also takes measures to eradicate 'pocket poverty' within its member states.
10. Although the G-7 alliance does not have direct poverty alleviation work, it appears that it is helping indirectly to reduce world poverty.
2. Although terrorist activity is an extreme approach, it is also an extreme condition; being at one extreme, people can be frustrated; a frustrated person may choose the path of terrorism even though it is not desired by anyone.
3. No one wish for terrorism; we must find a way to solve the problem and succeed in it; peace-loving people long for that path.
4. Inequality in the distribution of income within a society may be the cause of deprivation and frustration, which create dissent and call for redistribution of wealth; if resources are not redistributed, conflicts, violence, discontent etc. may arise.
5. In a deprived society, redistribution of wealth becomes necessary; but the task is not very easy, it has both positive and negative sides.
6. Inequality in the distribution of income can result from free market and the redistribution of wealth through welfare programs by raising taxes etc. interferes with that free market, leaving many people unhappy; especially, politicians do not want to do it before the polls.
7. If people continue to accept welfare programs or allowances etc., they become lazy and inefficient and do not want to work.
8. We can sustain growth by keeping many economic activities in place by increasing investment, etc., while also keeping the wealth redistribution programs, which is called 'a balanced policy approach;’ in a poor society, it can remove frustration of deprived people and curb terrorist activities or violence.
9. Movement of own rights (or territory), movement of separation and acts of terror (or terrorism), all are directly or indirectly linked to or fueled by some political force.
10. Rather than considering low market advantage or ignorance as direct causes of terrorism, it is more accurate to consider it as a response to political conditions and long-term feelings of indignity and frustration, which has little to do with economics.
11. Although researchers give more importance to the political conditions as a cause of international terrorism, there is a relationship, even if indirect, between poverty and terrorism.
2. Those who work to achieve people's democratic rights should be applauded.
3. Movement of own territory (or jurisdiction) and movement of separation are not the same; but, the same issue (declaration of independence) is called movement of liberation or movement of democracy by one side and movement of separation by the other.
4. There are examples that the 'liberationists’ declare and sign documents defending their movement of own territory (or jurisdiction); those who wage movement of separation usually not do have the same or similar planning, organization, goals, and objectives.
5. There is no doubt that both the Declaration of Independence of Bangladesh, 1971 and the Declaration of Independence, 1776' of the United States are 'documents of democracy.’
6. Generally, people consider movements of separation as rebellion or betrayal against integrity of the state; however, these days, many modern democratic methods of mediation have been developed where the issue of conflict is considered as the problem and dispute resolution rather than as rebellion or betrayal; In terms of fairness, the modern democratic system of mediation is the right one, no doubt.
7. Problems will exist in life, but democratic solutions, based on justifiable rights and fairness, are what people want to see in practice.
8. The new generation must study and research how Bangladesh became independent.
9. In the course of history, people have three countries today from one; however, concerned authorities have done little to improve the fortunes of common people and to make necessary structural changes to that end; Nonetheless, it is wholesome if it happens now, ‘better late than never.’
10. Everyone should work rapidly and relentlessly, based on democratic ideas, to bring about change in people's lives; the task is difficult, not impossible though.
11. If people are happy, the real goal of human life is achieved; with that in mind, it is best to work continuously avoiding skirmishes; it is expected that the quality of politics or geopolitics will improve as well.
12. Terrorism has a direct relationship with economic deprivation, which is called 'relative deprivation theory.’ According to this theory, the level of income inequality in a country is directly related to the level of terrorist activities that occur.
13. We need theory as de rigueur and theory is the first; reality is there and it will be; for calculation or to get an idea about something, we must start with the theory.
14. Reality is of two kinds; one is beyond human control or chance; the other is manmade or artificial.
15. Although international politics or geopolitics is not under the control of anyone specifically, it is, nonetheless, manmade and its democratic improvement is also possible.