The antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anticancer activities of ethanolic extract of Laurencia catar... more The antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anticancer activities of ethanolic extract of Laurencia catarinensis, L. majuscula and Padina pavonica were determined. The highest antibacterial activity; 23.40 ± 0.58 mm (00.98 mg/ml) and 22.60 ± 2.10 mm (03.90 mg/ml) were obtained against Klebsiella pneumonia by Laurencia catarinensis and Padina pavonica, respectively. However, Padina pavonica showed excellent antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis (21.7 ± 1.5 mm; 1.95 mg/ml), Staphylococcus aureus (21.7 ± 0.58 mm; 1.95 mg/ml), Streptococcus pyogenes (20.7 ± 1.2 mm; 1.95 mg/ml) and Acinetobacter baumannii (20.1 ± 1.2 mm; 3.9 mg/ml). Moreover, the highest antifungal activity; 24.7 ± 2.0 mm (0.98 mg/ml), 23.7 ± 1.5 mm (0.98 mg/ml), 23.6 ± 1.5 mm (0.98 mg/ml) was obtained by Padina pavonica against Candida tropicalis, C. albicans and Aspergillus fumigatus, respectively. The algal extracts showed DPPH radical scavenging activity in a concentration-dependent manner with maximum scavenging activity (77.6%, IC 50 = 5.59 mg/ml and 77.07%, IC 50 = 14.3 mg/ml) was provided by Padina pavonica and Laurenica majuscula, respectively. The in vitro antitumor activity revealed that the IC 50 values of Padina pavonica were 58.
Journal of The Saudi Pharmaceutical Society, May 1, 2019
Wound healing is a complex process in which injured skin and tissues repaired by interaction of a... more Wound healing is a complex process in which injured skin and tissues repaired by interaction of a complex cascade of cellular events that generates resurfacing, reconstitution and restoration of the tensile strength of injured skin. It follows b-catenin, extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK) and Akt signaling pathways. Aegle marmelos L., generally known as bael is found to act as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and anti-ulcer agent. Furthermore, studies have demonstrated that this Indian traditional medicinal plant, A. marmelos flower extract (AMF) was used for wound injury. Henceforth, the current study was investigated to ascertain the effect of its active constituents in vitro wound healing with mechanism involve in migration of cells and activation of b-catenin in keratinocytes, inhibition of PGE 2 in macrophages and production of collagen in fibroblasts. We have taken full thickness wound of rats and applied AMF for 2 weeks. Cutaneous wound healing activity was performed using HaCaT keratinocytes, Hs68 dermal fibroblasts and RAW264.7 macrophages to determine cell viability, nitric oxide production, collagen expression, cell migration and b-catenin activation. Results shows that AMF treated rats demonstrated reduced wound size and epithelisation was improved, involved in keratinocytes migration by regulation of Akt signaling, beta-catenin and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathways. AMF and its active constituent's increased mRNA expression, inhibited nitric oxide, PGE 2 release, mRNA expression of mediators in RAW 264.7 macrophages and enhances the motility of HaCaT keratinocytes in vitro wound healing of rats.
Journal of The Saudi Pharmaceutical Society, Feb 1, 2018
Ten fungal strains; namely, Penicillium melinii, Petriella setifera, Aspergillus pseudo-niger, Al... more Ten fungal strains; namely, Penicillium melinii, Petriella setifera, Aspergillus pseudo-niger, Alternaria chlamydospora, Pythium nayoroense, Phoma glomerata, Mucor ramosissimus, Mucor racemosus, Fusarium chlamydosporum and Rhizopus azygosporus were isolated from soil. The extra-and intra-cellular extracts of the fungal strains grown on malt extract and yeast-extract sucrose media were screened for their anticandidal activity against different clinically-isolated Candida species. Most of the fungal extracts showed activity against different Candida species. However, the fungal strains grew on malt extract showed greater activities than those grew on yeast extract sucrose media. The activity of the intracellular was higher than the extracellular metabolites. All fungal extracts (extra and intra) were similar in chemical constituent; they contained carbohydrates and/or glycosides, unsaturated sterols and/or triterpens, tannins and traces of coumarins. Alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, anthraquinones and cardenolides were no detected. The intra-cellular extracts contained more compounds than the extra-cellular extracts.
Journal of The Saudi Pharmaceutical Society, Sep 1, 2018
The phytochemical screening of Cyperus conglomeratus showed that carbohydrates and/or glycosides,... more The phytochemical screening of Cyperus conglomeratus showed that carbohydrates and/or glycosides, flavonoids, tannins, sterols and/or triterpenes, and proteins and/or amino acids are present. The fatty acid profile comprised major; palmitic, oleic, heptadecanoic, linoleic and minor; arachidonic, lignoceric, stearic, and myristic acid. Two compounds; namely, a-amyrin and b-sitosterol were isolated by the fractionation of unsaponifiable matter. The acute toxicity study showed that the reported after oral administration of the alcohol extract (TAE) showed that the plant was highly safe as the LD 50 was more than 4000 mg/kg. These results were well supported by the sub-chronic toxicity, as the TAE administrated to rats for 15 consecutive days at dose 1000 mg/kg showed no alteration in the liver and kidney functions. Moreover, the extract of the plant exhibited anti-candidal activity against different Candida species. The most potent activity, (23.1 ± 2.1, 0.98 mg/ml) and (22.3 ± 0.53, 0.98 mg/ml), was obtained by the chloroform and total extract, respectively against Candida albicans.
Two new flavonoids, takakin 7-O-glucoside (1) and (2) bucegin 7-O-glucoside, and six other known ... more Two new flavonoids, takakin 7-O-glucoside (1) and (2) bucegin 7-O-glucoside, and six other known compounds (3-8), takakin, isosctullarien, its 7-O-glucoside, takakin 8-O-glucoside, xanthotoxin and esculetin, were separated and identified from Glossostemon bruguieri. The new compounds were characterized using modern spectroscopic techniques, including UV spectroscopy, proton nuclear resonance (1HNMR), carbon thirteen nuclear resonance (13CNMR), homomolecular quantum coherance (HMQC), heteromolecular bonding connectivity (HMBC) and chemical ionization mass spectra (CI). The effect on rats urine volume of the plant powder, its ethanolic extract, (500 mg kg(-1)) along with four of the purified compounds (1,4-6), (100 mg kg(-1)) are described. Eight groups of albino rats (200-300 g body weight) (n=5 for each group) were used in the tests for a one-time treatment, and other seven groups (150-180 g body weight) (n=5 for each group) were tested using the same dose with repeated administration for 15 days. The rat sera were collected and used to determine liver and kidney functions based on alanine amino transferase (ALT) and aspartate amino transferase (AST) for both single and repeated administration. Levels of urea, creatinine and uric acid were determined for both sets of experiments. The toxic effects of both the powder and its alcoholic extract were also studied on mice to determine their LD50, both materials proved to be non-toxic up to 2500 mg kg(-1) body weight.
An efficient silver mediated one-step synthesis/construction of oxazoles using a-haloketones and ... more An efficient silver mediated one-step synthesis/construction of oxazoles using a-haloketones and primary amides is herein described. The methodology is efficient and simple to perform, giving the desired oxazoles in good to excellent yields.
Journal of The Saudi Pharmaceutical Society, Mar 1, 2019
Seven fungal species were isolated from soil samples collected from the University of Sultan Qabo... more Seven fungal species were isolated from soil samples collected from the University of Sultan Qaboos, Muscat, Sultanate of Oman. The fungal isolates were identified as Aspergillus athecius, A. terreus var. africans, A. flavus, A. terreus, A. foetidus, Fusarium chlamydosporum and F. nygamai. Phytochemical and chromatographic investigation showed variety of secondary metabolites in all of the fugal extracts (extra and intra cellular). The antimicrobial activity of internal and external extracts of the isolated fungal species were screened against Candida albicans, C. glabrata, C. parapsilosis, C. tropicalis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Streptococcus gordonii, S. mutans. The antimicrobial activity of external secondary metabolites was generally better than the internal metabolites. The highest antimicrobial activity (32 mm, 30 mm and 29 mm) was obtained from external secondary metabolites of Aspergillus flavus against Candida tropicals, Candida parapsilosis and Candida albicans, respectively.
Page 1. 1) Chemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences, Girls section, King Saud University, Riyadh... more Page 1. 1) Chemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences, Girls section, King Saud University, Riyadh, KSA; 2) Chemical and Forensic Sciences Department, School of Life Science, Bradford University, UK; 3) Pharmacology Department ...
Journal of The Saudi Pharmaceutical Society, Dec 1, 2017
Plants are excellent sources of nutrition and highly bioactive substances that might use in the d... more Plants are excellent sources of nutrition and highly bioactive substances that might use in the development of new drugs and pharmaceutical agents. Three species of the Genus Euphorbia (Family Euphorpiaceae), namely; Euphorbia granulata Forssk, Euphorbia helioscobia L., and Euphorbia hirta Linn growing in Ryiadh, KSA were air-dried, powdered, and their active materials were extracted with alcohol. The nutritional value phytochemical constituents and antimicrobial activity of the plants were determined. The chemical contents were similar in the three species; however, lipid profile of the plants showed that the stearic acid and lignoceric acid were detected only in E. helioscopia and E. hirta, while palmitoleic acid was detected only in E. hirta. The percentage of unsaturated fatty acid methyl esters were 52.48%, 69.39% and 66.52% in Euphorbia granulate, Euphorbia helioscobia, E. hirta, respectively. Three compounds, 1-ethoxypentacosane, heptacosan-1-ol and β-sitosterol were isolated from the three plant extracts and identified using different spectroscopic analysis. The percentage of crude protein was 43.65%, 25.00% and 18.75% in E. granulata, E. helioscobia, and E. hirta, respectively. The free amino acids and amino acid composition were quantitatively determined using amino acid analyzer. All the plant extracts were active against bacterial and fungal test organisms, however, the antimicrobial activity were varied according to both the Euphorbia species and the test organism.
Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology, 2021
For decades, naturally produced plants have been studied and used in herbalism (herbal medicines)... more For decades, naturally produced plants have been studied and used in herbalism (herbal medicines). Despite being natural, these products were not of any interest of any of the major pharmaceutical companies. There are various reasons behind this ignorance but mainly because of the outdated thought, that many people believe about natural products, in which plants are only utilized for their antibiotic benefits since there were successfully used as antibiotics in the post-World War II era. Mainly small pharmaceutical companies have paid attention to natural products and explored their benefits against various diseases such as microbial infection, cancer, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes and other illnesses while big pharmaceutical industries have focused on screening synthetic compounds. Nowadays, natural products and their derivatives have demonstrated their significant impact as therapeutic agents on people heath. Accordingly, about one-third of the top-selling products in the pharmaceutical market are natural products which are either derived from plants or microorganisms. The use of such products is highly preferred by people due to their unique advantages of good therapeutic efficacy, low side effects and cheaper than synthetic products. However, many of natural products are not clearing the clinical trials due to their toxicity and problems with biocompatibility. This review will briefly highlight the history of herbal medicine and will cover pharmaceutical formulations prepared from therapeutically active extracts of natural products. In addition, this article will summarise a range of natural products in conventional dosage forms to the most recent nano-medicinal forms.
Journal of The Saudi Pharmaceutical Society, Feb 1, 2018
The phytochemical screening, antimicrobial and antitumor activities of Calendula tripterocarpa, C... more The phytochemical screening, antimicrobial and antitumor activities of Calendula tripterocarpa, Centarea sinaica, Centaurea pseudosinaica, Koelpinia linearis, Plectranthus arabicus, Plectranthus asirensis and Tripleurospermum auriculatum determined. The best antibacterial activity; 41.8 ± 0.23 mm, 39.7 ± 0.25 mm, 35.8 ± 0.58 mm, 34.7 ± 0.51 mm and 32.7 ± 0.25 mm was obtained by Plectranthus arabicus against Klebsiella pneumonia, Tripleurospermum auriculatum against Bacillus subtilis, Centaurea pseudosinaica against Bacillus subtilis, Centaurea pseudosinaica against Stroptococcus pyogenes and Plectranthus arabicus against Staphylococcus epidermidis, respectively. While the highest antifungal activity; 35.9 ± 1.15 mm, 34.6 ± 0.34, 30.6 ± 0.26 mm and 29.9 ± 0.63 mm was obtained by Tripleurospermum auriculatum against Geotricum candidum, Candida albicans, C. tropicalis and Aspergillus fumigatus, respectively. The antitumor activity (IC 50) obtained by Centarea sinaica; 3.1 ± 6.9 mg/ml, 14.3 ± 3.1 mg/ml and 22.7 ± 4.1 mg/ml was better than activity of vinblastine sulphate; 5.9 ± 0.4 mg/ml, 59.7 ± 2.1 mg/ml and 30.3 ± 1.4 mg/ml against breast carcinoma (MCF-7), cervical carcinoma (Hela) and colorectal carcinoma (CACO), respectively. Plectranthus arabicus alcoholic extract showed higher antitumor activity; 15.3 ± 5.3 mg/ml, 28.6 ± 3.6 m g/ml and 24.3 ± 4.1 mg/ml than vinblastine; 21.2 ± 0.9 mg/ml, 59.7 ± 2.1 mg/ml and 30.3 ± 1.4 mg/ml against prostate carcinoma (Pc3), cervical carcinoma (Hela) and colorectal carcinoma (CACO), respectively. Also, the antitumor activity of Plectranthus asirensis against cervical carcinoma (Hela) (37.1 ± 2.6 mg/ml) was potent than vinblastine sulphate (59.7 ± 2.1 mg/ml). The obtained results of LD 50 and sub-chronic toxicity revealed that the plants have no toxicity.
Fungi are cosmopolitan organisms that inhabit almost all ecological niches of the earth and have ... more Fungi are cosmopolitan organisms that inhabit almost all ecological niches of the earth and have the ability to utilise various substrates as a consequence of diversity of their biological and biochemical evolution. Fungi, during their development, follow different metabolic pathways that led to production of numerous intermediate and/or end-product compounds called as secondary metabolites. Fungi, filamentous forms, produce a diverse array of secondary metabolites that are small molecules, and not necessary for normal growth or development. Secondary metabolites have a tremendous impact on society; some are exploited for their antibiotic and pharmaceutical activities, others are involved in disease interactions with plants or animals. Most fungal secondary metabolites are synthesised from only a few key precursors in pathways that comprise a relatively small number of reactions and which branch off from primary metabolism at a limited number of points. However, the roles of secondary metabolites in the fungi that produce them are still more or less a mystery.
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2019
Objective.The investigation aims to compare antimicrobial efficacy of the extract ofCommiphora mo... more Objective.The investigation aims to compare antimicrobial efficacy of the extract ofCommiphora molmol, againstEnterococcus faecalisandFusobacterium nucleatum, with sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl).Design.The dehydrated oleo-gum resin ofCommiphora molmolwas extracted by using 70% ethanol and was suspended in 99.8% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) as a dissolving agent in a 1:2 volume to produce an aqueous solution at room temperature. Agar-well diffusion and broth microdilution methods assay were utilized to determine both the antimicrobial activity and minimum inhibitory concentration, of alcoholic extract ofCommiphora molmolagainstE. faecalisandF. nucleatum. The values of the inhibition zones were determined based on the concentration of the investigated material. One hundred and forty extracted human premolar teeth were instrumented and immersed in bacterial suspension ofE. faecalisorF. nucleatum(70 teeth in each species suspension). Prepared teeth were then immersed in the myrrh extract solu...
Journal of The Saudi Pharmaceutical Society, Dec 1, 2017
The Novel target compounds (CP-1-7) were synthesized and tested at doses up to 1000 mg/kg for the... more The Novel target compounds (CP-1-7) were synthesized and tested at doses up to 1000 mg/kg for their entitled activities. They exerted promising results without any behavioral changes and mortality in mice. Therefore, according to the results obtained in our study, it could be categorized as highly safe agents for treating UC since substances possessing LD 50 higher than 50 mg/kg are considered nontoxic. They also possessed a potent anti-ulcerogenic activity with different potentials. The most effective compound was CP-4, it produced 97.7% ulcer protection of control followed by CP-3, which produced 90.3% protection, while the standard drug ranitidine (100 mg/kg) produced 49.2% protection. Compound CP-1 showed lowest activity among the current series, it produced 55.5% protection. The target compounds were significantly more effective than the standard in reducing ulcer index. The anti-ulcerative colitis activity was tested using acetic acid induced colitis model. The curative effect of the tested compounds at a dose of 50 mg/kg oral administration on rats showed a potent anti-ulcerative colitis activity with different potentials. They induced a significant decrease in ulcer score, ulcer area, ulcer index and weight/ length of the colon specimens. The percent protection of control colitis ranged from 66.8% for CP-7 to 22.3% for CP-5; however the percent protection for dexamesathone (0.1 mg/kg) was 59.3%. The effect of the tested compounds CP-7 and CP-3 at dose 50 mg/kg were significantly more effective than dexamesathone (0.1 mg/kg) in reducing all parameters. Liver functions were not affected as there is no effect on the activity of both AST and ALT in animals that received the compounds, so the compounds didn't reveal hepatotoxic manifestation. Although, the results on kidney functions showed that, CP-1 slightly elevated blood urea concentration and CP-3 & CP-4 slightly elevated serum creatinine; no apparent nephrotoxic manifestations were recorded.
Journal of The Saudi Pharmaceutical Society, Nov 1, 2018
Sonchus oleraceus L. was evaluated for its gastro antiulcerogenic and anti-ulcerative colitis act... more Sonchus oleraceus L. was evaluated for its gastro antiulcerogenic and anti-ulcerative colitis activities Different extracts and fractions from Sonchus oleraceus aerial parts and roots were evaluated at different dose; total alcohol extracts of aerial parts SA and roots SR were evaluated doses 250 & 500 mg/kg, While Successive extracts (SAL, SRL, CSA, CSR, BSA & BSR) were evaluated at dose of 150 mg/kg. Absolute ethanol-induced ulcer model was used for evaluation of the anti-ulcerogenic activity. The root extract showed promising antiulcerogenic activity as the total alcohol extract of the root SR (500 mg/kg) produced 88.5% protection from control ulcer which is significantly more effective than the standard drug omeprazole (20 mg/kg), in addition, the butanol fraction of the root extract BSR also produced 76.66% protection from control ulcer. On the other hand, the aerial parts total extract SA showed low antiulcerogenic activity in both tested doses (250 & 500 mg/kg) as it produced 25% & 28.33% protection from control ulcer respectively. Only the butanol fraction of the aerial parts extract BSA showed promising activity 54.16%. In the acetic acid-induced ulcerative colitis model, among the investigated extracts of Sonchus oleraceus; only the total extract of the aerial parts (SA) at dose 500 mg/kg showed strong antiulcerative colitis activity and this activity is followed by the activity of the butanol and chloroform fractions of the aerial parts, they produced 77.28%, 57.4% & 47.68% protection from control colitis respectively. The standard drug dexamethasone produced 63.36% protection from control colitis. The total alcohol extracts SR & SA showed no alteration on liver and kidney functions and these extracts are safe up to 5000 mg/kg. Phytochemical screening of the investigated extracts revealed the presence of carbohydrates, flavonoids, tannins, unsaturated sterols, proteins and lactones which could be responsible for the activities.
A novel triterpenoidal compound named 'amnomopin' (3β-diglucoside-5,12-28-oic acid), which is nam... more A novel triterpenoidal compound named 'amnomopin' (3β-diglucoside-5,12-28-oic acid), which is named IUPAC as 3-O-(2 0 ➔ 1″diglucoside)1,
The antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anticancer activities of ethanolic extract of Laurencia catar... more The antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anticancer activities of ethanolic extract of Laurencia catarinensis, L. majuscula and Padina pavonica were determined. The highest antibacterial activity; 23.40 ± 0.58 mm (00.98 mg/ml) and 22.60 ± 2.10 mm (03.90 mg/ml) were obtained against Klebsiella pneumonia by Laurencia catarinensis and Padina pavonica, respectively. However, Padina pavonica showed excellent antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis (21.7 ± 1.5 mm; 1.95 mg/ml), Staphylococcus aureus (21.7 ± 0.58 mm; 1.95 mg/ml), Streptococcus pyogenes (20.7 ± 1.2 mm; 1.95 mg/ml) and Acinetobacter baumannii (20.1 ± 1.2 mm; 3.9 mg/ml). Moreover, the highest antifungal activity; 24.7 ± 2.0 mm (0.98 mg/ml), 23.7 ± 1.5 mm (0.98 mg/ml), 23.6 ± 1.5 mm (0.98 mg/ml) was obtained by Padina pavonica against Candida tropicalis, C. albicans and Aspergillus fumigatus, respectively. The algal extracts showed DPPH radical scavenging activity in a concentration-dependent manner with maximum scavenging activity (77.6%, IC 50 = 5.59 mg/ml and 77.07%, IC 50 = 14.3 mg/ml) was provided by Padina pavonica and Laurenica majuscula, respectively. The in vitro antitumor activity revealed that the IC 50 values of Padina pavonica were 58.
Journal of The Saudi Pharmaceutical Society, May 1, 2019
Wound healing is a complex process in which injured skin and tissues repaired by interaction of a... more Wound healing is a complex process in which injured skin and tissues repaired by interaction of a complex cascade of cellular events that generates resurfacing, reconstitution and restoration of the tensile strength of injured skin. It follows b-catenin, extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK) and Akt signaling pathways. Aegle marmelos L., generally known as bael is found to act as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and anti-ulcer agent. Furthermore, studies have demonstrated that this Indian traditional medicinal plant, A. marmelos flower extract (AMF) was used for wound injury. Henceforth, the current study was investigated to ascertain the effect of its active constituents in vitro wound healing with mechanism involve in migration of cells and activation of b-catenin in keratinocytes, inhibition of PGE 2 in macrophages and production of collagen in fibroblasts. We have taken full thickness wound of rats and applied AMF for 2 weeks. Cutaneous wound healing activity was performed using HaCaT keratinocytes, Hs68 dermal fibroblasts and RAW264.7 macrophages to determine cell viability, nitric oxide production, collagen expression, cell migration and b-catenin activation. Results shows that AMF treated rats demonstrated reduced wound size and epithelisation was improved, involved in keratinocytes migration by regulation of Akt signaling, beta-catenin and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathways. AMF and its active constituent's increased mRNA expression, inhibited nitric oxide, PGE 2 release, mRNA expression of mediators in RAW 264.7 macrophages and enhances the motility of HaCaT keratinocytes in vitro wound healing of rats.
Journal of The Saudi Pharmaceutical Society, Feb 1, 2018
Ten fungal strains; namely, Penicillium melinii, Petriella setifera, Aspergillus pseudo-niger, Al... more Ten fungal strains; namely, Penicillium melinii, Petriella setifera, Aspergillus pseudo-niger, Alternaria chlamydospora, Pythium nayoroense, Phoma glomerata, Mucor ramosissimus, Mucor racemosus, Fusarium chlamydosporum and Rhizopus azygosporus were isolated from soil. The extra-and intra-cellular extracts of the fungal strains grown on malt extract and yeast-extract sucrose media were screened for their anticandidal activity against different clinically-isolated Candida species. Most of the fungal extracts showed activity against different Candida species. However, the fungal strains grew on malt extract showed greater activities than those grew on yeast extract sucrose media. The activity of the intracellular was higher than the extracellular metabolites. All fungal extracts (extra and intra) were similar in chemical constituent; they contained carbohydrates and/or glycosides, unsaturated sterols and/or triterpens, tannins and traces of coumarins. Alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, anthraquinones and cardenolides were no detected. The intra-cellular extracts contained more compounds than the extra-cellular extracts.
Journal of The Saudi Pharmaceutical Society, Sep 1, 2018
The phytochemical screening of Cyperus conglomeratus showed that carbohydrates and/or glycosides,... more The phytochemical screening of Cyperus conglomeratus showed that carbohydrates and/or glycosides, flavonoids, tannins, sterols and/or triterpenes, and proteins and/or amino acids are present. The fatty acid profile comprised major; palmitic, oleic, heptadecanoic, linoleic and minor; arachidonic, lignoceric, stearic, and myristic acid. Two compounds; namely, a-amyrin and b-sitosterol were isolated by the fractionation of unsaponifiable matter. The acute toxicity study showed that the reported after oral administration of the alcohol extract (TAE) showed that the plant was highly safe as the LD 50 was more than 4000 mg/kg. These results were well supported by the sub-chronic toxicity, as the TAE administrated to rats for 15 consecutive days at dose 1000 mg/kg showed no alteration in the liver and kidney functions. Moreover, the extract of the plant exhibited anti-candidal activity against different Candida species. The most potent activity, (23.1 ± 2.1, 0.98 mg/ml) and (22.3 ± 0.53, 0.98 mg/ml), was obtained by the chloroform and total extract, respectively against Candida albicans.
Two new flavonoids, takakin 7-O-glucoside (1) and (2) bucegin 7-O-glucoside, and six other known ... more Two new flavonoids, takakin 7-O-glucoside (1) and (2) bucegin 7-O-glucoside, and six other known compounds (3-8), takakin, isosctullarien, its 7-O-glucoside, takakin 8-O-glucoside, xanthotoxin and esculetin, were separated and identified from Glossostemon bruguieri. The new compounds were characterized using modern spectroscopic techniques, including UV spectroscopy, proton nuclear resonance (1HNMR), carbon thirteen nuclear resonance (13CNMR), homomolecular quantum coherance (HMQC), heteromolecular bonding connectivity (HMBC) and chemical ionization mass spectra (CI). The effect on rats urine volume of the plant powder, its ethanolic extract, (500 mg kg(-1)) along with four of the purified compounds (1,4-6), (100 mg kg(-1)) are described. Eight groups of albino rats (200-300 g body weight) (n=5 for each group) were used in the tests for a one-time treatment, and other seven groups (150-180 g body weight) (n=5 for each group) were tested using the same dose with repeated administration for 15 days. The rat sera were collected and used to determine liver and kidney functions based on alanine amino transferase (ALT) and aspartate amino transferase (AST) for both single and repeated administration. Levels of urea, creatinine and uric acid were determined for both sets of experiments. The toxic effects of both the powder and its alcoholic extract were also studied on mice to determine their LD50, both materials proved to be non-toxic up to 2500 mg kg(-1) body weight.
An efficient silver mediated one-step synthesis/construction of oxazoles using a-haloketones and ... more An efficient silver mediated one-step synthesis/construction of oxazoles using a-haloketones and primary amides is herein described. The methodology is efficient and simple to perform, giving the desired oxazoles in good to excellent yields.
Journal of The Saudi Pharmaceutical Society, Mar 1, 2019
Seven fungal species were isolated from soil samples collected from the University of Sultan Qabo... more Seven fungal species were isolated from soil samples collected from the University of Sultan Qaboos, Muscat, Sultanate of Oman. The fungal isolates were identified as Aspergillus athecius, A. terreus var. africans, A. flavus, A. terreus, A. foetidus, Fusarium chlamydosporum and F. nygamai. Phytochemical and chromatographic investigation showed variety of secondary metabolites in all of the fugal extracts (extra and intra cellular). The antimicrobial activity of internal and external extracts of the isolated fungal species were screened against Candida albicans, C. glabrata, C. parapsilosis, C. tropicalis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Streptococcus gordonii, S. mutans. The antimicrobial activity of external secondary metabolites was generally better than the internal metabolites. The highest antimicrobial activity (32 mm, 30 mm and 29 mm) was obtained from external secondary metabolites of Aspergillus flavus against Candida tropicals, Candida parapsilosis and Candida albicans, respectively.
Page 1. 1) Chemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences, Girls section, King Saud University, Riyadh... more Page 1. 1) Chemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences, Girls section, King Saud University, Riyadh, KSA; 2) Chemical and Forensic Sciences Department, School of Life Science, Bradford University, UK; 3) Pharmacology Department ...
Journal of The Saudi Pharmaceutical Society, Dec 1, 2017
Plants are excellent sources of nutrition and highly bioactive substances that might use in the d... more Plants are excellent sources of nutrition and highly bioactive substances that might use in the development of new drugs and pharmaceutical agents. Three species of the Genus Euphorbia (Family Euphorpiaceae), namely; Euphorbia granulata Forssk, Euphorbia helioscobia L., and Euphorbia hirta Linn growing in Ryiadh, KSA were air-dried, powdered, and their active materials were extracted with alcohol. The nutritional value phytochemical constituents and antimicrobial activity of the plants were determined. The chemical contents were similar in the three species; however, lipid profile of the plants showed that the stearic acid and lignoceric acid were detected only in E. helioscopia and E. hirta, while palmitoleic acid was detected only in E. hirta. The percentage of unsaturated fatty acid methyl esters were 52.48%, 69.39% and 66.52% in Euphorbia granulate, Euphorbia helioscobia, E. hirta, respectively. Three compounds, 1-ethoxypentacosane, heptacosan-1-ol and β-sitosterol were isolated from the three plant extracts and identified using different spectroscopic analysis. The percentage of crude protein was 43.65%, 25.00% and 18.75% in E. granulata, E. helioscobia, and E. hirta, respectively. The free amino acids and amino acid composition were quantitatively determined using amino acid analyzer. All the plant extracts were active against bacterial and fungal test organisms, however, the antimicrobial activity were varied according to both the Euphorbia species and the test organism.
Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology, 2021
For decades, naturally produced plants have been studied and used in herbalism (herbal medicines)... more For decades, naturally produced plants have been studied and used in herbalism (herbal medicines). Despite being natural, these products were not of any interest of any of the major pharmaceutical companies. There are various reasons behind this ignorance but mainly because of the outdated thought, that many people believe about natural products, in which plants are only utilized for their antibiotic benefits since there were successfully used as antibiotics in the post-World War II era. Mainly small pharmaceutical companies have paid attention to natural products and explored their benefits against various diseases such as microbial infection, cancer, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes and other illnesses while big pharmaceutical industries have focused on screening synthetic compounds. Nowadays, natural products and their derivatives have demonstrated their significant impact as therapeutic agents on people heath. Accordingly, about one-third of the top-selling products in the pharmaceutical market are natural products which are either derived from plants or microorganisms. The use of such products is highly preferred by people due to their unique advantages of good therapeutic efficacy, low side effects and cheaper than synthetic products. However, many of natural products are not clearing the clinical trials due to their toxicity and problems with biocompatibility. This review will briefly highlight the history of herbal medicine and will cover pharmaceutical formulations prepared from therapeutically active extracts of natural products. In addition, this article will summarise a range of natural products in conventional dosage forms to the most recent nano-medicinal forms.
Journal of The Saudi Pharmaceutical Society, Feb 1, 2018
The phytochemical screening, antimicrobial and antitumor activities of Calendula tripterocarpa, C... more The phytochemical screening, antimicrobial and antitumor activities of Calendula tripterocarpa, Centarea sinaica, Centaurea pseudosinaica, Koelpinia linearis, Plectranthus arabicus, Plectranthus asirensis and Tripleurospermum auriculatum determined. The best antibacterial activity; 41.8 ± 0.23 mm, 39.7 ± 0.25 mm, 35.8 ± 0.58 mm, 34.7 ± 0.51 mm and 32.7 ± 0.25 mm was obtained by Plectranthus arabicus against Klebsiella pneumonia, Tripleurospermum auriculatum against Bacillus subtilis, Centaurea pseudosinaica against Bacillus subtilis, Centaurea pseudosinaica against Stroptococcus pyogenes and Plectranthus arabicus against Staphylococcus epidermidis, respectively. While the highest antifungal activity; 35.9 ± 1.15 mm, 34.6 ± 0.34, 30.6 ± 0.26 mm and 29.9 ± 0.63 mm was obtained by Tripleurospermum auriculatum against Geotricum candidum, Candida albicans, C. tropicalis and Aspergillus fumigatus, respectively. The antitumor activity (IC 50) obtained by Centarea sinaica; 3.1 ± 6.9 mg/ml, 14.3 ± 3.1 mg/ml and 22.7 ± 4.1 mg/ml was better than activity of vinblastine sulphate; 5.9 ± 0.4 mg/ml, 59.7 ± 2.1 mg/ml and 30.3 ± 1.4 mg/ml against breast carcinoma (MCF-7), cervical carcinoma (Hela) and colorectal carcinoma (CACO), respectively. Plectranthus arabicus alcoholic extract showed higher antitumor activity; 15.3 ± 5.3 mg/ml, 28.6 ± 3.6 m g/ml and 24.3 ± 4.1 mg/ml than vinblastine; 21.2 ± 0.9 mg/ml, 59.7 ± 2.1 mg/ml and 30.3 ± 1.4 mg/ml against prostate carcinoma (Pc3), cervical carcinoma (Hela) and colorectal carcinoma (CACO), respectively. Also, the antitumor activity of Plectranthus asirensis against cervical carcinoma (Hela) (37.1 ± 2.6 mg/ml) was potent than vinblastine sulphate (59.7 ± 2.1 mg/ml). The obtained results of LD 50 and sub-chronic toxicity revealed that the plants have no toxicity.
Fungi are cosmopolitan organisms that inhabit almost all ecological niches of the earth and have ... more Fungi are cosmopolitan organisms that inhabit almost all ecological niches of the earth and have the ability to utilise various substrates as a consequence of diversity of their biological and biochemical evolution. Fungi, during their development, follow different metabolic pathways that led to production of numerous intermediate and/or end-product compounds called as secondary metabolites. Fungi, filamentous forms, produce a diverse array of secondary metabolites that are small molecules, and not necessary for normal growth or development. Secondary metabolites have a tremendous impact on society; some are exploited for their antibiotic and pharmaceutical activities, others are involved in disease interactions with plants or animals. Most fungal secondary metabolites are synthesised from only a few key precursors in pathways that comprise a relatively small number of reactions and which branch off from primary metabolism at a limited number of points. However, the roles of secondary metabolites in the fungi that produce them are still more or less a mystery.
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2019
Objective.The investigation aims to compare antimicrobial efficacy of the extract ofCommiphora mo... more Objective.The investigation aims to compare antimicrobial efficacy of the extract ofCommiphora molmol, againstEnterococcus faecalisandFusobacterium nucleatum, with sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl).Design.The dehydrated oleo-gum resin ofCommiphora molmolwas extracted by using 70% ethanol and was suspended in 99.8% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) as a dissolving agent in a 1:2 volume to produce an aqueous solution at room temperature. Agar-well diffusion and broth microdilution methods assay were utilized to determine both the antimicrobial activity and minimum inhibitory concentration, of alcoholic extract ofCommiphora molmolagainstE. faecalisandF. nucleatum. The values of the inhibition zones were determined based on the concentration of the investigated material. One hundred and forty extracted human premolar teeth were instrumented and immersed in bacterial suspension ofE. faecalisorF. nucleatum(70 teeth in each species suspension). Prepared teeth were then immersed in the myrrh extract solu...
Journal of The Saudi Pharmaceutical Society, Dec 1, 2017
The Novel target compounds (CP-1-7) were synthesized and tested at doses up to 1000 mg/kg for the... more The Novel target compounds (CP-1-7) were synthesized and tested at doses up to 1000 mg/kg for their entitled activities. They exerted promising results without any behavioral changes and mortality in mice. Therefore, according to the results obtained in our study, it could be categorized as highly safe agents for treating UC since substances possessing LD 50 higher than 50 mg/kg are considered nontoxic. They also possessed a potent anti-ulcerogenic activity with different potentials. The most effective compound was CP-4, it produced 97.7% ulcer protection of control followed by CP-3, which produced 90.3% protection, while the standard drug ranitidine (100 mg/kg) produced 49.2% protection. Compound CP-1 showed lowest activity among the current series, it produced 55.5% protection. The target compounds were significantly more effective than the standard in reducing ulcer index. The anti-ulcerative colitis activity was tested using acetic acid induced colitis model. The curative effect of the tested compounds at a dose of 50 mg/kg oral administration on rats showed a potent anti-ulcerative colitis activity with different potentials. They induced a significant decrease in ulcer score, ulcer area, ulcer index and weight/ length of the colon specimens. The percent protection of control colitis ranged from 66.8% for CP-7 to 22.3% for CP-5; however the percent protection for dexamesathone (0.1 mg/kg) was 59.3%. The effect of the tested compounds CP-7 and CP-3 at dose 50 mg/kg were significantly more effective than dexamesathone (0.1 mg/kg) in reducing all parameters. Liver functions were not affected as there is no effect on the activity of both AST and ALT in animals that received the compounds, so the compounds didn't reveal hepatotoxic manifestation. Although, the results on kidney functions showed that, CP-1 slightly elevated blood urea concentration and CP-3 & CP-4 slightly elevated serum creatinine; no apparent nephrotoxic manifestations were recorded.
Journal of The Saudi Pharmaceutical Society, Nov 1, 2018
Sonchus oleraceus L. was evaluated for its gastro antiulcerogenic and anti-ulcerative colitis act... more Sonchus oleraceus L. was evaluated for its gastro antiulcerogenic and anti-ulcerative colitis activities Different extracts and fractions from Sonchus oleraceus aerial parts and roots were evaluated at different dose; total alcohol extracts of aerial parts SA and roots SR were evaluated doses 250 & 500 mg/kg, While Successive extracts (SAL, SRL, CSA, CSR, BSA & BSR) were evaluated at dose of 150 mg/kg. Absolute ethanol-induced ulcer model was used for evaluation of the anti-ulcerogenic activity. The root extract showed promising antiulcerogenic activity as the total alcohol extract of the root SR (500 mg/kg) produced 88.5% protection from control ulcer which is significantly more effective than the standard drug omeprazole (20 mg/kg), in addition, the butanol fraction of the root extract BSR also produced 76.66% protection from control ulcer. On the other hand, the aerial parts total extract SA showed low antiulcerogenic activity in both tested doses (250 & 500 mg/kg) as it produced 25% & 28.33% protection from control ulcer respectively. Only the butanol fraction of the aerial parts extract BSA showed promising activity 54.16%. In the acetic acid-induced ulcerative colitis model, among the investigated extracts of Sonchus oleraceus; only the total extract of the aerial parts (SA) at dose 500 mg/kg showed strong antiulcerative colitis activity and this activity is followed by the activity of the butanol and chloroform fractions of the aerial parts, they produced 77.28%, 57.4% & 47.68% protection from control colitis respectively. The standard drug dexamethasone produced 63.36% protection from control colitis. The total alcohol extracts SR & SA showed no alteration on liver and kidney functions and these extracts are safe up to 5000 mg/kg. Phytochemical screening of the investigated extracts revealed the presence of carbohydrates, flavonoids, tannins, unsaturated sterols, proteins and lactones which could be responsible for the activities.
A novel triterpenoidal compound named 'amnomopin' (3β-diglucoside-5,12-28-oic acid), which is nam... more A novel triterpenoidal compound named 'amnomopin' (3β-diglucoside-5,12-28-oic acid), which is named IUPAC as 3-O-(2 0 ➔ 1″diglucoside)1,
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