Background: Paying particular attention to sustainable food consumption in lowincome households i... more Background: Paying particular attention to sustainable food consumption in lowincome households is essential for increasing human health. Due to the growing population globally, this concept will likely become more serious soon. Methods: Following the importance of optimizing food consumption for sustainability, in this study, a novel methodology is introduced for calculating nutrient intake efficiency and determining choices of food in different locations. The impact of socioeconomic factors on nutrition efficiency is assessed. Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) as a wellknown linear programming (LP) and a Tobit model are used to achieve the goals. Household Consumption and Expenditure Surveys (HCESs) of 30,000 rural and urban Iranian households in all provinces in 2016 are analyzed. A Nutrient Efficiency Map (NEM) of Iran was depicted by GIS software. Results: The results showed that many townships had nutrient efficiency scores of less than 70%. Northeast townships had the lowest scores, with an efficiency score of less than 50%. Overall, townships have lower efficiency in the North (seaside cities), East (desert cities), and North East (isolated cities) when compared with other areas. Conclusion: Therefore, it is suggestible that the government should modify the support policies and the protection packages based on social, geographical, and cultural status.
Culture and agriculture coevolved, with traditional agriculture supported not only by norms and v... more Culture and agriculture coevolved, with traditional agriculture supported not only by norms and values but also by rituals and ceremonies that linked humans to the land through community. With colonization and settlement, traditional agriculture as done by native people was viewed as uncivilized and later unscientific. Moreover, because settlers needed land, the better way was to claim it than removing the farmers and their culture from the landscape. Legal systems that did not honor communal land right compounded the loss of traditional agricultures and the cultures that supported the people on the land. Land grabs have accelerated that removal.
In the 1980s, economic difficulties caused some rural localities to rely on their own financial a... more In the 1980s, economic difficulties caused some rural localities to rely on their own financial and organizational resources to initiate projects generating local jobs or income. The authors set out to systematically study this phenomenon, which was designated "self-development." Through a survey, information was obtained on 103 self-development projects. This publication of profiles of each of these cases is aimed at providing useful information to community leaders and development professionals about those projects: name and location, a brief project description, involvement of local organizations, an estimate of income and/or number of jobs generated, and the means by which the project was financed. Types of projects include (1) community-based development (community-owned and worker-owned firms, agricultural marketing organizations, community finance institutions, community-based service firms, etc.), (2) local business and industrial development (locally owned industr...
Even before the coming of Balboa and Pedro de Alvarado, the first Spanish conquistadores in Centr... more Even before the coming of Balboa and Pedro de Alvarado, the first Spanish conquistadores in Central America, cultural differences between Indian peoples had created rivalries and conflict. For example, the Mexican-influenced Pipiles of El Salvador had imposed new ideas of social and religious organization, new deities and artistic concepts, on the villages around them.1 The Quiches of highland Guatemala, drawing on a variety of Mayan and Mexican sources, were able to organize themselves militarily and become resoundingly victorious over the native people of the area, which came to be called the Quiche after these outsiders who conquered it.2 Most Central American Indians, however, were sedentary agriculturalists who were similar to one another in the broad cultural values and attitudes they expressed. It was these groups that entered into the most direct and long-term conflict with the Spanish culture from the earliest moments of contact, and that most directly felt the impact of an entirely new way of looking at people’s role in society and nature.
Non-technical summaryUntil the past half-century, all agriculture and land management was framed ... more Non-technical summaryUntil the past half-century, all agriculture and land management was framed by local institutions strong in social capital. But neoliberal forms of development came to undermine existing structures, thus reducing sustainability and equity. The past 20 years, though, have seen the deliberate establishment of more than 8 million new social groups across the world. This restructuring and growth of rural social capital within specific territories is leading to increased productivity of agricultural and land management systems, with particular benefits for those previously excluded. Further growth would occur with more national and regional policy support.
Background: Paying particular attention to sustainable food consumption in lowincome households i... more Background: Paying particular attention to sustainable food consumption in lowincome households is essential for increasing human health. Due to the growing population globally, this concept will likely become more serious soon. Methods: Following the importance of optimizing food consumption for sustainability, in this study, a novel methodology is introduced for calculating nutrient intake efficiency and determining choices of food in different locations. The impact of socioeconomic factors on nutrition efficiency is assessed. Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) as a wellknown linear programming (LP) and a Tobit model are used to achieve the goals. Household Consumption and Expenditure Surveys (HCESs) of 30,000 rural and urban Iranian households in all provinces in 2016 are analyzed. A Nutrient Efficiency Map (NEM) of Iran was depicted by GIS software. Results: The results showed that many townships had nutrient efficiency scores of less than 70%. Northeast townships had the lowest scores, with an efficiency score of less than 50%. Overall, townships have lower efficiency in the North (seaside cities), East (desert cities), and North East (isolated cities) when compared with other areas. Conclusion: Therefore, it is suggestible that the government should modify the support policies and the protection packages based on social, geographical, and cultural status.
Culture and agriculture coevolved, with traditional agriculture supported not only by norms and v... more Culture and agriculture coevolved, with traditional agriculture supported not only by norms and values but also by rituals and ceremonies that linked humans to the land through community. With colonization and settlement, traditional agriculture as done by native people was viewed as uncivilized and later unscientific. Moreover, because settlers needed land, the better way was to claim it than removing the farmers and their culture from the landscape. Legal systems that did not honor communal land right compounded the loss of traditional agricultures and the cultures that supported the people on the land. Land grabs have accelerated that removal.
In the 1980s, economic difficulties caused some rural localities to rely on their own financial a... more In the 1980s, economic difficulties caused some rural localities to rely on their own financial and organizational resources to initiate projects generating local jobs or income. The authors set out to systematically study this phenomenon, which was designated "self-development." Through a survey, information was obtained on 103 self-development projects. This publication of profiles of each of these cases is aimed at providing useful information to community leaders and development professionals about those projects: name and location, a brief project description, involvement of local organizations, an estimate of income and/or number of jobs generated, and the means by which the project was financed. Types of projects include (1) community-based development (community-owned and worker-owned firms, agricultural marketing organizations, community finance institutions, community-based service firms, etc.), (2) local business and industrial development (locally owned industr...
Even before the coming of Balboa and Pedro de Alvarado, the first Spanish conquistadores in Centr... more Even before the coming of Balboa and Pedro de Alvarado, the first Spanish conquistadores in Central America, cultural differences between Indian peoples had created rivalries and conflict. For example, the Mexican-influenced Pipiles of El Salvador had imposed new ideas of social and religious organization, new deities and artistic concepts, on the villages around them.1 The Quiches of highland Guatemala, drawing on a variety of Mayan and Mexican sources, were able to organize themselves militarily and become resoundingly victorious over the native people of the area, which came to be called the Quiche after these outsiders who conquered it.2 Most Central American Indians, however, were sedentary agriculturalists who were similar to one another in the broad cultural values and attitudes they expressed. It was these groups that entered into the most direct and long-term conflict with the Spanish culture from the earliest moments of contact, and that most directly felt the impact of an entirely new way of looking at people’s role in society and nature.
Non-technical summaryUntil the past half-century, all agriculture and land management was framed ... more Non-technical summaryUntil the past half-century, all agriculture and land management was framed by local institutions strong in social capital. But neoliberal forms of development came to undermine existing structures, thus reducing sustainability and equity. The past 20 years, though, have seen the deliberate establishment of more than 8 million new social groups across the world. This restructuring and growth of rural social capital within specific territories is leading to increased productivity of agricultural and land management systems, with particular benefits for those previously excluded. Further growth would occur with more national and regional policy support.
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Papers by Cornelia Flora