Pharmacologist trying to understand the science underlying traditional medicine in an unbiased manner through modern tools and technology using system biology based metabonomic approach.
Gentamicin (GM) nephrotoxicity accounts for 10-30% of the acute renal failure (ARF) among drug-in... more Gentamicin (GM) nephrotoxicity accounts for 10-30% of the acute renal failure (ARF) among drug-induced ARF. In Ayurveda such side effects are considered as the poisonous effects of low potent poisons called gara viṣa. Bilvādi agada (BA), a classical formulation is indicated in gara viṣa and most of its ingredients have proven for their nephroprotective activity. The aim was to evaluate the effect of BA in GM-induced nephrotoxicity in male Wistar rats. BA, GM, normal saline were procured from standard companies. Eighteen male Wistar rats were randomly divided into three groups, viz. Control group which received normal saline intraperitoneal (i.p.) daily for 8 days; toxic group received GM 80 mg/kg/day i.p. for 8 days, and trial group received both GM 80 mg/kg/day i.p. and BA 216 mg/each rat weighing ~200 g orally 1 h after administration of GM. All the values were expressed as mean ± standard error and data were analyzed by applying one-way analysis of variance followed by Dunnett's test for multiple comparison. BA treated group showed a significant change (P < 0.05) in levels of serum creatinine, urine creatinine, and urine potassium. There was no significant change (P > 0.05) seen in serum potassium, sodium, chloride, calcium and phosphorus and urine sodium, chloride in all three groups. Glomerular congestion, interstitial edema, tubular necrosis, interstitial hemorrhage was reduced in BA treated group. The results of this study indicate that BA reduces GM-induced nephrotoxicity and it may be due to anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, diuretic and anti-oxidant properties of drugs. Further studies are necessary to explore the exact mechanism of BA in nephroprotection.
aimed to determine the effect of chronic administration of apocynin, an NAD(P)H oxidase inhibitor... more aimed to determine the effect of chronic administration of apocynin, an NAD(P)H oxidase inhibitor, on endothelial function and development of hypertension in fructose-fed rats. Materials and Methods Animals and experimental design Male SD rats (175-200 g) were procured from National
LD 50 dose is also called as acute toxicity study; it means the dose which kills the 50 percent o... more LD 50 dose is also called as acute toxicity study; it means the dose which kills the 50 percent of the animals in a single step. By evaluating the LD50 (Lethal dose) value of the drug, it will help during the treatment that it will give the effective dose(ED) of the toxic drug. One tenth of the LD50 will be the safer dose of the drug. In this present study the animal study was conducted as per the OECD guidelines 423 acute toxicity studies, to rule out the LD50 of the Gunja seed powder. Gunja (Abrus precatoris. Linn) is a poisonous drug which contains abrin. But after adopting proper purificatory measures it attains excellent therapeutic effects. Here raw unpurified seed powder was administered in the dose of 5, 50, 300, 2000 and 5000 mg per kg body weight succeeding. Signs of mortality were observed for a period of 14 days. And died animals were subjected for histopathological examination to rule out the organ toxicity.
Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research, 2016
Objective: The objective of this study was to partially purified from the eight known anti-diabet... more Objective: The objective of this study was to partially purified from the eight known anti-diabetic plants and evaluated for the total phenol, protease inhibitory (PI) activity, and antioxidant activity. Methods: PI activity was performed using casein as substrate. The total phenolic content was estimated by folin-ciocatechu reagent method. The antioxidant activity was estimated by the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) model and hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity. Results: The results shown that Syzygium cumini has the highest total phenol and protein content. Solanum tuberosum has the highest percentage PI activity. In DPPH model of antioxidant in SC has the highest inhibitory activity, whereas in the hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity Momardica charantia has the maximum inhibition. Conclusion: These data once again prove that phenolic compounds have statistically significant antioxidant activity. Among all the PIs ST has maximum inhibition activity. To conclude, all these...
2 Associate professor, dept of Pharmacology,KLE pharmacy college Belgaum ABSTRACT Cyfluthrin is t... more 2 Associate professor, dept of Pharmacology,KLE pharmacy college Belgaum ABSTRACT Cyfluthrin is the commonly used house hold insecticide (Trade name: Baygon, Solfac), and pesticides or insecticides exposure during pregnancy will effect on the maternal health like decreased increase of weight, decreased food consumption, decreased water consumption and even uterine toxicity. The 20 pregnant swiss albino mice were divided in to 3 groups of 10 each and 1 st group was control adminis- tered with normal saline, 2 nd group given cyfluthrin 32mg/kg body wt orally during the organogenesis period i.e. from 5 th to 14 th day. Death of one animal in two groups also, vaginal bleeding/ abortion of 1 animal in 2 nd group, body weight was decreased in the 2 nd group compared to the 1 st group where p- value is less than 0.001, there was no significant difference in histopathological changes of the uterus. Conclusion: with cyfluthrin there is decrease in the maternal weight gain, increased food and...
Insulin Degrading Enzyme (IDE) highly conserved zinc metallopeptidase is the primarily responsibl... more Insulin Degrading Enzyme (IDE) highly conserved zinc metallopeptidase is the primarily responsible for high specific degradation of insulin. The aim of this project is to develop a simple, sensitive, and rapid chromatographic procedure for the analysis of human insulin remaining in Insulin Degrading Enzyme assay using isocratic RP-HPLC/UV. A column type RP-C18 (150 × 4.6 mm, 5 o¤m particle size). The eluent consists of 50% sodium sulfate (0.2 M, pH 3.1 adjusted with o-phosphoric acid), 50% ACN. The eluent was pumped at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min and the effluent was monitored using UV detector at 214 nm. The method produces a linear response over the concentration range of 0.15-25 μg/mL of insulin and linear as well with increase in the protein concentration. The method is validated for specificity, linearity, precision, accuracy and limit of detection and quantification. Also, the method developed can be applied for the estimation of insulin in the IDE assay.
International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sep 1, 2016
The aim of present study was designed to evaluate the combinatorial effect of piracetam and vanad... more The aim of present study was designed to evaluate the combinatorial effect of piracetam and vanadyl sulfate on experimentally induced global cerebral ischemia in rats. Methods: Piracetam (600 mg/kg, p. o.) and vanadyl sulfate (22.4 mg/kg, p. o.) were administered individually and also in combination before the induction of ischemia. Cerebral ischemia was induced by bilateral carotid artery (BCA) occlusion for 30 min followed by reperfusion 60 min. Results: The antioxidant and non-antioxidant enzymatic levels were estimated along with histopathological studies. The concomitant pretreated group showed a more significant decrease in lipid peroxidation (LPO) and increased in the superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione (GSH) and total thiol levels as compared to ischemic reperfusion group. Histopathological damage was significantly reduced in drug treated groups as compared to ischemia-reperfusion group. Conclusion: The findings of the present study suggest that pretreatment with piracetam and vanadyl sulfate in combination prevents the ischemiareperfusion injury and prevented oxidative tissue damage as shown by decreased lipid peroxides, restored the antioxidant levels, histological changes such as infarct area, inflammatory changes, and edema.
Background: Data on traditional medicine-induced cutaneous adverse drug reactions (ADRs) is very ... more Background: Data on traditional medicine-induced cutaneous adverse drug reactions (ADRs) is very scarce. The current secondary analysis based on the WHO database (VigiBase) of individual case safety reports (ICSRs) focuses on the suspected cutaneous ADRs linked to traditional medicines (TMs).Methods: All the ICSRs reported between 1st January 2016 and 30th June 2021 from the UN Asia region in VigiBase where at least one TM was suspected to cause cutaneous ADRs were included in the study. Data regarding demographic details, suspected drug, adverse reaction as per MedDRA term, the seriousness of the reaction, de-challenge, re-challenge, and clinical outcome for suspected cutaneous ADRs associated with TM were obtained from VigiBase and analyzed for frequency of reported events and suspected medicines.Findings: Total 3,523 ICSRs with 5,761 ADRs related to “skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders” were included in the analysis. Amongst these, 6.8% of ICSRs were reported as serious. Pruri...
Introduction: The insulin resistance (IR) state is a major health problem and is associated with ... more Introduction: The insulin resistance (IR) state is a major health problem and is associated with vascular dysfunction. Increased oxidative stress has been paid attention to as it is an important causative factor for vascular dysfunction contributing to hypertension. Over the past decade, it has become evident that elevated levels of ROS play a pivotal role in these pathological changes. It is believed that vascular NAD(P)H oxidases are the predominant sources of ROS under these conditions. Increased production of ROS and NAD(P)H oxidase expression and activity has been demonstrated in fructose fed rats, an animal model of insulin resistance. However, there are no reports on the effect of NAD(P)H oxidase inhibitors on endothelial function and blood pressure in fructose fed rats. Aims and objectives: In the present study we examined the acute in-vitro effects of apocynin, (an NAD(P)H oxidase inhibitor,) on ROS (Superoxide, O-2) production, NO availability, endothelialdependent relaxation in isolated aorta from fructose fed rats. We measured the same parameters and also the development of hypertension in order to study the chronic in-vivo effects of apocynin on development of hypertension and ROS (Superoxide, O-2) production, NO availability and endothelial dependent relaxation in isolated aorta from fructose fed rats Methods: Male SD rats were fed with a fructose (60%) diet for 8 weeks. Systolic blood pressure was measured weekly by tail-cuff method (Harvard apparatus). At the end of the study the rats were sacrificed and the thoracic aorta was isolated and mounted in a tissue bath containing Krebs-Henseleit buffer (pH 7.4) maintained at 37°C and continuously bubbled with 95%O 2 +5%CO 2 gas mixture. O-2 production was measured in terms of superoxide dismutase mimetic (Tempol)-induced relaxation of aorta pre-contracted with a submaximal dose of phenylephrine. NO production/availability was measured in terms of nitric oxide synthase inhibitor (L-NAME)-induced contraction of aorta pre-contracted with a submaximal dose of phenylephrine. Acetylcholine-induced endothelial-dependent relaxation was measured isometrically by using a force transducer and data acquisition system (Biopac Systems Inc. CA). For study of the acute effects the experiments were carried out in the presence and or absence of apocynin (1x10-4 M) and for chronic in-vivo effects apocynin was administered in drinking water (1.5 mM). All the experiments were carried out according to CPCSEA guidelines and approved by IAEC. Results: There was a significant increase in Tempol-induced relaxation of aorta precontracted with a submaximal dose of phenylephrine, suggesting that increased O-2 production was increased in fructose fed rats compared to controls. There was a significant decrease in L-NAME-induced contraction of aorta precontracted with a submaximal dose of phenylephrine, suggesting that decreased production/availability of NO was decreased in fructose fed rats compared to controls. Endothelial-dependent relaxation induced by acetylcholine was decreased in fructose fed rats compared to controls. There was no change in sodium nitroprusside (SNP)-induced relaxation in fructose fed rats compared to controls. Acute incubation with Apocynin decreased Tempol-induced relaxation, suggesting inhibition of superoxide production, and increased the L-NAME-induced contraction,
Gentamicin (GM) nephrotoxicity accounts for 10-30% of the acute renal failure (ARF) among drug-in... more Gentamicin (GM) nephrotoxicity accounts for 10-30% of the acute renal failure (ARF) among drug-induced ARF. In Ayurveda such side effects are considered as the poisonous effects of low potent poisons called gara viṣa. Bilvādi agada (BA), a classical formulation is indicated in gara viṣa and most of its ingredients have proven for their nephroprotective activity. The aim was to evaluate the effect of BA in GM-induced nephrotoxicity in male Wistar rats. BA, GM, normal saline were procured from standard companies. Eighteen male Wistar rats were randomly divided into three groups, viz. Control group which received normal saline intraperitoneal (i.p.) daily for 8 days; toxic group received GM 80 mg/kg/day i.p. for 8 days, and trial group received both GM 80 mg/kg/day i.p. and BA 216 mg/each rat weighing ~200 g orally 1 h after administration of GM. All the values were expressed as mean ± standard error and data were analyzed by applying one-way analysis of variance followed by Dunnett...
The present study aimed to evaluate the anti-asthmatic activity of the hydro-alcoholic extract of... more The present study aimed to evaluate the anti-asthmatic activity of the hydro-alcoholic extract of Citrullus colocynths and Cucumis trigonus (Cucurbitaceae) fruits on Ovalbumin induced Asthma in rats. Extracts were prepared with 70% v/v ethanol using cold maceration followed by Soxhlation. Hydro alcoholic extract (200 and 400 mg/kg) of both fruits were evaluated for anti asthmatic activity on ovalbumin induced Asthma in rats with the help of parameters like, absolute eosinophil count in BALF, total leukocyte count in the BALF, absolute eosinophil count in the Blood, IgE antibodies in serum and histopathological findings of lungs. Both plants were showed significant anti asthmatic activity (p < 0.001) with dose of 200 & 400 mg/kg when compared with disease group. Obtained results were almost similar to that of normal group. With the same dose, C. colocynths was shown better anti asthmatic activity than C. trigonus. Hence, further detailed studies are required to evaluate the efficacy of these plants on anti-asthmatic activity.
Your article is protected by copyright and all rights are held exclusively by Springer Science +B... more Your article is protected by copyright and all rights are held exclusively by Springer Science +Business Media New York. This e-offprint is for personal use only and shall not be selfarchived in electronic repositories. If you wish to self-archive your article, please use the accepted manuscript version for posting on your own website. You may further deposit the accepted manuscript version in any repository, provided it is only made publicly available 12 months after official publication or later and provided acknowledgement is given to the original source of publication and a link is inserted to the published article on Springer's website. The link must be accompanied by the following text: "The final publication is available at link.springer.com".
Background: Olanzapine is one of the most prescribed antipsychotic agents in the pharmacotherapy ... more Background: Olanzapine is one of the most prescribed antipsychotic agents in the pharmacotherapy of psychiatric illness; however, it is associated with multiple side effects primarily obesity. Multiple investigations have been made to model the olanzapine-induced obesity in rodent models which was found to be dose-dependent, gender-dependent, and speciesdependent. Danio rerio is a choice of an animal model to understand the pathogenesis of multiple diseases. The present study dealt to understand the olanzapine-associated obesity in zebrafish using in silico and wet-lab experimental protocols by performing gene set enrichment analysis, phylogeny comparison of receptors, and assessing the effect of olanzapine on metabolic rate, lipid metabolism, body weight, and food intake in zebrafish. Results: The metabolic pathway was predicted to be majorly modulated by olanzapine in human, rat, mouse, and zebrafish. A clade of receptors of rat, mouse, and human receptor for feeding and satiety center was found similar to zebrafish. The decrease in lipid metabolism was observed in zebrafish larvae if exposed to olanzapine solution. Similarly, there was a significant decrease in metabolic rate in 200 μM and 400 μM concentration of olanzapine. Conclusion: Enrichment analysis predicted the probable modulation of metabolic pathways in zebrafish if exposed to olanzapine. Further, olanzapine was identified to play a prime role in decreasing lipid metabolism and metabolic rate and increasing food intake and weight gain in zebrafish which suggests the validation of this model for olanzapine-induced obesity.
International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Sep 5, 2019
Inflammation is one of the common events in the majority of acute as well as chronic debilitating... more Inflammation is one of the common events in the majority of acute as well as chronic debilitating diseases and represent a chief cause of morbidity in today's era of modern lifestyle. If unchecked, inflammation leads to development of rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes, cancer, Alzheimer's disease, and atherosclerosis along with pulmonary, autoimmune and cardiovascular diseases. Inflammation involves a complex network of many mediators, a variety of cells, and execution of multiple pathways. Current therapy for inflammatory diseases is limited to the steroidal and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents. The chronic use of these drugs is reported to cause severe adverse effects like gastrointestinal, cardiovascular, and renal abnormalities. There is a massive need to explore new anti-inflammatory agents with selective action and lesser toxicity. Plants and isolated phytoconstituents are promising and interesting sources of new anti-inflammatories. However, drug development from natural sources has been linked with hurdles like the complex nature of extracts, difficulties in isolation of pure phytoconstituents, and the yield of isolated compounds in minute quantities that is insufficient for subsequent lead development. Although various in-vivo and in-vitro models for anti-inflammatory drug development are available, judicious selection of appropriate animal models is a vital step in the early phase of drug development. Systematic evaluation of phytoconstituents can facilitate the identification and development of potential anti-inflammatory leads from natural sources. The present review describes various techniques of anti-inflammatory drug screening with its advantages and limitations, elaboration on biological targets of phytoconstituents in inflammation and biomarkers for the prediction of adverse effects of anti-inflammatory drugs. The systematic approach proposed through present article for anti-inflammatory drug screening can rationalize the identification of novel phytoconstituents at the initial stage of drug screening programs.
A A T Th he es si is s S Su ub bm mi it tt te ed d t to o t th he e R Ra aj ji iv v G Ga an nd dh... more A A T Th he es si is s S Su ub bm mi it tt te ed d t to o t th he e R Ra aj ji iv v G Ga an nd dh hi i U Un ni iv ve er rs si it ty y o of f H He ea al lt th h S Sc ci ie en nc ce es s, , K Ka ar rn na at ta ak ka a, , B Ba an ng ga al lo or re e, , K Ka ar rn na at ta ak ka a, , I In nd di ia a B By y B Ba an na ap pp pa a S S U Un ng ge er r M. Pharm. M. Pharm.
Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice, Jan 1, 2008
The insulin resistance (IR) state is a major health problem and is associated with vascular dysfu... more The insulin resistance (IR) state is a major health problem and is associated with vascular dysfunction. Increased oxidative stress has been paid attention to as it is an important causative factor for vascular dysfunction contributing to hypertension. Over the past decade, it has become evident that elevated levels of ROS play a pivotal role in these pathological changes. It is believed that vascular NAD(P)H oxidases are the predominant sources of ROS under these conditions. Increased production of ROS and NAD(P)H oxidase expression and activity has been demonstrated in fructose fed rats, an animal model of insulin resistance. However, there are no reports on the effect of NAD(P)H oxidase inhibitors on endothelial function and blood pressure in fructose fed rats.
Gentamicin (GM) nephrotoxicity accounts for 10-30% of the acute renal failure (ARF) among drug-in... more Gentamicin (GM) nephrotoxicity accounts for 10-30% of the acute renal failure (ARF) among drug-induced ARF. In Ayurveda such side effects are considered as the poisonous effects of low potent poisons called gara viṣa. Bilvādi agada (BA), a classical formulation is indicated in gara viṣa and most of its ingredients have proven for their nephroprotective activity. The aim was to evaluate the effect of BA in GM-induced nephrotoxicity in male Wistar rats. BA, GM, normal saline were procured from standard companies. Eighteen male Wistar rats were randomly divided into three groups, viz. Control group which received normal saline intraperitoneal (i.p.) daily for 8 days; toxic group received GM 80 mg/kg/day i.p. for 8 days, and trial group received both GM 80 mg/kg/day i.p. and BA 216 mg/each rat weighing ~200 g orally 1 h after administration of GM. All the values were expressed as mean ± standard error and data were analyzed by applying one-way analysis of variance followed by Dunnett&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;#39;s test for multiple comparison. BA treated group showed a significant change (P &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;lt; 0.05) in levels of serum creatinine, urine creatinine, and urine potassium. There was no significant change (P &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;gt; 0.05) seen in serum potassium, sodium, chloride, calcium and phosphorus and urine sodium, chloride in all three groups. Glomerular congestion, interstitial edema, tubular necrosis, interstitial hemorrhage was reduced in BA treated group. The results of this study indicate that BA reduces GM-induced nephrotoxicity and it may be due to anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, diuretic and anti-oxidant properties of drugs. Further studies are necessary to explore the exact mechanism of BA in nephroprotection.
aimed to determine the effect of chronic administration of apocynin, an NAD(P)H oxidase inhibitor... more aimed to determine the effect of chronic administration of apocynin, an NAD(P)H oxidase inhibitor, on endothelial function and development of hypertension in fructose-fed rats. Materials and Methods Animals and experimental design Male SD rats (175-200 g) were procured from National
LD 50 dose is also called as acute toxicity study; it means the dose which kills the 50 percent o... more LD 50 dose is also called as acute toxicity study; it means the dose which kills the 50 percent of the animals in a single step. By evaluating the LD50 (Lethal dose) value of the drug, it will help during the treatment that it will give the effective dose(ED) of the toxic drug. One tenth of the LD50 will be the safer dose of the drug. In this present study the animal study was conducted as per the OECD guidelines 423 acute toxicity studies, to rule out the LD50 of the Gunja seed powder. Gunja (Abrus precatoris. Linn) is a poisonous drug which contains abrin. But after adopting proper purificatory measures it attains excellent therapeutic effects. Here raw unpurified seed powder was administered in the dose of 5, 50, 300, 2000 and 5000 mg per kg body weight succeeding. Signs of mortality were observed for a period of 14 days. And died animals were subjected for histopathological examination to rule out the organ toxicity.
Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research, 2016
Objective: The objective of this study was to partially purified from the eight known anti-diabet... more Objective: The objective of this study was to partially purified from the eight known anti-diabetic plants and evaluated for the total phenol, protease inhibitory (PI) activity, and antioxidant activity. Methods: PI activity was performed using casein as substrate. The total phenolic content was estimated by folin-ciocatechu reagent method. The antioxidant activity was estimated by the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) model and hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity. Results: The results shown that Syzygium cumini has the highest total phenol and protein content. Solanum tuberosum has the highest percentage PI activity. In DPPH model of antioxidant in SC has the highest inhibitory activity, whereas in the hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity Momardica charantia has the maximum inhibition. Conclusion: These data once again prove that phenolic compounds have statistically significant antioxidant activity. Among all the PIs ST has maximum inhibition activity. To conclude, all these...
2 Associate professor, dept of Pharmacology,KLE pharmacy college Belgaum ABSTRACT Cyfluthrin is t... more 2 Associate professor, dept of Pharmacology,KLE pharmacy college Belgaum ABSTRACT Cyfluthrin is the commonly used house hold insecticide (Trade name: Baygon, Solfac), and pesticides or insecticides exposure during pregnancy will effect on the maternal health like decreased increase of weight, decreased food consumption, decreased water consumption and even uterine toxicity. The 20 pregnant swiss albino mice were divided in to 3 groups of 10 each and 1 st group was control adminis- tered with normal saline, 2 nd group given cyfluthrin 32mg/kg body wt orally during the organogenesis period i.e. from 5 th to 14 th day. Death of one animal in two groups also, vaginal bleeding/ abortion of 1 animal in 2 nd group, body weight was decreased in the 2 nd group compared to the 1 st group where p- value is less than 0.001, there was no significant difference in histopathological changes of the uterus. Conclusion: with cyfluthrin there is decrease in the maternal weight gain, increased food and...
Insulin Degrading Enzyme (IDE) highly conserved zinc metallopeptidase is the primarily responsibl... more Insulin Degrading Enzyme (IDE) highly conserved zinc metallopeptidase is the primarily responsible for high specific degradation of insulin. The aim of this project is to develop a simple, sensitive, and rapid chromatographic procedure for the analysis of human insulin remaining in Insulin Degrading Enzyme assay using isocratic RP-HPLC/UV. A column type RP-C18 (150 × 4.6 mm, 5 o¤m particle size). The eluent consists of 50% sodium sulfate (0.2 M, pH 3.1 adjusted with o-phosphoric acid), 50% ACN. The eluent was pumped at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min and the effluent was monitored using UV detector at 214 nm. The method produces a linear response over the concentration range of 0.15-25 μg/mL of insulin and linear as well with increase in the protein concentration. The method is validated for specificity, linearity, precision, accuracy and limit of detection and quantification. Also, the method developed can be applied for the estimation of insulin in the IDE assay.
International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sep 1, 2016
The aim of present study was designed to evaluate the combinatorial effect of piracetam and vanad... more The aim of present study was designed to evaluate the combinatorial effect of piracetam and vanadyl sulfate on experimentally induced global cerebral ischemia in rats. Methods: Piracetam (600 mg/kg, p. o.) and vanadyl sulfate (22.4 mg/kg, p. o.) were administered individually and also in combination before the induction of ischemia. Cerebral ischemia was induced by bilateral carotid artery (BCA) occlusion for 30 min followed by reperfusion 60 min. Results: The antioxidant and non-antioxidant enzymatic levels were estimated along with histopathological studies. The concomitant pretreated group showed a more significant decrease in lipid peroxidation (LPO) and increased in the superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione (GSH) and total thiol levels as compared to ischemic reperfusion group. Histopathological damage was significantly reduced in drug treated groups as compared to ischemia-reperfusion group. Conclusion: The findings of the present study suggest that pretreatment with piracetam and vanadyl sulfate in combination prevents the ischemiareperfusion injury and prevented oxidative tissue damage as shown by decreased lipid peroxides, restored the antioxidant levels, histological changes such as infarct area, inflammatory changes, and edema.
Background: Data on traditional medicine-induced cutaneous adverse drug reactions (ADRs) is very ... more Background: Data on traditional medicine-induced cutaneous adverse drug reactions (ADRs) is very scarce. The current secondary analysis based on the WHO database (VigiBase) of individual case safety reports (ICSRs) focuses on the suspected cutaneous ADRs linked to traditional medicines (TMs).Methods: All the ICSRs reported between 1st January 2016 and 30th June 2021 from the UN Asia region in VigiBase where at least one TM was suspected to cause cutaneous ADRs were included in the study. Data regarding demographic details, suspected drug, adverse reaction as per MedDRA term, the seriousness of the reaction, de-challenge, re-challenge, and clinical outcome for suspected cutaneous ADRs associated with TM were obtained from VigiBase and analyzed for frequency of reported events and suspected medicines.Findings: Total 3,523 ICSRs with 5,761 ADRs related to “skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders” were included in the analysis. Amongst these, 6.8% of ICSRs were reported as serious. Pruri...
Introduction: The insulin resistance (IR) state is a major health problem and is associated with ... more Introduction: The insulin resistance (IR) state is a major health problem and is associated with vascular dysfunction. Increased oxidative stress has been paid attention to as it is an important causative factor for vascular dysfunction contributing to hypertension. Over the past decade, it has become evident that elevated levels of ROS play a pivotal role in these pathological changes. It is believed that vascular NAD(P)H oxidases are the predominant sources of ROS under these conditions. Increased production of ROS and NAD(P)H oxidase expression and activity has been demonstrated in fructose fed rats, an animal model of insulin resistance. However, there are no reports on the effect of NAD(P)H oxidase inhibitors on endothelial function and blood pressure in fructose fed rats. Aims and objectives: In the present study we examined the acute in-vitro effects of apocynin, (an NAD(P)H oxidase inhibitor,) on ROS (Superoxide, O-2) production, NO availability, endothelialdependent relaxation in isolated aorta from fructose fed rats. We measured the same parameters and also the development of hypertension in order to study the chronic in-vivo effects of apocynin on development of hypertension and ROS (Superoxide, O-2) production, NO availability and endothelial dependent relaxation in isolated aorta from fructose fed rats Methods: Male SD rats were fed with a fructose (60%) diet for 8 weeks. Systolic blood pressure was measured weekly by tail-cuff method (Harvard apparatus). At the end of the study the rats were sacrificed and the thoracic aorta was isolated and mounted in a tissue bath containing Krebs-Henseleit buffer (pH 7.4) maintained at 37°C and continuously bubbled with 95%O 2 +5%CO 2 gas mixture. O-2 production was measured in terms of superoxide dismutase mimetic (Tempol)-induced relaxation of aorta pre-contracted with a submaximal dose of phenylephrine. NO production/availability was measured in terms of nitric oxide synthase inhibitor (L-NAME)-induced contraction of aorta pre-contracted with a submaximal dose of phenylephrine. Acetylcholine-induced endothelial-dependent relaxation was measured isometrically by using a force transducer and data acquisition system (Biopac Systems Inc. CA). For study of the acute effects the experiments were carried out in the presence and or absence of apocynin (1x10-4 M) and for chronic in-vivo effects apocynin was administered in drinking water (1.5 mM). All the experiments were carried out according to CPCSEA guidelines and approved by IAEC. Results: There was a significant increase in Tempol-induced relaxation of aorta precontracted with a submaximal dose of phenylephrine, suggesting that increased O-2 production was increased in fructose fed rats compared to controls. There was a significant decrease in L-NAME-induced contraction of aorta precontracted with a submaximal dose of phenylephrine, suggesting that decreased production/availability of NO was decreased in fructose fed rats compared to controls. Endothelial-dependent relaxation induced by acetylcholine was decreased in fructose fed rats compared to controls. There was no change in sodium nitroprusside (SNP)-induced relaxation in fructose fed rats compared to controls. Acute incubation with Apocynin decreased Tempol-induced relaxation, suggesting inhibition of superoxide production, and increased the L-NAME-induced contraction,
Gentamicin (GM) nephrotoxicity accounts for 10-30% of the acute renal failure (ARF) among drug-in... more Gentamicin (GM) nephrotoxicity accounts for 10-30% of the acute renal failure (ARF) among drug-induced ARF. In Ayurveda such side effects are considered as the poisonous effects of low potent poisons called gara viṣa. Bilvādi agada (BA), a classical formulation is indicated in gara viṣa and most of its ingredients have proven for their nephroprotective activity. The aim was to evaluate the effect of BA in GM-induced nephrotoxicity in male Wistar rats. BA, GM, normal saline were procured from standard companies. Eighteen male Wistar rats were randomly divided into three groups, viz. Control group which received normal saline intraperitoneal (i.p.) daily for 8 days; toxic group received GM 80 mg/kg/day i.p. for 8 days, and trial group received both GM 80 mg/kg/day i.p. and BA 216 mg/each rat weighing ~200 g orally 1 h after administration of GM. All the values were expressed as mean ± standard error and data were analyzed by applying one-way analysis of variance followed by Dunnett...
The present study aimed to evaluate the anti-asthmatic activity of the hydro-alcoholic extract of... more The present study aimed to evaluate the anti-asthmatic activity of the hydro-alcoholic extract of Citrullus colocynths and Cucumis trigonus (Cucurbitaceae) fruits on Ovalbumin induced Asthma in rats. Extracts were prepared with 70% v/v ethanol using cold maceration followed by Soxhlation. Hydro alcoholic extract (200 and 400 mg/kg) of both fruits were evaluated for anti asthmatic activity on ovalbumin induced Asthma in rats with the help of parameters like, absolute eosinophil count in BALF, total leukocyte count in the BALF, absolute eosinophil count in the Blood, IgE antibodies in serum and histopathological findings of lungs. Both plants were showed significant anti asthmatic activity (p < 0.001) with dose of 200 & 400 mg/kg when compared with disease group. Obtained results were almost similar to that of normal group. With the same dose, C. colocynths was shown better anti asthmatic activity than C. trigonus. Hence, further detailed studies are required to evaluate the efficacy of these plants on anti-asthmatic activity.
Your article is protected by copyright and all rights are held exclusively by Springer Science +B... more Your article is protected by copyright and all rights are held exclusively by Springer Science +Business Media New York. This e-offprint is for personal use only and shall not be selfarchived in electronic repositories. If you wish to self-archive your article, please use the accepted manuscript version for posting on your own website. You may further deposit the accepted manuscript version in any repository, provided it is only made publicly available 12 months after official publication or later and provided acknowledgement is given to the original source of publication and a link is inserted to the published article on Springer's website. The link must be accompanied by the following text: "The final publication is available at link.springer.com".
Background: Olanzapine is one of the most prescribed antipsychotic agents in the pharmacotherapy ... more Background: Olanzapine is one of the most prescribed antipsychotic agents in the pharmacotherapy of psychiatric illness; however, it is associated with multiple side effects primarily obesity. Multiple investigations have been made to model the olanzapine-induced obesity in rodent models which was found to be dose-dependent, gender-dependent, and speciesdependent. Danio rerio is a choice of an animal model to understand the pathogenesis of multiple diseases. The present study dealt to understand the olanzapine-associated obesity in zebrafish using in silico and wet-lab experimental protocols by performing gene set enrichment analysis, phylogeny comparison of receptors, and assessing the effect of olanzapine on metabolic rate, lipid metabolism, body weight, and food intake in zebrafish. Results: The metabolic pathway was predicted to be majorly modulated by olanzapine in human, rat, mouse, and zebrafish. A clade of receptors of rat, mouse, and human receptor for feeding and satiety center was found similar to zebrafish. The decrease in lipid metabolism was observed in zebrafish larvae if exposed to olanzapine solution. Similarly, there was a significant decrease in metabolic rate in 200 μM and 400 μM concentration of olanzapine. Conclusion: Enrichment analysis predicted the probable modulation of metabolic pathways in zebrafish if exposed to olanzapine. Further, olanzapine was identified to play a prime role in decreasing lipid metabolism and metabolic rate and increasing food intake and weight gain in zebrafish which suggests the validation of this model for olanzapine-induced obesity.
International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Sep 5, 2019
Inflammation is one of the common events in the majority of acute as well as chronic debilitating... more Inflammation is one of the common events in the majority of acute as well as chronic debilitating diseases and represent a chief cause of morbidity in today's era of modern lifestyle. If unchecked, inflammation leads to development of rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes, cancer, Alzheimer's disease, and atherosclerosis along with pulmonary, autoimmune and cardiovascular diseases. Inflammation involves a complex network of many mediators, a variety of cells, and execution of multiple pathways. Current therapy for inflammatory diseases is limited to the steroidal and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents. The chronic use of these drugs is reported to cause severe adverse effects like gastrointestinal, cardiovascular, and renal abnormalities. There is a massive need to explore new anti-inflammatory agents with selective action and lesser toxicity. Plants and isolated phytoconstituents are promising and interesting sources of new anti-inflammatories. However, drug development from natural sources has been linked with hurdles like the complex nature of extracts, difficulties in isolation of pure phytoconstituents, and the yield of isolated compounds in minute quantities that is insufficient for subsequent lead development. Although various in-vivo and in-vitro models for anti-inflammatory drug development are available, judicious selection of appropriate animal models is a vital step in the early phase of drug development. Systematic evaluation of phytoconstituents can facilitate the identification and development of potential anti-inflammatory leads from natural sources. The present review describes various techniques of anti-inflammatory drug screening with its advantages and limitations, elaboration on biological targets of phytoconstituents in inflammation and biomarkers for the prediction of adverse effects of anti-inflammatory drugs. The systematic approach proposed through present article for anti-inflammatory drug screening can rationalize the identification of novel phytoconstituents at the initial stage of drug screening programs.
A A T Th he es si is s S Su ub bm mi it tt te ed d t to o t th he e R Ra aj ji iv v G Ga an nd dh... more A A T Th he es si is s S Su ub bm mi it tt te ed d t to o t th he e R Ra aj ji iv v G Ga an nd dh hi i U Un ni iv ve er rs si it ty y o of f H He ea al lt th h S Sc ci ie en nc ce es s, , K Ka ar rn na at ta ak ka a, , B Ba an ng ga al lo or re e, , K Ka ar rn na at ta ak ka a, , I In nd di ia a B By y B Ba an na ap pp pa a S S U Un ng ge er r M. Pharm. M. Pharm.
Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice, Jan 1, 2008
The insulin resistance (IR) state is a major health problem and is associated with vascular dysfu... more The insulin resistance (IR) state is a major health problem and is associated with vascular dysfunction. Increased oxidative stress has been paid attention to as it is an important causative factor for vascular dysfunction contributing to hypertension. Over the past decade, it has become evident that elevated levels of ROS play a pivotal role in these pathological changes. It is believed that vascular NAD(P)H oxidases are the predominant sources of ROS under these conditions. Increased production of ROS and NAD(P)H oxidase expression and activity has been demonstrated in fructose fed rats, an animal model of insulin resistance. However, there are no reports on the effect of NAD(P)H oxidase inhibitors on endothelial function and blood pressure in fructose fed rats.
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