Background and Aim: The most important clinical symptoms in patients with COVID-19 on admission a... more Background and Aim: The most important clinical symptoms in patients with COVID-19 on admission at the hospital are fever and cough The results of the studies show different levels of prevalence of these two symptoms in patients, the aim of this study was to coordinate the prevalence of fever and cough in patients with COVID-19 Methods: In this meta-analysis study, searching was performed on the international databases of Embase, ScienceDirect, Scopus, PubMed and Web of Science (ISI) between October 2019 to March 2020 with Keywords, 2019-nCoV, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Fever and Cough Random effects model was used for analysis and heterogeneity of studies with I2 index was investigated Data were analyzed using Comprehensive Meta-Analysis (Version 2) Results: In a meta-analysis of 13 articles and 2131 cases, the overall prevalence of fever in patients with COVID-19 on admission at the hospital was 78 2% (95% CI: 65 4-87 2%) and the overall prevalence of cough in these patients was 54 9% ...
Background Early childhood caries (ECC) is a type of dental caries in the teeth of infants and ch... more Background Early childhood caries (ECC) is a type of dental caries in the teeth of infants and children that is represented as one of the most prevalent dental problems in this period. Various studies have reported different types of prevalence of dental caries in primary and permanent teeth in children worldwide. However, there has been no comprehensive study to summarize the results of these studies in general, so this study aimed to determine the prevalence of dental caries in primary and permanent teeth in children in different continents of the world during a systematic review and meta-analysis. Methods In this review study, articles were extracted by searching in the national and international databases of SID, MagIran, IranMedex, IranDoc, Cochrane, Embase, ScienceDirect, Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science (ISI) between 1995 and December 2019. Random effects model was used for analysis and heterogeneity of studies was evaluated by using the I2 index. Data were analyzed by usin...
BackgroundRLS is known as one of the most common movement disorders during pregnancy, which is mo... more BackgroundRLS is known as one of the most common movement disorders during pregnancy, which is most aggravated in the third trimester of pregnancy and can affect up to one-third of pregnant women. This study intends to determine the total prevalence of RLS in the third trimester of pregnancy through a systematic review.MethodsThe present study was conducted via meta-analysis method up to 2019. The papers related to the subject of interest were obtained through searching in SID, MagIran, IranDoc, Scopus, Embase, Web of Science (ISI), PubMed, Science Direct, and Google Scholar databases. Heterogeneity of the studies was examined via I2 index, and the data were analyzed in Comprehensive meta-analysis software.ResultsIn investigating 10 papers capturing 2431 subjects within the age range of 25–39 years, the total prevalence of RLS in the third trimester of pregnancy based on meta-analysis was obtained as 22.9% (95% CI: 14.7–33.8%). Further, as the sample size increased, the RLS prevalence diminished, while with increase in years, this prevalence increased, where this difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05).ConclusionPrevalence of RLS in the third trimester of pregnancy is high, healthcare policymakers should organize educational classes to improve the life dimensions among this group of pregnant women.
Background Sleep disorders, which are among the foremost important medical care issues, are preva... more Background Sleep disorders, which are among the foremost important medical care issues, are prevalent in pregnancy. The present study is a meta-analysis of the prevalence of insomnia in the third trimester of pregnancy. This study aims to systematically review the overall prevalence of insomnia in the third trimester of pregnancy through conducting a meta-analysis. Method The literature used in this meta-analysis for the topic discussed above were obtained through searching several databases, including SID, MagIran, IranDoc, Scopus, Embase, Web of Science (WoS), PubMed Science Direct and Google Scholar databases without time limitation until December 2020. Articles developed based on cross-sectional studies were included in the study. The heterogeneity of studies was investigated using the I 2 index. Also, the possible effects of heterogeneity in the studied studies are investigated using meta-regression analysis. Result In 10 articles and 8798 participants aged between11–40, the ov...
Background and Objectives: The mental health of nurses, who are a part of the health care system,... more Background and Objectives: The mental health of nurses, who are a part of the health care system, is extremely important in order to be able provide effective health care services to patients. This systematic review and meta-analysis aims to determine the prevalence of depression in nurses working in Iranian hospitals in order to point out to the importance of this issue to health policymakers. Methods: This study is a systematic review and meta-analysis which was conducted by adherence to the PRISMA checklist and STROBE Statement. All related published articles during April 2000 to March 2016 were searched on SID & Magiran, Medline (PubMed), ScienceDirect and Google Scholar databases. The different combinations of keywords like nurse, depression, prevalence, hospital and Iran were used. The heterogeneity of the studies was assessed using I2 index and the data were analyzed in Comprehensive Meta-Analysis (CMA) software. Results: A total of 12 studies were included in this review. T...
Introduction: One of the most common psychiatric disorders in nurses is job stress. Regarding the... more Introduction: One of the most common psychiatric disorders in nurses is job stress. Regarding the inconsistency of the studies conducted in nurses working in Iran, the present structured review and metaanalysis study was conducted to determine the prevalence of job stress in nurses working in Iranian hospitals. Materials and Methods: The present study is a systematic review and meta-analysis conducted during 2001-2017. Articles related to job stress were obtained by searching SID, MEDLINE (PubMed), Science direct, and Google Scholar databases, and data were analyzed using Comprehensive Meta-Analysis
Article Info Background: Accurate knowledge of barriers and solutions for faculty members' re... more Article Info Background: Accurate knowledge of barriers and solutions for faculty members' research empowerment programs will lead to the promotion and development of universities. This study aimed to explore components, barriers, and solutions for faculty members’ research empowerment programs in Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences based on the context, input, process, and product (CIPP) model. Materials and Methods: In this qualitative study, 15 faculty members, who had participated in research empowerment programs as participants and lecturers, were recruited using the purposive sampling method in 2020 based on semi-structured interviews. Analysis was performed using the content analysis method with MAXQDA software V.20. Results: The results of the interviews were extracted in eight main categories, including four barriers and four solutions. The barriers included learners' problems, resource constraints, planning weaknesses, and performance weaknesses. The solution...
Bacterial contamination rate of eyedrops: comparison of a hospital and private outpatient ophthal... more Bacterial contamination rate of eyedrops: comparison of a hospital and private outpatient ophthalmology centers of Kermanshah, Iran. Eye drops are sterile solutions with different clinical effects. Like any therapeutic medication, they should be administered using aseptic technique and stored in a way that prevents bacterial contamination. In our hospital and local private clinical settings, some cases of bacterial keratitis are thought to be due to eyedrops, which are used on multiple patients and at some point become contaminated. This study was done to compare the bacterial contamination rate in an educational hospital with private ophthalmic centers and attempt to identify the route of contamination and consequently, a method to resolve or reduce the problem.
Background Urinary incontinence is a common condition in the general population and, in particula... more Background Urinary incontinence is a common condition in the general population and, in particular, the older adults population, which reduces the quality of life of these people, so this study aims to systematically examine and meta-analyse the overall prevalence of urinary incontinence in older women around the world and the related and influential factors. Methods This report is a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis of the findings of research on urinary incontinence in older adults people across the world through looking for MEDLINE, Cochrane Library Sciencedirect, Embase, Scopus, ProQuest and Persian databases, namely iranmedex, magiran, and SID from January 2000 to April 2020, the heterogeneity of the experiments was measured using the I2 index and the data processing was done in the Systematic Meta-Analysis programme. Results In 29 studies and the sample size of 518,465 people in the age range of 55–106 years, urinary incontinence in older adults’ women in the w...
Background Nurse prescribing is a successful innovation in the role of nurses in the world. It is... more Background Nurse prescribing is a successful innovation in the role of nurses in the world. It is crucial to assess the challenges of nurse prescribing roles in the Intensive Care Units (ICU), due to the needs of the patients in these units. This qualitative study aimed was to explore the experts’ experiences regarding lack of the legality of nurse prescribing in ICU in the healthcare system of Iran. Methods Data were collected through semi structured face-to-face interviews with 33 experts chosen according to purposive and snowballing sampling with maximum variation. The interviews were analysed using Graneheim and Lundman's conventional content analysis method. After overviewing the interviews, semantic units, codes, subcategories, categories and themes were extracted. The qualitative data were analysed using MAXQDA software version 10. Results The main theme of the study was “The current challenges due to the illegality of nurse prescribing” with five categories and 12 subcat...
Background Prescribing medication by nurses as an approach to rational drug prescription has been... more Background Prescribing medication by nurses as an approach to rational drug prescription has been proposed in many countries. Nursing prescribing is an effective measure in the management of critically ill patients admitted to intensive care units (ICU). This study investigated the attitude of ICU nurses towards the necessity and the barriers to developing nursing prescribing. Materials and methods In this cross-sectional study, 136 ICU nurses were included by stratified random sampling. The data collection tool was the researcher-made questionnaire. Cronbach’s alpha method was used to evaluate the reliability of the instrument. The validity of the instrument was also verified by the content validity method. To collect the data, the researcher referred to the nurses’ workplace and provided them with a questionnaire and collected it after completion.The collected data were analyzed by IBM SPSS 16 using descriptive and inferential statistics. Results It was revealed that 58.8 % of nur...
Prevalence of skin lesions among diabetic patients is a major health concern. Therefore, this sys... more Prevalence of skin lesions among diabetic patients is a major health concern. Therefore, this systematic review and meta-analysis study was conducted to determine the prevalence of skin lesions in diabetic patients. To identify and select relevant articles, the SID, MagIran, IranMedex, IranDoc, Google Scholar, Cochrane, Embase, ScienceDirect, Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science (WoS) databases were searched without a lower time limit and until April 2020. The random effects model was used to perform the analysis, and the heterogeneity of studies was assessed using the I2 index. Data were analyzed within the Comprehensive Meta-Analysis (Version 2) software. After evaluating the 22 final articles with a total sample size of 8406, the prevalence of skin lesions among diabetes patients were found as 70.3% (95% CI: 63–76.7%). Moreover, according to the meta-regression analysis, the effect of ‘sample size’ on th prevalence of skin lesions was significantly different in diabetes patients (p < 0.05). The results of this study show that skin lesions are common in diabetes patients. Therefore, appropriate policies needs to be adopted to improve the situation and to monitor patients and outcomes at all levels.
Background In addition to the family and society's support, the drug user plays a key role in the... more Background In addition to the family and society's support, the drug user plays a key role in the process of treatment and rehabilitation. Therefore, it is imperative to find the psychological, social, and motivational factors that can help them in the treatment process. The present study is an attempt to determine the relationship of psychological, social, and motivational factors and demographics of drug user care-seekers. Methods An analytical cross-sectional study was carried out. Psychological, Social, and Motivational Performance Questionnaire for drug users was first translated into Farsi and validated after securing a permission from the copyright holder of the tool. Participants were 250 drug user care-seekers under methadone therapy who were selected through convenient sampling. Before analyzing the collected data, validity and reliability of the tool were confirmed using confirmatory and exploratory factor analyses. Given the scale of demographical data, suitable statistics were used to analyze the relationship between demographical variables and psychological, social, and motivational factors. Results The results of exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses showed that out of 83 statements in the original questionnaire, 55 statements categorized into 11 aspects were usable for Iranian population. The results showed that gender, income, and marital status were effective in psychological performance of the drug users (P<0.05). However, education level, domicile, and type of drug and consumption did not have a significant relationship with social performance of the participants (p>0.05). There was a significant relationship between age, number of children, and history of using drug and psychological performance of the participants (P<0.01). The results showed that the demographics did not have a notable effect on the participants' motivation for treatment; only marital status had a significant relationship with the participants' readiness for treatment (P<0.05). Conclusion As the results showed, the demographical variables could affect physical, psychological, and motivational readiness in the participants. Background Drug dependence is one of the main psychosocial challenges in today society all around the world (1). Every day, a large number of individuals are lured into drugs (2). According to the World Health Organization, about 5.6% of 15-64 years old population in the world have used drugs at least once in their lives. About 31 million in the world suffer the disorders caused by using drugs (3). In the case of Iran, the youth are at a high risk of developing drugs dependence due to cultural reasons, wrong beliefs, and neighboring one of the main producer countries of narcotic substances (4). Immense losses in form of lost lives and financial resources and the social outcomes (heavy costs, death, suicide, crime, divorce, sexually transmitted diseases like HIV and hepatitis) caused by using drugs are not negligible (5). Shahbazi et al. (2017) reported that mortality rate of drug addiction in Iran was 38.4 individuals per one million, which is higher than the world average rate(6). Abusive use of drugs in psychological patients is a prevalent issue that affects social and occupational performance of the individual (7). Studies on abusive use of drug have shown that there is a direct relationship between abusive use of drugs and mental health (8). Developing drug dependence hinders fulfillment of social, spiritual, and emotional roles of the user at social and family levels; which causes problems for the society and family (9). Psychosocial performance is a key factor in the treatment and rehabilitation of drug user care-seeker (10-12). Personality factors and psychological ones in particular like happiness and self-confidence are of the main factors in the decision to quit (13). Social, psychological, and motivational factors can help the care-seekers in making decision to quit drugs (12). Physical, psychological, and motivational factors can help the care-seekers in the treatment process and afterwards. In addition, demographical factors can be also effective (8). As suggested by studies, variables age, gender, marital status, and education level are effective in psychological performance of drug users (14). In addition, more than one half of the abusive users of drugs suffer psychological disorders (15). On the other hand, perceiving the motivations of drug users is very important for the treatment as it is knowing about the motivational factors when they want to quit (16). Motivation has long been considered as a key factor in the treatment of risk behaviors like abusive use of alcoholic drinks and drugs. It is also highly important in the successful treatment of drugs abusive use (16, 17). As showed by studies, there are very important motivational factors in the
Introduction: In qualitative research the sampling process is usually determined by the methodolo... more Introduction: In qualitative research the sampling process is usually determined by the methodology employed. However, this is not always evident in published qualitative research papers as many qualitative studies appear not to have a clearly defined methodological approach. Indeed, pragmatic researches focus on the need to adopt a flexible rather than rigid approach to application of qualitative methodologies. Therefore, this study was performed to review previous research to clarify qualitative sampling. Valid articles and books were used in this review study. Method: The keywords qualitative research and sampling were searched in Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), ProQuest, PsycINFO, ScienceDirect, Scopus, and Medline databases. Results: Although sampling methods in qualitative research are known as purposive sampling, there is an extensive spectrum of sampling methods such as quota, snowball, theoretical, critical cases, homogeneity, sequential, criterion, and combination sampling. Conclusion: The purpose of sampling in qualitative research is not to establish a random or representative sample draw from a population, but rather to identify specific groups of people, who either possess characteristics or live experiences relevant to the social phenomenon being studied. Informants are identified because they will enable the exploration of a particular aspect of behavior relevant to the research. The benefits of the qualitative approach to health care research are becoming increasingly recognized by both academics and clinicians. However, misunderstandings about the philosophical basis and the methodological approach remain. The process of sampling is one of the principal areas of confusion. Sampling is a very complex issue in qualitative research. This is due to the many variations of qualitative sampling described in the literature, and much confusion and overlapping of types of sampling.
Background Physical activity and exercise are among the most important, simplest, and cheapest ap... more Background Physical activity and exercise are among the most important, simplest, and cheapest approaches to anxiety treatment, especially for the elderly. Their positive effects on improvement of mental disorders in the elderly have attracted a considerable level of attention. Therefore, the present study was conducted to determine the effect of sport on reducing anxiety in the elderly using meta-analysis. Methods In this study, national and international databases of SID, MagIran, IranMedex, IranDoc, Cochrane, Embase, ScienceDirect, Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science were searched to find studies published electronically from 1999 to 2019. Heterogeneity between the collected studies was determined using the Cochran's test (Q) and I2. Due to presence of heterogeneity, the random effects model was used to estimate the standardized mean difference of sport test scores obtained from the measurement of anxiety reduction among the elderly, between the intervention group before and a...
Background and Aim: The most important clinical symptoms in patients with COVID-19 on admission a... more Background and Aim: The most important clinical symptoms in patients with COVID-19 on admission at the hospital are fever and cough The results of the studies show different levels of prevalence of these two symptoms in patients, the aim of this study was to coordinate the prevalence of fever and cough in patients with COVID-19 Methods: In this meta-analysis study, searching was performed on the international databases of Embase, ScienceDirect, Scopus, PubMed and Web of Science (ISI) between October 2019 to March 2020 with Keywords, 2019-nCoV, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Fever and Cough Random effects model was used for analysis and heterogeneity of studies with I2 index was investigated Data were analyzed using Comprehensive Meta-Analysis (Version 2) Results: In a meta-analysis of 13 articles and 2131 cases, the overall prevalence of fever in patients with COVID-19 on admission at the hospital was 78 2% (95% CI: 65 4-87 2%) and the overall prevalence of cough in these patients was 54 9% ...
Background Early childhood caries (ECC) is a type of dental caries in the teeth of infants and ch... more Background Early childhood caries (ECC) is a type of dental caries in the teeth of infants and children that is represented as one of the most prevalent dental problems in this period. Various studies have reported different types of prevalence of dental caries in primary and permanent teeth in children worldwide. However, there has been no comprehensive study to summarize the results of these studies in general, so this study aimed to determine the prevalence of dental caries in primary and permanent teeth in children in different continents of the world during a systematic review and meta-analysis. Methods In this review study, articles were extracted by searching in the national and international databases of SID, MagIran, IranMedex, IranDoc, Cochrane, Embase, ScienceDirect, Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science (ISI) between 1995 and December 2019. Random effects model was used for analysis and heterogeneity of studies was evaluated by using the I2 index. Data were analyzed by usin...
BackgroundRLS is known as one of the most common movement disorders during pregnancy, which is mo... more BackgroundRLS is known as one of the most common movement disorders during pregnancy, which is most aggravated in the third trimester of pregnancy and can affect up to one-third of pregnant women. This study intends to determine the total prevalence of RLS in the third trimester of pregnancy through a systematic review.MethodsThe present study was conducted via meta-analysis method up to 2019. The papers related to the subject of interest were obtained through searching in SID, MagIran, IranDoc, Scopus, Embase, Web of Science (ISI), PubMed, Science Direct, and Google Scholar databases. Heterogeneity of the studies was examined via I2 index, and the data were analyzed in Comprehensive meta-analysis software.ResultsIn investigating 10 papers capturing 2431 subjects within the age range of 25–39 years, the total prevalence of RLS in the third trimester of pregnancy based on meta-analysis was obtained as 22.9% (95% CI: 14.7–33.8%). Further, as the sample size increased, the RLS prevalence diminished, while with increase in years, this prevalence increased, where this difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05).ConclusionPrevalence of RLS in the third trimester of pregnancy is high, healthcare policymakers should organize educational classes to improve the life dimensions among this group of pregnant women.
Background Sleep disorders, which are among the foremost important medical care issues, are preva... more Background Sleep disorders, which are among the foremost important medical care issues, are prevalent in pregnancy. The present study is a meta-analysis of the prevalence of insomnia in the third trimester of pregnancy. This study aims to systematically review the overall prevalence of insomnia in the third trimester of pregnancy through conducting a meta-analysis. Method The literature used in this meta-analysis for the topic discussed above were obtained through searching several databases, including SID, MagIran, IranDoc, Scopus, Embase, Web of Science (WoS), PubMed Science Direct and Google Scholar databases without time limitation until December 2020. Articles developed based on cross-sectional studies were included in the study. The heterogeneity of studies was investigated using the I 2 index. Also, the possible effects of heterogeneity in the studied studies are investigated using meta-regression analysis. Result In 10 articles and 8798 participants aged between11–40, the ov...
Background and Objectives: The mental health of nurses, who are a part of the health care system,... more Background and Objectives: The mental health of nurses, who are a part of the health care system, is extremely important in order to be able provide effective health care services to patients. This systematic review and meta-analysis aims to determine the prevalence of depression in nurses working in Iranian hospitals in order to point out to the importance of this issue to health policymakers. Methods: This study is a systematic review and meta-analysis which was conducted by adherence to the PRISMA checklist and STROBE Statement. All related published articles during April 2000 to March 2016 were searched on SID & Magiran, Medline (PubMed), ScienceDirect and Google Scholar databases. The different combinations of keywords like nurse, depression, prevalence, hospital and Iran were used. The heterogeneity of the studies was assessed using I2 index and the data were analyzed in Comprehensive Meta-Analysis (CMA) software. Results: A total of 12 studies were included in this review. T...
Introduction: One of the most common psychiatric disorders in nurses is job stress. Regarding the... more Introduction: One of the most common psychiatric disorders in nurses is job stress. Regarding the inconsistency of the studies conducted in nurses working in Iran, the present structured review and metaanalysis study was conducted to determine the prevalence of job stress in nurses working in Iranian hospitals. Materials and Methods: The present study is a systematic review and meta-analysis conducted during 2001-2017. Articles related to job stress were obtained by searching SID, MEDLINE (PubMed), Science direct, and Google Scholar databases, and data were analyzed using Comprehensive Meta-Analysis
Article Info Background: Accurate knowledge of barriers and solutions for faculty members' re... more Article Info Background: Accurate knowledge of barriers and solutions for faculty members' research empowerment programs will lead to the promotion and development of universities. This study aimed to explore components, barriers, and solutions for faculty members’ research empowerment programs in Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences based on the context, input, process, and product (CIPP) model. Materials and Methods: In this qualitative study, 15 faculty members, who had participated in research empowerment programs as participants and lecturers, were recruited using the purposive sampling method in 2020 based on semi-structured interviews. Analysis was performed using the content analysis method with MAXQDA software V.20. Results: The results of the interviews were extracted in eight main categories, including four barriers and four solutions. The barriers included learners' problems, resource constraints, planning weaknesses, and performance weaknesses. The solution...
Bacterial contamination rate of eyedrops: comparison of a hospital and private outpatient ophthal... more Bacterial contamination rate of eyedrops: comparison of a hospital and private outpatient ophthalmology centers of Kermanshah, Iran. Eye drops are sterile solutions with different clinical effects. Like any therapeutic medication, they should be administered using aseptic technique and stored in a way that prevents bacterial contamination. In our hospital and local private clinical settings, some cases of bacterial keratitis are thought to be due to eyedrops, which are used on multiple patients and at some point become contaminated. This study was done to compare the bacterial contamination rate in an educational hospital with private ophthalmic centers and attempt to identify the route of contamination and consequently, a method to resolve or reduce the problem.
Background Urinary incontinence is a common condition in the general population and, in particula... more Background Urinary incontinence is a common condition in the general population and, in particular, the older adults population, which reduces the quality of life of these people, so this study aims to systematically examine and meta-analyse the overall prevalence of urinary incontinence in older women around the world and the related and influential factors. Methods This report is a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis of the findings of research on urinary incontinence in older adults people across the world through looking for MEDLINE, Cochrane Library Sciencedirect, Embase, Scopus, ProQuest and Persian databases, namely iranmedex, magiran, and SID from January 2000 to April 2020, the heterogeneity of the experiments was measured using the I2 index and the data processing was done in the Systematic Meta-Analysis programme. Results In 29 studies and the sample size of 518,465 people in the age range of 55–106 years, urinary incontinence in older adults’ women in the w...
Background Nurse prescribing is a successful innovation in the role of nurses in the world. It is... more Background Nurse prescribing is a successful innovation in the role of nurses in the world. It is crucial to assess the challenges of nurse prescribing roles in the Intensive Care Units (ICU), due to the needs of the patients in these units. This qualitative study aimed was to explore the experts’ experiences regarding lack of the legality of nurse prescribing in ICU in the healthcare system of Iran. Methods Data were collected through semi structured face-to-face interviews with 33 experts chosen according to purposive and snowballing sampling with maximum variation. The interviews were analysed using Graneheim and Lundman's conventional content analysis method. After overviewing the interviews, semantic units, codes, subcategories, categories and themes were extracted. The qualitative data were analysed using MAXQDA software version 10. Results The main theme of the study was “The current challenges due to the illegality of nurse prescribing” with five categories and 12 subcat...
Background Prescribing medication by nurses as an approach to rational drug prescription has been... more Background Prescribing medication by nurses as an approach to rational drug prescription has been proposed in many countries. Nursing prescribing is an effective measure in the management of critically ill patients admitted to intensive care units (ICU). This study investigated the attitude of ICU nurses towards the necessity and the barriers to developing nursing prescribing. Materials and methods In this cross-sectional study, 136 ICU nurses were included by stratified random sampling. The data collection tool was the researcher-made questionnaire. Cronbach’s alpha method was used to evaluate the reliability of the instrument. The validity of the instrument was also verified by the content validity method. To collect the data, the researcher referred to the nurses’ workplace and provided them with a questionnaire and collected it after completion.The collected data were analyzed by IBM SPSS 16 using descriptive and inferential statistics. Results It was revealed that 58.8 % of nur...
Prevalence of skin lesions among diabetic patients is a major health concern. Therefore, this sys... more Prevalence of skin lesions among diabetic patients is a major health concern. Therefore, this systematic review and meta-analysis study was conducted to determine the prevalence of skin lesions in diabetic patients. To identify and select relevant articles, the SID, MagIran, IranMedex, IranDoc, Google Scholar, Cochrane, Embase, ScienceDirect, Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science (WoS) databases were searched without a lower time limit and until April 2020. The random effects model was used to perform the analysis, and the heterogeneity of studies was assessed using the I2 index. Data were analyzed within the Comprehensive Meta-Analysis (Version 2) software. After evaluating the 22 final articles with a total sample size of 8406, the prevalence of skin lesions among diabetes patients were found as 70.3% (95% CI: 63–76.7%). Moreover, according to the meta-regression analysis, the effect of ‘sample size’ on th prevalence of skin lesions was significantly different in diabetes patients (p < 0.05). The results of this study show that skin lesions are common in diabetes patients. Therefore, appropriate policies needs to be adopted to improve the situation and to monitor patients and outcomes at all levels.
Background In addition to the family and society's support, the drug user plays a key role in the... more Background In addition to the family and society's support, the drug user plays a key role in the process of treatment and rehabilitation. Therefore, it is imperative to find the psychological, social, and motivational factors that can help them in the treatment process. The present study is an attempt to determine the relationship of psychological, social, and motivational factors and demographics of drug user care-seekers. Methods An analytical cross-sectional study was carried out. Psychological, Social, and Motivational Performance Questionnaire for drug users was first translated into Farsi and validated after securing a permission from the copyright holder of the tool. Participants were 250 drug user care-seekers under methadone therapy who were selected through convenient sampling. Before analyzing the collected data, validity and reliability of the tool were confirmed using confirmatory and exploratory factor analyses. Given the scale of demographical data, suitable statistics were used to analyze the relationship between demographical variables and psychological, social, and motivational factors. Results The results of exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses showed that out of 83 statements in the original questionnaire, 55 statements categorized into 11 aspects were usable for Iranian population. The results showed that gender, income, and marital status were effective in psychological performance of the drug users (P<0.05). However, education level, domicile, and type of drug and consumption did not have a significant relationship with social performance of the participants (p>0.05). There was a significant relationship between age, number of children, and history of using drug and psychological performance of the participants (P<0.01). The results showed that the demographics did not have a notable effect on the participants' motivation for treatment; only marital status had a significant relationship with the participants' readiness for treatment (P<0.05). Conclusion As the results showed, the demographical variables could affect physical, psychological, and motivational readiness in the participants. Background Drug dependence is one of the main psychosocial challenges in today society all around the world (1). Every day, a large number of individuals are lured into drugs (2). According to the World Health Organization, about 5.6% of 15-64 years old population in the world have used drugs at least once in their lives. About 31 million in the world suffer the disorders caused by using drugs (3). In the case of Iran, the youth are at a high risk of developing drugs dependence due to cultural reasons, wrong beliefs, and neighboring one of the main producer countries of narcotic substances (4). Immense losses in form of lost lives and financial resources and the social outcomes (heavy costs, death, suicide, crime, divorce, sexually transmitted diseases like HIV and hepatitis) caused by using drugs are not negligible (5). Shahbazi et al. (2017) reported that mortality rate of drug addiction in Iran was 38.4 individuals per one million, which is higher than the world average rate(6). Abusive use of drugs in psychological patients is a prevalent issue that affects social and occupational performance of the individual (7). Studies on abusive use of drug have shown that there is a direct relationship between abusive use of drugs and mental health (8). Developing drug dependence hinders fulfillment of social, spiritual, and emotional roles of the user at social and family levels; which causes problems for the society and family (9). Psychosocial performance is a key factor in the treatment and rehabilitation of drug user care-seeker (10-12). Personality factors and psychological ones in particular like happiness and self-confidence are of the main factors in the decision to quit (13). Social, psychological, and motivational factors can help the care-seekers in making decision to quit drugs (12). Physical, psychological, and motivational factors can help the care-seekers in the treatment process and afterwards. In addition, demographical factors can be also effective (8). As suggested by studies, variables age, gender, marital status, and education level are effective in psychological performance of drug users (14). In addition, more than one half of the abusive users of drugs suffer psychological disorders (15). On the other hand, perceiving the motivations of drug users is very important for the treatment as it is knowing about the motivational factors when they want to quit (16). Motivation has long been considered as a key factor in the treatment of risk behaviors like abusive use of alcoholic drinks and drugs. It is also highly important in the successful treatment of drugs abusive use (16, 17). As showed by studies, there are very important motivational factors in the
Introduction: In qualitative research the sampling process is usually determined by the methodolo... more Introduction: In qualitative research the sampling process is usually determined by the methodology employed. However, this is not always evident in published qualitative research papers as many qualitative studies appear not to have a clearly defined methodological approach. Indeed, pragmatic researches focus on the need to adopt a flexible rather than rigid approach to application of qualitative methodologies. Therefore, this study was performed to review previous research to clarify qualitative sampling. Valid articles and books were used in this review study. Method: The keywords qualitative research and sampling were searched in Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), ProQuest, PsycINFO, ScienceDirect, Scopus, and Medline databases. Results: Although sampling methods in qualitative research are known as purposive sampling, there is an extensive spectrum of sampling methods such as quota, snowball, theoretical, critical cases, homogeneity, sequential, criterion, and combination sampling. Conclusion: The purpose of sampling in qualitative research is not to establish a random or representative sample draw from a population, but rather to identify specific groups of people, who either possess characteristics or live experiences relevant to the social phenomenon being studied. Informants are identified because they will enable the exploration of a particular aspect of behavior relevant to the research. The benefits of the qualitative approach to health care research are becoming increasingly recognized by both academics and clinicians. However, misunderstandings about the philosophical basis and the methodological approach remain. The process of sampling is one of the principal areas of confusion. Sampling is a very complex issue in qualitative research. This is due to the many variations of qualitative sampling described in the literature, and much confusion and overlapping of types of sampling.
Background Physical activity and exercise are among the most important, simplest, and cheapest ap... more Background Physical activity and exercise are among the most important, simplest, and cheapest approaches to anxiety treatment, especially for the elderly. Their positive effects on improvement of mental disorders in the elderly have attracted a considerable level of attention. Therefore, the present study was conducted to determine the effect of sport on reducing anxiety in the elderly using meta-analysis. Methods In this study, national and international databases of SID, MagIran, IranMedex, IranDoc, Cochrane, Embase, ScienceDirect, Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science were searched to find studies published electronically from 1999 to 2019. Heterogeneity between the collected studies was determined using the Cochran's test (Q) and I2. Due to presence of heterogeneity, the random effects model was used to estimate the standardized mean difference of sport test scores obtained from the measurement of anxiety reduction among the elderly, between the intervention group before and a...
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