IntroductionContemporary adolescents, also known as Generation Z, are an important group of consu... more IntroductionContemporary adolescents, also known as Generation Z, are an important group of consumers due to the role they play in today’s economy. The present study investigates the relationship between materialism and brand engagement in self-concept (BESC) and whether conspicuous consumption is a mediator of this relationship in early, middle, and late adolescence.Material and methodsThe participants were 581 students from Poland, aged 13 to 17 (M = 15 years, SD = 1.42); 51.6% of them were girls. Data were gathered using a demographic information form, the Youth Materialism Scale, the Conspicuous Consumption Scale, and a BESC Scale, completed during personal interviews.ResultsThe study indicated an association of higher materialism and higher conspicuous consumption with a higher level of BESC, where conspicuous consumption acts as a mediator of the correlation between materialism and BESC. Age also moderates this mediation, i.e., the older the teenagers are, the weaker is the an...
The aim of the presented research was to define the differences between information technology (I... more The aim of the presented research was to define the differences between information technology (IT) professionals (ITP) and non-professionals (NP) in the way of understanding artificial intelligence (AI). The research was designed in the tradition of categorization research. In an online study participants were asked to make typicality and familiarity judgments for 50 AI exemplars. Two types of analyses were carried out, which made it possible to identify and compare the hierarchy of AI designates (graded structure) and the dimensions of their groupings. We have found that “invisible AI” exemplars were highly rated by ITP, but “visible AI” by NP. Expert knowledge allows ITP to systematize AI exemplars based on both structural and functional elements. On the other hand, laymen indicate the functions that AI-driven products perform, rather than their structures. For ITP, they are primarily algorithmic systems, while for NP they are systems that emulate the functions of living organisms.
Journal for Perspectives of Economic Political and Social Integration
Safety in road traffic as a system in which there are dynamic interactions between its different ... more Safety in road traffic as a system in which there are dynamic interactions between its different users depends on how integrated it is. In this system, drivers are a favoured group of users. Unfortunately they are also the most dangerous group, as research shows. Studying the causes of dangerous driving behaviour is still important. The paper aims to present the psychometric methodology to define the diagnostic and prognostic validity of some psychometric tests used by transport psychologists. Our statistical analysis included the four experimental groups of professional drivers with motor vehicle accident and one control group of drivers whose road performance had no motor vehicle accident recordings. The novelty of the study presented here is in linking the psychometric tests outcomes of professional road drivers (city bus drivers, school bus drivers, taxi drivers, ambulance drivers, fire trucks drivers, police drivers, military vehicle drivers, special vehicle drivers etc.) and t...
The COVID-19 pandemic, which involves the threat of contracting a potentially fatal disease, can ... more The COVID-19 pandemic, which involves the threat of contracting a potentially fatal disease, can be understood as a source of terror. According to terror management theory, people shield themselves from terror by adopting culturally specific worldviews and protecting self-esteem. The study investigates the protective role of worldviews that are culturally specific to Poles: religiosity and social solidarity. The hypothesis was that Poles who tend to worry, entertain these worldviews and are more likely to maintain high self-esteem and concentrate on the current moment (carpe diem), which theoretically allows them to reduce future-related anxiety. Path analysis confirmed that self-esteem, the centrality of religiosity, and expectation of solidarity due to the COVID-19 pandemic mediate the relationship between the worry trait and carpe diem.
Wizerunek/postrzeganie partii politycznej (PPP) należy do konstruktów, których zawartość oczekuje... more Wizerunek/postrzeganie partii politycznej (PPP) należy do konstruktów, których zawartość oczekuje na taksonomię naukową. Brak konsensu wśród badaczy co do uniwersalnych kulturowo wymiarów PPP i narzędzi do ich pomiaru uniemożliwia systematyczną kumulację wiedzy na temat determinantów PPP i jego wpływu na decyzje wyborcze. Celem prezentowanych badań leksykalnych jest weryfikacja pięcioczynnikowej struktury PPP i walidacja skal do jego pomiaru. Artykuł przedstawia wyniki sześciu badań przeprowadzonych na polskich wyborcach w latach 2011-2019. Wyniki wskazują na wysoką stabilność pięcioczynnikowej struktury PPP na poziomie różnic indywidualnych (wyborcy) w wymiarach osobowościowych i pozaosobowościowych. Opracowane narzędzie pomiaru PPP cechują satysfakcjonujące wskaźniki psychometryczne oraz wysoka moc wyjaśniająca preferencji politycznych wyborców. Omówiono ograniczenia wynikające z różnych możliwych poziomów analizy struktury wizerunku partii na poziomie wyborcy versus partie.
Problematic mobile phone use can be related to negative mental states. Some studies indicate that... more Problematic mobile phone use can be related to negative mental states. Some studies indicate that behavioural dependency is related to variables associated with the country of origin. The aim of our study was to investigate if country indicators moderated the relationship between phubbing and psychological distress. Our sample consisted of 7,315 individuals from 20 countries, who completed the Phubbing Scale and the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K6). The analyses also included country indicators: the Gender Gap Index (GGI), the Human Development Index (HDI), the Social Progress Index (SPI), Hofstede’s dimensions of culture, and the World Happiness Index (WHI). Our results showed that psychological distress was related to at least one dimension of phubbing (i.e., to communication disturbance or phone obsession) in all countries, which means this relationship is culturally universal. The results of the study demonstrate the importance of testing measurement invariance to deter...
Manipulation of descriptions of eight crisis situations and three factors (consensus, distinctive... more Manipulation of descriptions of eight crisis situations and three factors (consensus, distinctiveness, congruity) was carried out within 4-factor experiment to check how they influence the perception of negative events in a company. Four hundred students took part in this research. The results showed a clear tendency to seek causes of a crisis situation in business entity without any connection to rational assumptions. The key factors that were to impose the direction of causal attribution were: the specific character of crisis situation and information about a congruity. Information about consensus of the event was the most irrelevant in the process of attribution. The outcomes of the research were confronted with normative expectations which result from Kelley’s covariation model.
Building the reputation of companies is a long process and requires a large investment in promoti... more Building the reputation of companies is a long process and requires a large investment in promotional activities in the fields of advertising and public relations. A company’s involvement in a crisis can quickly destroy years of investment. In an experimental study, four factors were manipulated in order to determine how they affect the reputation of companies: (1) kind of crisis situation, (2) consensus, (3) distinctiveness, and (4) consistency. Information about the crisis situations were presented to respondents in the form of news articles. 400 college students took part in the study. The analysis showed a relationship between attributing causes of the negative event to a company and the deterioration of the company’s reputation. In the four-factor multivariate analysis of variance, the impact of the kind of crisis situation and information about the consistency of the company’s behavior over time was also statistically significant for these dimensions of reputation: perceived i...
This study assessed the asymmetry in the causal and dispositional attributions for a company’s fa... more This study assessed the asymmetry in the causal and dispositional attributions for a company’s failures and successes from the perspective of an external observer in the context of morality- vs. competence-related events. Eight hundred respondents participated in a five-factor experiment within a covariation model. We found asymmetry in the attributions of successes and failures in that company factors were found to have contributed more to successes than failures. Successful companies were perceived as open, innovative and stable, whereas unsuccessful companies were viewed as less innovative and unstable. This study contributes to the knowledge of how observers react to the successes and failures of companies with respect to two broad categories of attribution targets.
Background: Social networking sites (SNSs) play an important role in many aspects of life nowaday... more Background: Social networking sites (SNSs) play an important role in many aspects of life nowadays, and it seems to be crucial to explore their impact on human well-being and functioning. The main aim of the study was to examine the mediating role of Facebook intrusion between positive capital and general distress. Positive capital was considered as comprising self-esteem, ego-resiliency, and self-control, while general distress was seen as having three dimensions: depression, anxiety, and stress. Methods: The sample consisted of N = 4,495 participants (M = 22.96 years, SD = 5.46) from 14 countries: Australia, Cyprus, Greece, Hong Kong, Lithuania, New Zealand, Peru, Poland, Russia, Spain, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom, and United States. We used the following methods: the Facebook Intrusion Questionnaire (FIQ), the Self-Esteem Scale (SES), the Brief Self-Control Scale (SCS), The Ego Resiliency Revised Scale and the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21). Results: We fo...
The aim of the experiment was to determine the possibility of the specific influence by the creat... more The aim of the experiment was to determine the possibility of the specific influence by the creator of the advertisement on the image of the brand user and on the symbolic self-completion among consumers. The manipulated content of press advertisements referred to each of five personality traits which are taking account by consumer in the process of comparison their self with typical brand user: agency, sociability, responsibility, sophistication and haughtiness. The impact of experimental manipulation on the perceived symbolic potential of advertised brands was tested on the example of five categories of products. Data were collected individually using a computer. It was determined the specific impact of emphasized personality traits in advertising on the image of a typical user and the perceived symbolic value of the brand for the self-image of the consumers.
Mobile phone addiction is a robust phenomenon observed throughout the world. The social aspect of... more Mobile phone addiction is a robust phenomenon observed throughout the world. The social aspect of mobile phone use is crucial; therefore, phubbing is a part of the mobile phone addiction phenomenon. Phubbing is defined as ignoring an interlocutor by glancing at one's mobile phone during a face-to-face conversation. The main aim of this study was to investigate how the Phubbing Scale (containing 10 items) might vary across countries, and between genders. Data were collected in 20 countries: Belarus, Brazil, China, Croatia, Ecuador, India, Israel, Italy, Netherlands, Pakistan, Poland, Portugal, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Turkey, UK, Ukraine and USA. The mean age across the sample (N = 7696, 65.8% women, 34.2% men) was 25.32 years (SD = 9.50). The cross-cultural invariance of the scale was investigated using multigroup confirmatory factor analyses (MGCFA) as well as the invariance analyses. Additionally, data from each country were assessed individually via confirmatory factor analyses (CFAs). We obtained two factors, based on only eight of the items: (a) communication disturbances and (b) phone obsession. The 8 items Phubbing Scale.
Aim. The aim of the study was to develop a model of the relationship between the severity of post... more Aim. The aim of the study was to develop a model of the relationship between the severity of post-traumatic stress symptoms, levels of experienced stress and coping strategies in mothers of children previously treated in neonatal intensive care units. Material and method. Anonymous questionnaire survey covered 62 mothers of infants aged from three to 12 months who had previously been hospitalized in neonatal intensive care units. Respondents completed a questionnaire comprising standardized tools such as the Impact Event Scale-Revised (IES-R), COPE Inventory and Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10). Results. The severity of PTSD symptoms is explained by the model comprising four variables: three stress coping strategies (focus on and venting of emotions, denial and mental disengagement) and perceived stress. The model explains nearly 40% of post-traumatic stress symptoms. Perceived stress partly affects PTSD through one stress coping strategy-denial, which also has the effect on post-traumatic stress symptoms severity regardless of perceived stress. Conclusions. Focus on and venting of emotions, denial, mental disengagement, and the level of perceived stress are potentially modifiable factors that are strongly associated with PTSD. Planning, realization and assessment of interventions aimed at reduction of maladaptive coping strategies and perceived stress are recommended for mothers of infants requiring treatment in neonatal intensive care units. In order to minimize distress and improve coping with the treatment of the child, it is necessary to evaluate the effects of various methods of supporting parents.
Intensionality (or opacity) is a core property of mental representations and sometimes understand... more Intensionality (or opacity) is a core property of mental representations and sometimes understanding opacity is claimed to be a part of children's theory of mind (evidenced with the false belief task). Children, however, pass the false belief task and the intensionality tasks at different ages (typically 4 vs. 5;1-6;11 years). According to two dominant interpretations, the two tests either require different conceptual resources or vary only in their executive or linguistic load. In two experiments, involving 120 children aged 3-6 (Experiment 1) and 75 children aged 4-6 (Experiment 2), we tested two variants of the executive load hypothesis: The differential linguistic complexity of the two tests, and the dual-name problem of the intensionality task. The former was addressed by standardizing and minimizing the linguistic demands of both tasks (contrasted with the typical narrative intensionality task), and the latter by introducing the dual-name problem into the false belief task as well, so that it was present in both tasks. We found that (1) two structurally different intensionality tasks shared more variance with each other than with the structurally similar false belief task, and that (2) introducing a dual label problem into the false belief task did not reduce the developmental gap. Our results speak against interpreting the difference between the time children pass the two tests entirely in terms of performative issues, and support the conceptual enrichment hypothesis. We discuss the theoretical relevance of these results, suggesting that they are best explained by fine-grained increments within the concept of belief, rather than a radical conceptual change. We conclude that understanding opacity of minds-which emerges between age 5 and 6-is an important step toward a more advanced form of ToM.
The aim of the paper is to investigate which psychometric tools commonly used by Polish transport... more The aim of the paper is to investigate which psychometric tools commonly used by Polish transport psychologists appropriately measure necessary abilities of professional drivers. According to Levis-Eva ns' differentiation between the driver 's performa nce and the driver's behavior, we explored a statistical relation between the results of tests currently used by transport psychologists, measured according to Szalma's individual differences and safe behaviors on roads. We examine validity of tests using data based on real professional drivers' behavior. The sample included 200 drivers involved in accidents and collisions, and 100 who behaved safely. We tested external validity of chosen psychometric tools by analyzing statistically the relation between test scores and unsafe driving behavior recorded by the police. The results show that only few mea surements are valid for differentiation of safe and unsafe drivers. The paper indicates the methodology to reach the prognostic value of the diagnostic tests employed by transport psychologist.
BackgroundThe psycholexical approach is based on the assumption that the most important individua... more BackgroundThe psycholexical approach is based on the assumption that the most important individual differences that people can observe have been encoded into the natural language. Thus, by studying the structure of these lexicons, we are able to identify individual differences that are universal across cultures as well as dimensions that are unique to some of them. The aim of the study was to develop a psycholexical taxonomy of the Lithuanian language including different parts of speech.Participants and procedurethe authors analysed over 76,000 entries included in a dictionary of Lithuanian and identified 9625 person-descriptive terms: adjectives, attribute-nouns, type-nouns, and participles. The selected lexical material was classified by a team of six judges into 11 subcategories making up six higher-order categories. The authors performed the psychometric validity and consistency of the judges’ classification decisions.ResultsThe analysis of proportions between types of lexical u...
Straipsnyje pristatomo tyrimo tikslas – Lietuvos politinių partijų įvaizdžio vertinimo klausimyno... more Straipsnyje pristatomo tyrimo tikslas – Lietuvos politinių partijų įvaizdžio vertinimo klausimyno kalbinė adaptacija ir jo faktorinės struktūros bei psichometrinių charakteristikų patikrinimas. Taip pat siekiama atskleisti šios matavimo priemonės aiškinamąją vertę, nustatant rinkėjų teikiamą pirmenybę Lietuvos politinėms partijoms. Tyrime dalyvavo 300 Lietuvos aukštųjų mokyklų studentų (iš jų 50,5 proc. moterų), kurie, vartodami 25 būdvardžius, apibūdino šešias politines partijas, pripažįstamas Lietuvos politinėje erdvėje. Bendroji imtis padalyta į dvi grupes ir atlikta pirmosios grupės duomenų tiriamoji, o antrosios grupės duomenų – patvirtinamoji faktorių analizė. Abiejų analizių rezultatai parodė, kad Lietuvos politinių partijų suvokimo specifiką geriausiai atspindi šešių faktorių struktūra, apimanti tokias dimensijas: ryžtingumą, sąžiningumą, konfliktiškumą, religinį konservatyvumą, kairiąją / dešiniąją orientaciją ir senamadiškumą / modernumą. Daugianarė regresinė analizė patvi...
lexical studies, a sufficiently extensive basis for an analysis of personality lexicon is conside... more lexical studies, a sufficiently extensive basis for an analysis of personality lexicon is considered to be dictionaries with more than 100,000 entries. They contain between 10,000 and 15,000 nouns and adjectives that qualify as personality descriptors. Previous studies (Gorbaniuk, Markiewicz, Bą kowicz, & Ratajewska, 2010) showed that respondents generate an average of 2.36 personality descriptors per one politician. To obtain a pool of personality descriptors comparable to an average lexical study, it was necessary to test 200 respondents (2.36 descriptors per politician  31 politicians  200 subjects = 14,632 descriptors). * p < 0.05. ** p < 0.001.
analysis, which showed the dominant role of lower-order needs in television commercials, the co-o... more analysis, which showed the dominant role of lower-order needs in television commercials, the co-occurrence of higher-order needs, and their close link with the symbolic benefits (social, emotional and expressive) associated with advertised product brands and with the user image.
IntroductionContemporary adolescents, also known as Generation Z, are an important group of consu... more IntroductionContemporary adolescents, also known as Generation Z, are an important group of consumers due to the role they play in today’s economy. The present study investigates the relationship between materialism and brand engagement in self-concept (BESC) and whether conspicuous consumption is a mediator of this relationship in early, middle, and late adolescence.Material and methodsThe participants were 581 students from Poland, aged 13 to 17 (M = 15 years, SD = 1.42); 51.6% of them were girls. Data were gathered using a demographic information form, the Youth Materialism Scale, the Conspicuous Consumption Scale, and a BESC Scale, completed during personal interviews.ResultsThe study indicated an association of higher materialism and higher conspicuous consumption with a higher level of BESC, where conspicuous consumption acts as a mediator of the correlation between materialism and BESC. Age also moderates this mediation, i.e., the older the teenagers are, the weaker is the an...
The aim of the presented research was to define the differences between information technology (I... more The aim of the presented research was to define the differences between information technology (IT) professionals (ITP) and non-professionals (NP) in the way of understanding artificial intelligence (AI). The research was designed in the tradition of categorization research. In an online study participants were asked to make typicality and familiarity judgments for 50 AI exemplars. Two types of analyses were carried out, which made it possible to identify and compare the hierarchy of AI designates (graded structure) and the dimensions of their groupings. We have found that “invisible AI” exemplars were highly rated by ITP, but “visible AI” by NP. Expert knowledge allows ITP to systematize AI exemplars based on both structural and functional elements. On the other hand, laymen indicate the functions that AI-driven products perform, rather than their structures. For ITP, they are primarily algorithmic systems, while for NP they are systems that emulate the functions of living organisms.
Journal for Perspectives of Economic Political and Social Integration
Safety in road traffic as a system in which there are dynamic interactions between its different ... more Safety in road traffic as a system in which there are dynamic interactions between its different users depends on how integrated it is. In this system, drivers are a favoured group of users. Unfortunately they are also the most dangerous group, as research shows. Studying the causes of dangerous driving behaviour is still important. The paper aims to present the psychometric methodology to define the diagnostic and prognostic validity of some psychometric tests used by transport psychologists. Our statistical analysis included the four experimental groups of professional drivers with motor vehicle accident and one control group of drivers whose road performance had no motor vehicle accident recordings. The novelty of the study presented here is in linking the psychometric tests outcomes of professional road drivers (city bus drivers, school bus drivers, taxi drivers, ambulance drivers, fire trucks drivers, police drivers, military vehicle drivers, special vehicle drivers etc.) and t...
The COVID-19 pandemic, which involves the threat of contracting a potentially fatal disease, can ... more The COVID-19 pandemic, which involves the threat of contracting a potentially fatal disease, can be understood as a source of terror. According to terror management theory, people shield themselves from terror by adopting culturally specific worldviews and protecting self-esteem. The study investigates the protective role of worldviews that are culturally specific to Poles: religiosity and social solidarity. The hypothesis was that Poles who tend to worry, entertain these worldviews and are more likely to maintain high self-esteem and concentrate on the current moment (carpe diem), which theoretically allows them to reduce future-related anxiety. Path analysis confirmed that self-esteem, the centrality of religiosity, and expectation of solidarity due to the COVID-19 pandemic mediate the relationship between the worry trait and carpe diem.
Wizerunek/postrzeganie partii politycznej (PPP) należy do konstruktów, których zawartość oczekuje... more Wizerunek/postrzeganie partii politycznej (PPP) należy do konstruktów, których zawartość oczekuje na taksonomię naukową. Brak konsensu wśród badaczy co do uniwersalnych kulturowo wymiarów PPP i narzędzi do ich pomiaru uniemożliwia systematyczną kumulację wiedzy na temat determinantów PPP i jego wpływu na decyzje wyborcze. Celem prezentowanych badań leksykalnych jest weryfikacja pięcioczynnikowej struktury PPP i walidacja skal do jego pomiaru. Artykuł przedstawia wyniki sześciu badań przeprowadzonych na polskich wyborcach w latach 2011-2019. Wyniki wskazują na wysoką stabilność pięcioczynnikowej struktury PPP na poziomie różnic indywidualnych (wyborcy) w wymiarach osobowościowych i pozaosobowościowych. Opracowane narzędzie pomiaru PPP cechują satysfakcjonujące wskaźniki psychometryczne oraz wysoka moc wyjaśniająca preferencji politycznych wyborców. Omówiono ograniczenia wynikające z różnych możliwych poziomów analizy struktury wizerunku partii na poziomie wyborcy versus partie.
Problematic mobile phone use can be related to negative mental states. Some studies indicate that... more Problematic mobile phone use can be related to negative mental states. Some studies indicate that behavioural dependency is related to variables associated with the country of origin. The aim of our study was to investigate if country indicators moderated the relationship between phubbing and psychological distress. Our sample consisted of 7,315 individuals from 20 countries, who completed the Phubbing Scale and the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K6). The analyses also included country indicators: the Gender Gap Index (GGI), the Human Development Index (HDI), the Social Progress Index (SPI), Hofstede’s dimensions of culture, and the World Happiness Index (WHI). Our results showed that psychological distress was related to at least one dimension of phubbing (i.e., to communication disturbance or phone obsession) in all countries, which means this relationship is culturally universal. The results of the study demonstrate the importance of testing measurement invariance to deter...
Manipulation of descriptions of eight crisis situations and three factors (consensus, distinctive... more Manipulation of descriptions of eight crisis situations and three factors (consensus, distinctiveness, congruity) was carried out within 4-factor experiment to check how they influence the perception of negative events in a company. Four hundred students took part in this research. The results showed a clear tendency to seek causes of a crisis situation in business entity without any connection to rational assumptions. The key factors that were to impose the direction of causal attribution were: the specific character of crisis situation and information about a congruity. Information about consensus of the event was the most irrelevant in the process of attribution. The outcomes of the research were confronted with normative expectations which result from Kelley’s covariation model.
Building the reputation of companies is a long process and requires a large investment in promoti... more Building the reputation of companies is a long process and requires a large investment in promotional activities in the fields of advertising and public relations. A company’s involvement in a crisis can quickly destroy years of investment. In an experimental study, four factors were manipulated in order to determine how they affect the reputation of companies: (1) kind of crisis situation, (2) consensus, (3) distinctiveness, and (4) consistency. Information about the crisis situations were presented to respondents in the form of news articles. 400 college students took part in the study. The analysis showed a relationship between attributing causes of the negative event to a company and the deterioration of the company’s reputation. In the four-factor multivariate analysis of variance, the impact of the kind of crisis situation and information about the consistency of the company’s behavior over time was also statistically significant for these dimensions of reputation: perceived i...
This study assessed the asymmetry in the causal and dispositional attributions for a company’s fa... more This study assessed the asymmetry in the causal and dispositional attributions for a company’s failures and successes from the perspective of an external observer in the context of morality- vs. competence-related events. Eight hundred respondents participated in a five-factor experiment within a covariation model. We found asymmetry in the attributions of successes and failures in that company factors were found to have contributed more to successes than failures. Successful companies were perceived as open, innovative and stable, whereas unsuccessful companies were viewed as less innovative and unstable. This study contributes to the knowledge of how observers react to the successes and failures of companies with respect to two broad categories of attribution targets.
Background: Social networking sites (SNSs) play an important role in many aspects of life nowaday... more Background: Social networking sites (SNSs) play an important role in many aspects of life nowadays, and it seems to be crucial to explore their impact on human well-being and functioning. The main aim of the study was to examine the mediating role of Facebook intrusion between positive capital and general distress. Positive capital was considered as comprising self-esteem, ego-resiliency, and self-control, while general distress was seen as having three dimensions: depression, anxiety, and stress. Methods: The sample consisted of N = 4,495 participants (M = 22.96 years, SD = 5.46) from 14 countries: Australia, Cyprus, Greece, Hong Kong, Lithuania, New Zealand, Peru, Poland, Russia, Spain, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom, and United States. We used the following methods: the Facebook Intrusion Questionnaire (FIQ), the Self-Esteem Scale (SES), the Brief Self-Control Scale (SCS), The Ego Resiliency Revised Scale and the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21). Results: We fo...
The aim of the experiment was to determine the possibility of the specific influence by the creat... more The aim of the experiment was to determine the possibility of the specific influence by the creator of the advertisement on the image of the brand user and on the symbolic self-completion among consumers. The manipulated content of press advertisements referred to each of five personality traits which are taking account by consumer in the process of comparison their self with typical brand user: agency, sociability, responsibility, sophistication and haughtiness. The impact of experimental manipulation on the perceived symbolic potential of advertised brands was tested on the example of five categories of products. Data were collected individually using a computer. It was determined the specific impact of emphasized personality traits in advertising on the image of a typical user and the perceived symbolic value of the brand for the self-image of the consumers.
Mobile phone addiction is a robust phenomenon observed throughout the world. The social aspect of... more Mobile phone addiction is a robust phenomenon observed throughout the world. The social aspect of mobile phone use is crucial; therefore, phubbing is a part of the mobile phone addiction phenomenon. Phubbing is defined as ignoring an interlocutor by glancing at one's mobile phone during a face-to-face conversation. The main aim of this study was to investigate how the Phubbing Scale (containing 10 items) might vary across countries, and between genders. Data were collected in 20 countries: Belarus, Brazil, China, Croatia, Ecuador, India, Israel, Italy, Netherlands, Pakistan, Poland, Portugal, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Turkey, UK, Ukraine and USA. The mean age across the sample (N = 7696, 65.8% women, 34.2% men) was 25.32 years (SD = 9.50). The cross-cultural invariance of the scale was investigated using multigroup confirmatory factor analyses (MGCFA) as well as the invariance analyses. Additionally, data from each country were assessed individually via confirmatory factor analyses (CFAs). We obtained two factors, based on only eight of the items: (a) communication disturbances and (b) phone obsession. The 8 items Phubbing Scale.
Aim. The aim of the study was to develop a model of the relationship between the severity of post... more Aim. The aim of the study was to develop a model of the relationship between the severity of post-traumatic stress symptoms, levels of experienced stress and coping strategies in mothers of children previously treated in neonatal intensive care units. Material and method. Anonymous questionnaire survey covered 62 mothers of infants aged from three to 12 months who had previously been hospitalized in neonatal intensive care units. Respondents completed a questionnaire comprising standardized tools such as the Impact Event Scale-Revised (IES-R), COPE Inventory and Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10). Results. The severity of PTSD symptoms is explained by the model comprising four variables: three stress coping strategies (focus on and venting of emotions, denial and mental disengagement) and perceived stress. The model explains nearly 40% of post-traumatic stress symptoms. Perceived stress partly affects PTSD through one stress coping strategy-denial, which also has the effect on post-traumatic stress symptoms severity regardless of perceived stress. Conclusions. Focus on and venting of emotions, denial, mental disengagement, and the level of perceived stress are potentially modifiable factors that are strongly associated with PTSD. Planning, realization and assessment of interventions aimed at reduction of maladaptive coping strategies and perceived stress are recommended for mothers of infants requiring treatment in neonatal intensive care units. In order to minimize distress and improve coping with the treatment of the child, it is necessary to evaluate the effects of various methods of supporting parents.
Intensionality (or opacity) is a core property of mental representations and sometimes understand... more Intensionality (or opacity) is a core property of mental representations and sometimes understanding opacity is claimed to be a part of children's theory of mind (evidenced with the false belief task). Children, however, pass the false belief task and the intensionality tasks at different ages (typically 4 vs. 5;1-6;11 years). According to two dominant interpretations, the two tests either require different conceptual resources or vary only in their executive or linguistic load. In two experiments, involving 120 children aged 3-6 (Experiment 1) and 75 children aged 4-6 (Experiment 2), we tested two variants of the executive load hypothesis: The differential linguistic complexity of the two tests, and the dual-name problem of the intensionality task. The former was addressed by standardizing and minimizing the linguistic demands of both tasks (contrasted with the typical narrative intensionality task), and the latter by introducing the dual-name problem into the false belief task as well, so that it was present in both tasks. We found that (1) two structurally different intensionality tasks shared more variance with each other than with the structurally similar false belief task, and that (2) introducing a dual label problem into the false belief task did not reduce the developmental gap. Our results speak against interpreting the difference between the time children pass the two tests entirely in terms of performative issues, and support the conceptual enrichment hypothesis. We discuss the theoretical relevance of these results, suggesting that they are best explained by fine-grained increments within the concept of belief, rather than a radical conceptual change. We conclude that understanding opacity of minds-which emerges between age 5 and 6-is an important step toward a more advanced form of ToM.
The aim of the paper is to investigate which psychometric tools commonly used by Polish transport... more The aim of the paper is to investigate which psychometric tools commonly used by Polish transport psychologists appropriately measure necessary abilities of professional drivers. According to Levis-Eva ns' differentiation between the driver 's performa nce and the driver's behavior, we explored a statistical relation between the results of tests currently used by transport psychologists, measured according to Szalma's individual differences and safe behaviors on roads. We examine validity of tests using data based on real professional drivers' behavior. The sample included 200 drivers involved in accidents and collisions, and 100 who behaved safely. We tested external validity of chosen psychometric tools by analyzing statistically the relation between test scores and unsafe driving behavior recorded by the police. The results show that only few mea surements are valid for differentiation of safe and unsafe drivers. The paper indicates the methodology to reach the prognostic value of the diagnostic tests employed by transport psychologist.
BackgroundThe psycholexical approach is based on the assumption that the most important individua... more BackgroundThe psycholexical approach is based on the assumption that the most important individual differences that people can observe have been encoded into the natural language. Thus, by studying the structure of these lexicons, we are able to identify individual differences that are universal across cultures as well as dimensions that are unique to some of them. The aim of the study was to develop a psycholexical taxonomy of the Lithuanian language including different parts of speech.Participants and procedurethe authors analysed over 76,000 entries included in a dictionary of Lithuanian and identified 9625 person-descriptive terms: adjectives, attribute-nouns, type-nouns, and participles. The selected lexical material was classified by a team of six judges into 11 subcategories making up six higher-order categories. The authors performed the psychometric validity and consistency of the judges’ classification decisions.ResultsThe analysis of proportions between types of lexical u...
Straipsnyje pristatomo tyrimo tikslas – Lietuvos politinių partijų įvaizdžio vertinimo klausimyno... more Straipsnyje pristatomo tyrimo tikslas – Lietuvos politinių partijų įvaizdžio vertinimo klausimyno kalbinė adaptacija ir jo faktorinės struktūros bei psichometrinių charakteristikų patikrinimas. Taip pat siekiama atskleisti šios matavimo priemonės aiškinamąją vertę, nustatant rinkėjų teikiamą pirmenybę Lietuvos politinėms partijoms. Tyrime dalyvavo 300 Lietuvos aukštųjų mokyklų studentų (iš jų 50,5 proc. moterų), kurie, vartodami 25 būdvardžius, apibūdino šešias politines partijas, pripažįstamas Lietuvos politinėje erdvėje. Bendroji imtis padalyta į dvi grupes ir atlikta pirmosios grupės duomenų tiriamoji, o antrosios grupės duomenų – patvirtinamoji faktorių analizė. Abiejų analizių rezultatai parodė, kad Lietuvos politinių partijų suvokimo specifiką geriausiai atspindi šešių faktorių struktūra, apimanti tokias dimensijas: ryžtingumą, sąžiningumą, konfliktiškumą, religinį konservatyvumą, kairiąją / dešiniąją orientaciją ir senamadiškumą / modernumą. Daugianarė regresinė analizė patvi...
lexical studies, a sufficiently extensive basis for an analysis of personality lexicon is conside... more lexical studies, a sufficiently extensive basis for an analysis of personality lexicon is considered to be dictionaries with more than 100,000 entries. They contain between 10,000 and 15,000 nouns and adjectives that qualify as personality descriptors. Previous studies (Gorbaniuk, Markiewicz, Bą kowicz, & Ratajewska, 2010) showed that respondents generate an average of 2.36 personality descriptors per one politician. To obtain a pool of personality descriptors comparable to an average lexical study, it was necessary to test 200 respondents (2.36 descriptors per politician  31 politicians  200 subjects = 14,632 descriptors). * p < 0.05. ** p < 0.001.
analysis, which showed the dominant role of lower-order needs in television commercials, the co-o... more analysis, which showed the dominant role of lower-order needs in television commercials, the co-occurrence of higher-order needs, and their close link with the symbolic benefits (social, emotional and expressive) associated with advertised product brands and with the user image.
Ponieważ marka jest kluczowym pojęciem dla marketingu, a osobowość kluczowym dla psychologii, kto... more Ponieważ marka jest kluczowym pojęciem dla marketingu, a osobowość kluczowym dla psychologii, ktoś, kto zajmuje się psychologią zachowań konsumenckich – dziedziną interdyscyplinarną, znajdującą się na pograniczu psychologii i marketingu – nie może przejść obojętnie obok koncepcji osobowości marki. Stanowi ona wyzwanie dla badacza, polegające na potrzebie jej ewaluacji jako koncepcji naukowej i redefinicji w taki sposób, aby pozostawała ona w zgodzie z wiedzą psychologiczną a jednocześnie wnosiła coś wartościowego w poznanie i pomiar zjawisk o charakterze marketingowym. Taki był też podstawowy cel krytycznej analizy dotychczasowych badań i publikacji oraz własnych przedsięwzięć badawczych autora (ze wstępu).
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